Distinguishing Genuine Imperial Qing Dynasty Porcelain from Ancient Replicas by On-Site Non-Invasive XRF and Raman Spectroscopy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Artifacts
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (pXRF)
2.2.2. Processing of XRF Data
2.2.3. Raman Microspectroscopy
3. Results
3.1. Glazed Background
3.2. Painted Decor
3.3. Reign Marks
3.4. Phase Identification
4. Discussion
4.1. Flux and Former
4.2. Gilding Technique
4.3. Yellow, Green, and Red to Pink Colors
4.4. Blue
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Artifact | Inventory Number | Reign Mark | Dimension/cm and Weight/g | Spots Analyzed by XRF and Raman | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body | Glaze | Yellow (Honey) | Blue | Green | Red-Orange | White | Black | ||||
bowl | CB.CC.1936.677 | Kangxi reign mark in red but probably later period | D. 14.5; H. 7.4; 297 | yes | yellow | bck | red | white | |||
bowl | CB.CC.1931.676 | Kangxi mark in colloidal red | D. 14.5 H. 6, 1; 127 | yellow | green | red | white | ||||
bowl | CB.CC.1932.613b (from a pair) | Kangxi mark in cobalt blue | D. 12.5; 151 | yes | close to flower close to mark | light-yellow honey-yellow | flower light mark | green | white | ||
bowl | CB.CC.1950.672 | Kangxi reign mark in cobalt blue | D. 12.5; H. 6.5; 156 | yes | close to mark | yellow | flower mark | rose scale line | white | ||
bowl | CB.CC.1937.615 | Yongzheng reign mark in underglaze cobalt blue | D. 11; 108 | yes | close to mark | yellow | flower mark | red(bck) violet(scale) | white | ||
bowl | CB.CC.1930.616 | Yongzheng reign mark but maybe later date | D. 9.3; 74 | close to mark | -blue (bck) -mark | ||||||
dish | CB.CC.1936.596 | Yongzheng reign mark in overglaze cobalt blue | D. 20 | (yellow) | |||||||
dish | CB.CC.1935.608 | Qianlong reign mark in cobalt blue | D. 17.4; 169 | men coat (mapping) | |||||||
bowl | CB.CC.1930.630 | Daoguang reign mark in cobalt blue | D.18.5; 489 | close to mark | yellow | flower mark | green | orange | white | black |
Artifact | Reign Mark | Phases and Characteristic Elements (Major, Minor/Traces; Main Raman Peaks (cm−1)) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Background (Color) | Mark | Yellow | Blue | Green | Violet, Red to Orange | White | Black | Matrix | ||
Bowl A677 | Kangxi reign mark in red but probably later period | (blue: Co2+) Quartz, glassy phase. Co | Arsenate (822) Pb,As,Sn | Bck Mn,Fe,Co, Ni,Cu,Zn | Arsenate (822) Quartz Glassy phase NY | Fe,Ni,Sn | Arsenate (822) Pb,As,Sn,Fe | (1015) | ||
Bowl A676 | Kangxi mark in colloidal red | (red: Cu) Pb, Sn,Cu,Ni Fluorescence | Cassiterite NY (135,333, 505) Pb,Sn,Sb As,Cu,Ni, Fe | NY (133,325,459) | Red: Pb,Sn Fe,Ni,Cu, | Cassiterite Arsenate (810) Pb, Sn, As,Cu,Ni, Fe | ||||
Bowl A613 | Kangxi reign mark in cobalt blue | (honey:Au) Au,Ag,Hg, Pb,Sn,As Fluorescence | Quartz, glassy phase Mn,Fe,Ni, Co | Light yellow: Sn,Cu NY (129,198,452) Pb,As,Fe, Ni,Cu,Sn, Sb | Arsenate (820) Pb,As Co, Fe,Ni | NY (130,328,520) Pb,Cu,As, Ni, Sn (trace of cassiterite) | Violet: Pb,Au,Fe, Ni,Co,As, Sn | Arsenate (820) Pb, Au,Cu,As, Fe,Ni, Sn | 580 | 1020 |
Bowl A672 | Kangxi reign mark in cobalt blue | (yellow) Pb, Sn,Sb | Quartz, glassy phase | NY (130,197, 335,505) Pb,Fe,Ni, Sn,Sb | Arsenate (818) Pb,As,Fe, Co,Ni | Cassiterite trace? NY (130,197,335, 505) | Rose: Pb,As,Au, Sn,Fe,Ni Red: Pb,Fe,Ni | Pb,As,Fe,Ni, Sn,Sb | ||
Bowl A615 | Yongzheng reign mark in cobalt blue | (red) Pb,Au, Sn,Cu,Ni,As Fluorescence | Fe,Mn,Co, Ni, | NY Arsenate (810) Pb,Sn,Ni,Zn | Arsenate (810) Pb,As,Fe, Co,Ni, Cu,Mn,Sn | Glassy phase Pb,Sn,Cu, Ni,Zn,Mn | Violet (scale) As,Au,Zn | Pb, As,Fe, Ni | 1035 | |
Bowl A616 | Yongzheng reign mark but maybe later date | (blue) Pb,Sn,Co, Mn, Fe,Ni,As | ||||||||
Dish A596 | Yongzheng mark and period | (yellow) a Cassiterite NY (132,327,445) | Cassiterite NY (132,325,445) | 975 (lead-rich) | ||||||
Dish A608 | Qianlong reign mark in overglaze cobalt blue | Quartz, Glassy phase Arsenate (780–815) | NY Arsenate (780–815) | Arsenate (780–815) Co,Ni,As | Arsenate (780–815) | Arsenate (780–815) NY(132) | Arsenate (780–815) | Spinel MnO2 Pb,Cu,Mn, Ni,Fe,As | 970–1020 (lead-rich) | |
Bowl A630 | Daoguang 1825–1850 Fe,Mn, Ni,Co underglaze | (yellow) Pb,Sn, Fe,Ni | Fe,Mn,Ni, (Co) | NY (132,325,450) Pb,Sn,Ni, Fe,Cu | Quartz, Glassy phase Pb,As Co,Cu,Mn, Fe,Ni,Sn | NY (132,325,450) Pb,Sn,Ni, Fe,Cu,Sb | (Orange) Arsenate (823) NY (132) Pb,Fe,Ni, Sn | Arsenate (823) | Fluorescence Pb,Cu,Fe, Ni,Mn,Sn, Sb | 975–1030 (lead-rich) |
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Colomban, P.; Gironda, M.; Simsek Franci, G.; d’Abrigeon, P. Distinguishing Genuine Imperial Qing Dynasty Porcelain from Ancient Replicas by On-Site Non-Invasive XRF and Raman Spectroscopy. Materials 2022, 15, 5747. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165747
Colomban P, Gironda M, Simsek Franci G, d’Abrigeon P. Distinguishing Genuine Imperial Qing Dynasty Porcelain from Ancient Replicas by On-Site Non-Invasive XRF and Raman Spectroscopy. Materials. 2022; 15(16):5747. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165747
Chicago/Turabian StyleColomban, Philippe, Michele Gironda, Gulsu Simsek Franci, and Pauline d’Abrigeon. 2022. "Distinguishing Genuine Imperial Qing Dynasty Porcelain from Ancient Replicas by On-Site Non-Invasive XRF and Raman Spectroscopy" Materials 15, no. 16: 5747. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165747
APA StyleColomban, P., Gironda, M., Simsek Franci, G., & d’Abrigeon, P. (2022). Distinguishing Genuine Imperial Qing Dynasty Porcelain from Ancient Replicas by On-Site Non-Invasive XRF and Raman Spectroscopy. Materials, 15(16), 5747. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165747