Nanocellulose Based Filtration Membrane in Industrial Waste Water Treatment: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nanocellulose Filtration Membrane
2.1. Nanocellulose (NC)
2.2. Membrane Separation Technology
2.3. Nanocellulose Filtration Membrane
3. Application of Cellulose Filter Membrane in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
3.1. Research on NC as a Membrane Matrix Material in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
3.2. Research on CN Composite Membranes in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
4. Comparison of Inorganic Ceramic and CN Membranes
4.1. Inorganic Ceramic Filtration Membrane
4.2. Comparison of Inorganic Ceramic Membranes and CN Filtration Membranes
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Filtration Membrane | Filtration Process | Pore Size (μm) | Operating Pressure (psi) | Compounds Separated | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CNC/Polyethylene Glycol | MF | 1.1–0.01 | 15 | oil, large solids, clay | [3] |
Cellulose acetate/Polysulfone | UF | 0.01–0.001 | 50 | starches, proteins, heavy metals | [52] |
CNC/Polyamide50/Polyethersulfone | NF | 0.001–0.0001 | 87 | salts, mono or divalent ions | [53] |
CNC/Poly(acryloyl hydrazide) | RO | <0.0001 | 225 | heavy metals, monovalent salts | [54] |
HTI cellulose triacetate | FO | 0.0004–0.0001. | 290 | oils, desalination, heavy metal | [55] |
Application | Nanocellulose | Craft | the Degree of Separation | The Type of Wastewater | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Extraction of metals ions | Ag+ | CNF/CNC sulfonation/CNC phosphorylation | Sorption | 34.38 mg/g/ | wastewater of Ag+ | [8,77] |
Cd2+ | CNF succination/CNC-xanthate | Sorption | 0.72–1.95 mmol/g/ 154.26 mg/g | aqueous solutions of Cd(II) ions | [78,79] | |
Ni2+ | CNF-CRBOX/CNF TEMPO oxidation | Sorption | 55 mg/g | waste pulp wastewater | [78,80] | |
Zn | CNF-NT-MOD/CNF-CRBOX | Sorption | 135 mg/g | wastewater of Zn2+ | [78,80] | |
Fe3+ | CNF-P and CNC-P | Sorption | 99% removal of and Fe3+ | the mirror making industry | [77] | |
Extraction of dyes from water | CNMs based nanocomposites: CNC-PAN/CNC-maleic anhydride/CNC-hydrolyzed polyacrylamide/CNF-GTMAC/dialdehyde-CNC polyvinylamine | MF Membrane/Sorption/Sorption/Sorption/Sorption | 16 times higher adsorption capacity over a commercial nitrocellulose-based MF membrane./30.0 to 348.9 mg/g/ had an adsorption efficiency of more than 90% | positively charged dye/crystal violet, methylene blue, malachite green and basic fuchsin/methylene blue (MB) dye/anionic dye/869.1 mg/g, 1469.7 mg/g, 1250.9 mg/g | [81,82,83,84,85] | |
functionalized CNMs: CNC-S/CNC ammonium persulfate oxidation/CNC obtained by sulfuric acid hydrolysis/CNC-carboxylation | Sorption/Sorption | 16 times higher adsorption capacity over a commercial nitrocellulose-based MF membrane/118 mg/g | positively charged dye/cationic dyes | [82,86] | ||
Hydrocarbon (oil)/water separation | BNC tri-methylsilylation reaction with trimethyichlorosilane | Sorption | 185 g/g | organic solvents and oils | [87] | |
Removal of virus and bacteria | two-layered PET/nanoscale PAN fibrous scaffold/ultrafine CNF | MF membrane | 100 mg Cr (VI) or 260 mg Pb (II) per gram | MS2 virus | [88] | |
PET/PAN fibrous scaffold/cellulose nanowisker | MF Membrane | 16 times higher adsorption capacity over a commercial nitrocellulose-based MF membrane | bacteria | [81] | ||
cladophora algae derived CNF filtration paper | MF Membrane | xenotropic murine leukemia virus | [89] |
Membrane Type | Advantage | Disadvantage |
---|---|---|
Nanocellulose membrane | High flexibility | Usually shorter life span |
Light in mass | Prone to membrane fouling | |
Lower cost | Weak chemical resistance | |
Low working temperature | Weak high temperature resistance | |
Low energy consumption | ||
Raw materials are environmentally friendly and nontoxic | ||
Simple manufacturing method | ||
Reusable and recyclable | ||
Has strong mechanical properties | ||
High wastewater treatment efficiency | ||
Easy to operate | ||
Ceramic/metal membrane | High thermal stability | Inflexible |
Strong chemical resistance | High investment cost | |
High pressure | Low degradability | |
Long life | Less selectivity based on aperture | |
Compared with the CN base, it is less likely to be contaminated | Cumbersome to make | |
High energy consumption |
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Liu, Y.; Liu, H.; Shen, Z. Nanocellulose Based Filtration Membrane in Industrial Waste Water Treatment: A Review. Materials 2021, 14, 5398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185398
Liu Y, Liu H, Shen Z. Nanocellulose Based Filtration Membrane in Industrial Waste Water Treatment: A Review. Materials. 2021; 14(18):5398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185398
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yunxia, Honghai Liu, and Zhongrong Shen. 2021. "Nanocellulose Based Filtration Membrane in Industrial Waste Water Treatment: A Review" Materials 14, no. 18: 5398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185398