Application of Coal Gangue as a Coarse Aggregate in Green Concrete Production: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Utilization of Coal Gangue
3. Methods
- (1)
- The presence of terms “coal gangue” and “coarse aggregate” in the documents;
- (2)
- The considered period: 1990–2020;
- (3)
- The publication form of paper: “Article” or “Review”;
- (4)
- Searching area: “Engineering” and “Material”.
4. Properties of Coal Gangue Aggregate
4.1. Physical Properties
4.2. Chemical Properties
4.3. Trace Metal
5. Properties of Coal Gangue Concrete
5.1. Workability
5.1.1. Water Absorption
5.1.2. Slump
5.2. Mechanical Performance
5.2.1. Compressive Strength
5.2.2. Splitting Tensile Strength
5.3. Durability Performance
5.3.1. Shrinkage
5.3.2. Freeze−Thaw Resistance
5.3.3. Carbonization Resistance
5.3.4. Chloride Resistance
5.4. Thermal Characteristic
6. Application of Coal Gangue Concrete
6.1. Reinforced Coal Gangue Concrete
6.1.1. Beam
6.1.2. Column
6.1.3. Wall
6.2. Coal Gangue Concrete Filled Steel Tube
6.3. Steel−Coal Gangue Concrete Composite Structure
6.3.1. Wall
6.3.2. Slab
7. Discussion and Research Gap
- (1)
- The physical properties of RCG and SCG should be investigated comparatively in particular, since they are quite crucial to the properties of coal gangue concrete. In other words, the physical change of coal gangue as a coarse aggregate in concrete mixture before and after spontaneous/artificial combustion should be compared and identified quantitatively.
- (2)
- Even though the main content in the chemical composition of RCG and SCG is actually stable, heavy metal and organic matter leaching of RCG and SCG should be studied comparatively. More specific permission regarding heavy metal and organic matter leaching in coal gangue should be issued by governments to avoid posing environmental, health, and safety concerns.
- (3)
- The workability of coal gangue concrete significantly varies from the gangue origins, which makes the improvement method ineffective in some cases. This phenomenon may be solved if the physical properties of coal gangue are assessed more accurately. A proper index to assess the workability of coal gangue concrete for practical use should also be proposed based on more experimental data.
- (4)
- Even though the degradation effect of coal gangue aggregate on the mechanical properties of coal gangue concrete is obvious, the empirical stress−strain model should be validated against more data. In particular, the elastic modulus and tensile strength of coal gangue concrete have not been described through theoretical models, not to mention bending and creep performance and damage accumulation process.
- (5)
- The studies on the durability performance of coal gangue concrete are directly related to the properties of the coal gangue aggregate. Therefore, the specific properties and replacement ratio of coal gangue should be considered in the prediction formulas regarding the durability performance of coal gangue concrete. More tests on the durability performance of coal gangue concrete are still needed, such as the drying and watering cycle, high temperature, abrasion resistance, and sulfate resistance.
- (6)
- Besides the experimental and theoretical studies on the structural members with coal gangue concrete are rather limited, the durability performance of those has never been studied. Specifically, the interface bonding behavior between the steel component and coal gangue coarse aggregate concrete under the severe environment and long-term loading should be studied in detail. More design methods from formal standards should be modified by considering the properties of coal gangue for practical applications.
8. Conclusions
- (1)
- The physical and chemical properties of rock and spontaneous-combustion coal gangue are generally suitable for being used as a coarse aggregate in green concrete, even though these properties vary from the origin. The short-term heavy metal leachability of coal gangue is also relatively weak. However, more specific permission regarding heavy metal and organic matter leaching in coal gangue should be issued by governments to avoid posing environmental, health, and safety concerns.
- (2)
- Coal gangue concrete is not recommended to be used in subsurface structures, since its water absorption law would be changed by increasing the CG replacement ratio. The slump of coal gangue concrete with a 100% CG content would be reduced by about 10–20%. Adding fly ash, superplasticizer, and additional water are effective and simple ways to enhance the workability of coal gangue concrete. A proper index to assess the workability of coal gangue concrete for practical use should also be proposed based on more experimental data.
- (3)
- The mechanical performance, including compressive strength, elastic modulus, and splitting tensile strength of coal gangue concrete is degraded by raising the CG replacement ratio. This degradation caused by the porous structure of CG varies significantly from the CG origin. Over-low and -high concrete grades are not suggested to be used as coal gangue aggregates, unless extra admixture or specific methods are used. The models for describing the elastic modulus, tensile strength, bending strength, and creep performance of coal gangue concrete are still needed for practical applications.
- (4)
- The porous structure of coal gangue provides more transmission channels for air and liquid in concrete. Therefore, the influence of CG on the durability of coal gangue concrete is more remarkable than on its mechanical performance, which could be reduced by adding super-fine admixture and calcination. In contrast, the porous structure of CG is beneficial in the preparation of thermal insulation concrete. The specific properties and replacement ratio of coal gangue should be considered in the prediction formulas regarding the durability performance of coal gangue concrete.
- (5)
- The application of coal gangue concrete in structural members is still limited. Even though the static and seismic behavior of some structural members using coal gangue concrete has been investigated, the durability of these structural members has never been reported. Specifically, the interface bonding behavior between steel component and coal gangue coarse aggregate concrete under the severe environment and long-term loading should be studied in detail. Among them, concrete filled steel tubes are a preferable configuration for using coal gangue concrete, regarding both the mechanical and durability performance.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Type | Region of China | Province | Apparent Density (kg/m3) | Bulk Density (kg/m3) | Water Absorption (%) | Crushing Value (%) | Void Ratio (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SCG | Northeast | Heilongjiang | 2588 | 1289 | 3.8 | 18.9 | 50.2 | [13] |
Liaoning | 2497 | - | 9.80 | 25.2 | - | [12] | ||
Liaoning | 2630 | 1550 | 8.5 | 16.6 | 22.0 | [14] | ||
Liaoning | 2276 | 1220 | 7.55 | 21.2 | 52.8 | [15] | ||
South | Anhui | 2630 | 976 | 9.2 | 16.6 | 57.9 | [16] | |
Jiangsu | 2624 | 1430 | 4.88 | 24.4 | - | [17] | ||
RCG | Northeast | Liaoning | 2653 | 1489 | 3.15 | 9.9 | 49.5 | [15] |
North | Shanxi | 2083 | 1130 | 4.7 | 18.7 | - | [18] | |
Shanxi | 2689 | 1201 | 11.4 | 18.1 | - | [19] | ||
Beijing | 2640 | - | 1.8 | 22.6 | - | [20] | ||
Henan | 2510 | 1320 | 1.7 | 19.1 | 47.5 | [21] | ||
Henan | 2540 | 1264 | 3.9 | 17.9 | 51.5 | [22] | ||
Northwest | Shaanxi | 2090 | - | 4.92 | 19.0 | - | [23] | |
South | Jiangsu | 2712 | - | 1.7 | 16.8 | - | [24] | |
Jiangsu | 2620 | 1612 | 3.9 | 18.6 | [17] |
Minerals | Czechoslovakia | Germany | Spain | Britain | USSR | China |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Illite | 10–45 | 41–66 | 20–60 | 10–31 | 5–30 | 10–30 |
Kaolinite | 24–45 | 4–25 | 3–30 | 10–40 | 1–60 | 10–67 |
Chlorite | 0–15 | 1–3 | 0–7 | 2–7 | -- | 2–11 |
Quartz | 10–50 | 13–27 | 5–57 | 15–25 | -- | 15–35 |
Iron ore | 0–25 | 0.5–5 | -- | 2-10 | 0.2–8 | 2–10 |
Organic matters | 0–25 | 5–10 | 4–30 | 5–25 | 8–40 | 5–25 |
Type | Region | Province | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | Na2O | K2O | TiO2 | P2O5 | SO3 | Loss | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RCG | Northeast of China | Heilongjiang | 61.0 | 23.6 | 6.70 | 1.18 | 0.52 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.50 | [11] |
Heilongjiang | 34.1 | 26.0 | 0.49 | 0.67 | 0.61 | - | 0.16 | - | - | 0.28 | 32.8 | [27] | ||
Liaoning | 50.3 | 26.3 | 6.11 | 7.74 | 2.00 | 1.10 | 3.28 | 1.13 | 0.15 | 0.93 | - | [15] | ||
North of China | Beijing | 49.9 | 24.4 | 6.42 | 0.82 | 1.59 | 1.46 | 2.06 | 0.88 | - | 0.12 | 11.8 | [3] | |
Shandong | 48.8 | 19.0 | 4.47 | 2.03 | 2.29 | 1.43 | 0.19 | - | - | - | 16.8 | [3] | ||
Henan | 59.9 | 20.7 | 6.70 | 2.00 | 1.80 | 0.65 | 2.40 | - | - | 1.53 | - | [7] | ||
Shanxi | 35.1 | 16.8 | 27.3 | 3.82 | 1.60 | - | - | - | - | 3.00 | 0.83 | [19] | ||
Hebei | 48.3 | 23.1 | 4.30 | 4.10 | 1.70 | 0.10 | 1.50 | 0.80 | 0.10 | 1.00 | 14.7 | [28] | ||
Northwest of China | Shaanxi | 49.5 | 33.3 | 7.60 | 6.09 | 0.97 | 0.52 | 0.94 | 0.83 | - | - | - | [23] | |
South of China | Jiangsu | 55.5 | 18.2 | 5.42 | 3.38 | 1.23 | 0.64 | 1.67 | - | - | 0.64 | 13.3 | [3] | |
Jiangsu | 59. 8 | 29.4 | 1.44 | 0.68 | 0.51 | 0.08 | 1.76 | - | - | - | - | [8] | ||
Poland | - | 58.9 | 20.5 | 6.63 | 0.35 | 1.93 | 0.54 | 3.19 | 1.05 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 5.50 | [5] | |
Italy | No. 1 | 43.7 | 21.4 | 5.57 | 0.89 | 0.77 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 1.05 | 0.16 | 1.02 | 25.2 | [29] | |
No. 2 | 46.8 | 17.2 | 7.67 | 7.60 | 0.99 | 0.15 | 2.40 | 0.78 | 0.16 | 0.34 | 15.8 | |||
No. 3 | 57.2 | 18.7 | 6.25 | 1.86 | 1.42 | 0.46 | 3.59 | 0.95 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 9.28 | |||
SCG | Northeast of China | Liaoning | 55.6 | 21.0 | 6.57 | 3.65 | 2.50 | 1.90 | 4.10 | 0.84 | 0.24 | 0.82 | - | [15] |
North of China | Shanxi | 56.6 | 36.8 | 1.95 | 0.62 | 0.22 | 0.42 | - | 2.10 | - | - | - | [9] | |
Northwest of China | Shaanxi | 55.2 | 31.1 | 2.94 | 1.31 | 0.75 | 0.12 | 1.13 | 1.12 | 0.07 | - | 5.94 | [30] | |
Italy | No. 1 | 56.4 | 26.3 | 6.42 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 4.02 | 0.17 | 1.21 | 0.20 | 0.65 | 2.38 | [29] | |
No. 2 | 52.3 | 19.5 | 8.35 | 8.41 | 1.21 | 2.65 | 0.20 | 0.85 | 0.17 | 0.49 | 5.61 | |||
No. 3 | 61.9 | 20.2 | 6.77 | 2.00 | 1.57 | 3.78 | 0.53 | 1.01 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 1.81 |
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Gao, S.; Zhang, S.; Guo, L. Application of Coal Gangue as a Coarse Aggregate in Green Concrete Production: A Review. Materials 2021, 14, 6803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14226803
Gao S, Zhang S, Guo L. Application of Coal Gangue as a Coarse Aggregate in Green Concrete Production: A Review. Materials. 2021; 14(22):6803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14226803
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Shan, Sumei Zhang, and Lanhui Guo. 2021. "Application of Coal Gangue as a Coarse Aggregate in Green Concrete Production: A Review" Materials 14, no. 22: 6803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14226803