Microstructural and Mechanical Evaluation of a Cr-Mo-V Cold-Work Tool Steel Produced via Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Powder
2.2. EBM Processing
2.3. Heat Treatment
2.4. Hot Isostatic Pressing
2.5. Microstructure and Mechanical Characterization
3. Results
3.1. As-Built Microstructure
3.2. Heat Treatment Development
3.3. Mechanical Properties
3.3.1. Abrasive Wear
3.3.2. Ductility
3.3.3. Compressive Strength
3.3.4. Summary of Results
4. Conclusions
- As-built specimens were manufactured with a microstructure consisting of discontinuous carbides, which is characteristic of eutectic solidification. Inter-dendritic regions showed finer carbide precipitations, predominantly M2C (Mo-rich) and MC (V-rich) types.
- Heat treatments allowed for an optimized microstructure yielding a homogeneous dispersion of discontinuous V-rich carbides and complete dissolution of Mo carbides, reaching up to HRC 65. Retained austenite was measured below 2% for all heat-treated specimens.
- The compressive strength, hardness, and wear properties of EBM-manufactured samples are superior to as-HIP manufactured products and similar to PM material. However, ductility of the as-built EBM manufactured samples exhibited low values (below 20 J), which was evaluated as a result of internal defects.
- Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) can be motivated in order to improve the mechanical properties by eliminating internal defects and by the effect of ultra-high rapid quenching with higher cooling rates. Ductility was increased to 21 J, yield strength and Young’s modulus reached up to 2843 MPa and 230 GPa after HIP, respectively.
- The EBM route provides valuable possibilities for the manufacturing of advanced components from Vanadis 4 Extra for tooling applications.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Build Job | Hardness (HRC) | % Retained Austenite |
---|---|---|
1 | 55–56 | 17 ± 4 |
2 | 56–58 | 16 ± 4 |
3 | 56–58 | 17 ± 3 |
HT | Austenitization | Quenching | Tempering | Hardness | RA | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T (°C) | t (min) | Conditions | t (s) | T (°C) | t (h) | HRC | % | |
1 | 1020 | 30 | Vacuum | 300 | 540 | 4 × 1 | 60–61 | <2 |
2 | 1100 | 30 | Vacuum | 300 | 525 | 4 × 1 | 60–61 | <2 |
3 | 1100 | 30 | Vacuum | 300 | 540 | 4 × 1 | 63–64 | <2 |
4 | 1160 | 10 | Vacuum + DC | 3600 | 525 | 3 × 1 | 61–62 | <2 |
5 | 1160 | 10 | Vacuum + DC | 300 | 525 | 3 × 1 | 63–65 | <2 |
6 | 1160 | 10 | Vacuum + DC | 10,800 | 525 | 3 × 1 | 61–62 | <2 |
7 | 1200 | 10 | Vacuum + DC | 300 | 525 | 3 × 1 | 62–64 | <2 |
7/1 | 1020 | 30 | Vacuum | 300 | 525 | 3 × 1 | 60–62 | <2 |
Property | As-HIP (PM) | Forged HIP, Forged and Heat Treated Conventional PM Route | EBM + HT (Not Forged) | EBM + HIP + HT (Not Forged) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hardness, HRc | 61–63 | 62–64 | 62–64 | 64–65 |
Retained Austenite, % | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 |
Unnotched Impact Toughness, J | ≈25 | ≈60 | Up to ≈17 | Up to ≈21 |
Yield strength (MPa) (Compression) | 2760–2790 (at 63 HRc) | 2743–2869 (at 64 HRc) | 2724–2761 (at 64 HRc) | 2827–2843 (at 64 HRc) |
Young Modulus (GPa) (Compression) | - | ≈230 (at 60 HRc) | ≈225 (at 63 HRc) | ≈230 (at 64 HRc) |
Pin on Disc (mg/mm) | ≈135 | ≈110 | ≈110 | ≈90 |
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Botero, C.A.; Şelte, A.; Ramsperger, M.; Maistro, G.; Koptyug, A.; Bäckström, M.; Sjöström, W.; Rännar, L.-E. Microstructural and Mechanical Evaluation of a Cr-Mo-V Cold-Work Tool Steel Produced via Electron Beam Melting (EBM). Materials 2021, 14, 2963. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112963
Botero CA, Şelte A, Ramsperger M, Maistro G, Koptyug A, Bäckström M, Sjöström W, Rännar L-E. Microstructural and Mechanical Evaluation of a Cr-Mo-V Cold-Work Tool Steel Produced via Electron Beam Melting (EBM). Materials. 2021; 14(11):2963. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112963
Chicago/Turabian StyleBotero, Carlos Alberto, Aydın Şelte, Markus Ramsperger, Giulio Maistro, Andrey Koptyug, Mikael Bäckström, William Sjöström, and Lars-Erik Rännar. 2021. "Microstructural and Mechanical Evaluation of a Cr-Mo-V Cold-Work Tool Steel Produced via Electron Beam Melting (EBM)" Materials 14, no. 11: 2963. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112963