Effect of Carbon Black and Hybrid Steel-Polypropylene Fiber on the Mechanical and Self-Sensing Characteristics of Concrete Considering Different Coarse Aggregates’ Sizes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Significance
3. Experimental Procedure
3.1. Mix Design of the Concrete Matrix
3.2. Raw Materials
3.3. Samples and Setup Description
3.4. Flexural Test
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Effect of Size of Coarse Aggregates and Fibers on Compressive and Flexural Strength
4.2. Effect of Different Fibers and Coarse Aggregates Size on the Post-Peak Behaviour of Concrete
4.3. Effect of Different Admixtures and Coarse Aggregates Size on the Flexural Load-Bearing Capacity and (FCR)
4.4. The Relationship between FCR and COD with Different Types of Admixtures and Coarse Aggregates
4.5. Multiple Cracking Monitoring
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
- The addition of steel fibers and carbon black (monophasic and diphasic) increased the compression strength of both sizes of aggregates as compared to plain concrete. However, the inclusion of polypropylene fibers as a triphasic material (SF + PP + CB) led to a minor reduction in compression strength in different sizes of aggregates.
- The hybridization of steel fibers with carbon black and polypropylene fibers can improve the flexural strength of both sizes of aggregates. Smaller aggregates (5–10 mm) showed a higher flexural strength ratio than larger size aggregates (15–20 mm).
- The post-cracking behaviour and toughness parameters of specimens were significantly improved by the addition of steel fiber and polypropylene fiber. Smaller aggregates demonstrated higher energy absorption capacity and flexural toughness compared to larger ones.
- The diphasic and triphasic conductive material with smaller aggregates (5–10 mm) increased FCR values up to 38.95% and 42.21%, respectively, for SF70-CB4-10 and SF70-PP2-CB4-10 admixtures; with larger aggregates, the FCR values increased up to 35.5% and 16.50%, respectively, for SF70-CB4-20 and SF70-PP2-CB4-20 admixtures.
- The hybrid use of polypropylene fibers with steel fibers decreased the (FCR) values, but as triphasic material (SF + PP + CB), they increased the (FCR) values due to the conductive characteristics of carbon black.
- Multiple cracking can be sensed by the load-time-FCR graph, as the linear increment of fractional change in resistance (FCR) was noted during the first peak load, followed by an observable clear variation in FCR after the occurrence of the second crack.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | Length (mm) | Diameter/Particle Size (mm) | Density (g/cm3) | Resistivity (Ω·cm) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Young’s Modulus (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SF | 35 | 0.55 | 7.85 | 5–10 | 1150 | 210 |
PP | 35 | 0.35 | 0.9 | - | 547–658 | 3.5–7.5 |
CB | - | 6 × 10−5 | 0.5 | 0.75 | - | - |
Type | Specimens | Binder (kg/m3) | Aggregates (kg/m3) | Polypropylene Fiber (PP) (kg/m3) | Steel Fiber (SF) (kg/m3) | Carbon Black (CB) (kg/m3) | Slump (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plain Concrete | PC-10 | 545 | 1670 | - | - | - | 180 |
PC-20 | 545 | 1670 | - | - | - | 195 | |
Monophasic admixtures | SF70-10 | 545 | 1670 | - | 70 | - | 153 |
SF70-20 | 545 | 1670 | - | 70 | - | 164 | |
Diphasic Admixtures | SF70-CB4-10 | 545 | 1670 | - | 70 | 4 | 69 |
SF70-CB4-20 | 545 | 1670 | - | 70 | 4 | 81 | |
SF70-PP2-10 | 545 | 1670 | 2 | 70 | - | 150 | |
SF70-PP2-20 | 545 | 1670 | 2 | 70 | - | 162 | |
Triphasic Admixtures | SF70-PP2-CB4-10 | 545 | 1670 | 2 | 70 | 4 | 63 |
SF70-PP2-CB4-20 | 545 | 1670 | 2 | 70 | 4 | 71 |
Specimens | fcu (N/mm2) | Standred Deviation | Fu (kN) | σu (N/mm2) | DfBZ.2 | feq.2 | DfBZ.3 | feq.3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PC-10 | 40.27 | 3.83 | 13.50 | 4.05 | - | - | - | - |
PC-20 | 37.76 | 4.95 | 12.94 | 3.88 | - | - | - | - |
SF70-10 | 43.01 | 1.57 | 15.88 | 4.76 | 8.44 | 7.60 | 46.232 | 8.33 |
SF70-20 | 40.31 | 2.37 | 15.10 | 4.53 | 9.53 | 8.59 | 44.19 | 7.96 |
SF70-CB4-10 | 46.04 | 1.91 | 17.18 | 5.15 | 10.83 | 9.70 | 54.11 | 10.10 |
SF70-CB4-20 | 42.21 | 3.73 | 14.59 | 4.37 | 8.60 | 7.74 | 45.42 | 8.18 |
SF70-PP2-10 | 38.65 | 3.72 | 16.60 | 5.04 | 11.49 | 10.34 | 58.87 | 11.21 |
SF70-PP2-20 | 35.55 | 3.07 | 15.88 | 4.76 | 8.28 | 7.50 | 43.01 | 7.74 |
SF70-PP2-CB4-10 | 41.47 | 6.51 | 20.97 | 6.04 | 12.10 | 10.90 | 66.17 | 11.97 |
SF70-PP2-CB4-20 | 38.33 | 7.83 | 16.62 | 4.96 | 11.17 | 10.23 | 53.45 | 9.62 |
Samples | Load Drop Rate (%) | Load Drop (kN) | FCR1.5 (%) | FCR3 (%) | Percentage Increment from FCR1.5 to FCR3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SF70-10 | 17.48 | 1.50 | 25.25 | 31.9 | 20.84 |
SF70-20 | 20.01 | 2.75 | 21.15 | 28.12 | 24.50 |
SF70-CB4-10 | 8.33 | 1.05 | 28.95 | 37.72 | 23.25 |
SF70-CB4-20 | 10.39 | 1.36 | 28.25 | 34.5 | 18.57 |
SF70-PP2-10 | 5.32 | 0.97 | 23.56 | 27.65 | 14.79 |
SF70-PP2-20 | 11.87 | 1.80 | 20.20 | 24.15 | 16.35 |
SF70-PP2-CB4-10 | 2.70 | 0.60 | 35.12 | 44.95 | 21.86 |
SF70-PP2-CB4-10 | 12.71% | 1.35 | 15.18 | 17.10 | 11.22 |
Specimens | t | A | Y0 | C2R | FCR3 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SF70-10 | 2.23 | −35.66 | 35.80 | 0.95938 | 27.75 |
SF70-20 | 1.60 | −31.54 | 31.40 | 0.99735 | 26.12 |
SF70-CB4-10 | 1.26 | −41.35 | 41.10 | 0.99834 | 38.95 |
SF70-CB4-20 | 0.79 | −37.81 | 38.08 | 0.99422 | 35 |
SF70-PP2-10 | 1.53 | −28.71 | 28.05 | 0.99506 | 23.65 |
SF70-PP2-20 | 1.41 | −25.86 | 25.92 | 0.99422 | 22.50 |
SF70-PP2-CB4-10 | 0.76 | −42.96 | 42.45 | 0.99813 | 42.50 |
SF70-PP2-CB4-20 | 1.73 | −19.29 | 19.41 | 0.99179 | 16.50 |
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Ahmed, S.; Hussain, A.; Hussain, Z.; Pu, Z.; Ostrowski, K.A.; Walczak, R. Effect of Carbon Black and Hybrid Steel-Polypropylene Fiber on the Mechanical and Self-Sensing Characteristics of Concrete Considering Different Coarse Aggregates’ Sizes. Materials 2021, 14, 7455. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237455
Ahmed S, Hussain A, Hussain Z, Pu Z, Ostrowski KA, Walczak R. Effect of Carbon Black and Hybrid Steel-Polypropylene Fiber on the Mechanical and Self-Sensing Characteristics of Concrete Considering Different Coarse Aggregates’ Sizes. Materials. 2021; 14(23):7455. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237455
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed, Shakeel, Abasal Hussain, Zahoor Hussain, Zhang Pu, Krzysztof Adam Ostrowski, and Rafał Walczak. 2021. "Effect of Carbon Black and Hybrid Steel-Polypropylene Fiber on the Mechanical and Self-Sensing Characteristics of Concrete Considering Different Coarse Aggregates’ Sizes" Materials 14, no. 23: 7455. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237455