Variation of Electrical Resistivity and Charge Passed in High-Performance Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Type II–V cement (TII-V) (moderate sulfate resistance cement of Type II and Type V blended) following ASTM C150 specification
- Ground granulated blast furnace slag of grade 100 (G100S)
- Ground granulated blast furnace slag of grade 120 (G120S)
- Class F fly Ash (F)
- Class C fly Ash (C)
- Silica fume (SF)
- Metakaolin (M)
3. Charge Passed Models
3.1. Charge Passed from Bulk Conductivity Model following RCPT Theory
3.2. Charge Passed Computation by Berke Model
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Influence of Geometric Size on the BR
4.2. Influence of Frequency on the BR
4.3. Charge Passed
4.4. Charge Passed Reduction over an Extended Period
4.5. Influence of the Variation of Metakaolin and SF Replacement on Charge Passed Reduction
4.6. Variation and Distribution of Charge Passed of Different Groups of Ternary Mixtures
5. Conclusions
- The addition of SCMs in ternary mixtures, in general, helped to reduce the charge passed in a faster way compared to the binary mixtures. Specifically, in Class C fly ash-based mixtures, Class C fly ash combined with 35% slag G100S or with higher than 10% metakaolin obtained better results than the binary mixture. In metakaolin-based mixtures, the addition of 35% slag G120S are a better option for future bridge deck applications.
- In 20% fly ash-based ternary mixtures, the addition of 3% metakaolin or 12% silica fume resulted in the highest reduction of charge passed over time. 5% silica fume replacement in 20% fly ash in ternary mixtures can be considered an optimal solution. In addition, in 35% slag G120S-based ternary mixtures, the replacement of 12% silica fume provided the highest reduction at 91 days, and the addition of 3% to 12% silica fume provided a comparable reduction to each other. Furthermore, the addition of 3%, 7%, and 12% metakaolin provided a comparably higher amount of charge reduction over an extended period.
- The variation and distribution of charge passed data demonstrated that the addition of SCM provided a varying effect on the charge passed in the same group. Most ternary mixtures’ charge passed data fell within the range of low to very low chloride ion permeability class, except the ternary mixture of class C fly ash and metakaolin, which fell in moderate permeability.
- In practice, depending on the source and the availability of SCM, the first SCM in ternary mixtures design could be specified with confidence. Therefore, this study was significantly helpful in identifying the type and amount of second SCM in ternary mixtures to design low-charge-passed and high-durability concrete mixtures.
- The surface resistivity of concrete was determined by AASHTTO T 358, a newly developed standard, and the bulk resistivity of concrete was determined by AASHTTO TP 119 or ASTM C1876. All three instruments depicted consistency and accuracy in terms of computation of the charge passed for various concrete mixtures in an efficient way and within a very short period.
- The charge-passed distribution provided a useful tool for future research to compute the diffusion coefficients of HPC mixtures to assess chloride-induced corrosion.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Mixture ID | 28-Day Compressive Strength (psi) | Replacement (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | Class C Fly Ash | Class F Fly Ash | Slag G100 | Slag G120 | Silica Fume | Metakaolin | |||
1 | 100TII-V | 3927 | 100 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
2 | 80TII-V/20C | 3555 | 80 | 20 | - | - | - | - | - |
3 | 80TII-V/20F | 4077 | 80 | - | 20 | - | - | - | - |
4 | 95TII-V/5SF | 7841 | 95 | - | - | - | - | 5 | - |
5 | 93TII-V/7SF | 7539 | 93 | - | - | - | - | 7 | - |
6 | 65TII-V/35G100S | 5821 | 65 | - | - | 35 | - | - | - |
7 | 65TII-V/35G120S | 4481 | 65 | - | - | - | 35 | - | - |
8 | 60TII-V/20C/20F | 4230 | 60 | 20 | 20 | - | - | - | - |
9 | 75TII-V/20C/5SF | 6974 | 75 | 20 | - | - | - | 5 | - |
10 | 60TII-V/25C/15M | 5246 | 60 | 25 | - | - | - | - | 15 |
11 | 65TII-V/28C/7M | n/a | 65 | 28 | - | - | - | - | 7 |
12 | 65TII-V/30C/5SF | 7058 | 65 | 30 | - | - | - | 5 | - |
13 | 60TII-V/30C/10F | n/a | 60 | 30 | 10 | - | - | - | - |
14 | 60TII-V/30C/10M | n/a | 60 | 30 | - | - | - | - | 10 |
15 | 60TII-V/25F/15M | n/a | 60 | - | 25 | - | - | - | 15 |
16 | 65TII-V/28F/7M | n/a | 65 | - | 28 | - | - | - | 7 |
17 | 77TII-V/20F/3M | 4341 | 77 | - | 20 | - | - | - | 3 |
18 | 75TII-V/20F/5M | 4279 | 75 | - | 20 | - | - | - | 5 |
19 | 70TII-V/20F/10M | 4196 | 70 | - | 20 | - | - | - | 10 |
20 | 75TII-V/20F/5SF | 5264 | 75 | - | 20 | - | - | 5 | - |
21 | 70TII-V/20F/10SF | 2432 | 70 | - | 20 | - | - | 10 | - |
22 | 73TII-V/20F/7M | 6296 | 73 | - | 20 | - | - | - | 7 |
23 | 68TII-V/20F/12M | n/a | 68 | - | 20 | - | - | - | 12 |
24 | 77TII-V/20F/3SF | n/a | 77 | - | 20 | - | - | 3 | - |
25 | 73TII-V/20F/7SF | n/a | 73 | - | 20 | - | - | 7 | - |
26 | 68TII-V/20F/12SF | n/a | 68 | - | 20 | - | - | 12 | - |
27 | 60TII-V/30F/10C | 4345 | 60 | 10 | 30 | - | - | - | - |
28 | 65TII-V/30F/5SF | 5869 | 65 | - | 30 | - | - | 5 | - |
29 | 60TII-V/30F/10M | 5276 | 60 | - | 30 | - | - | - | 10 |
30 | 60TII-V/35G100S/5SF | 6318 | 60 | - | 35 | - | 5 | - | |
31 | 50TII-V/35G100S/15C | 6344 | 50 | 15 | - | 35 | - | - | - |
32 | 50TII-V/35G100S/15F | 6138 | 50 | - | 15 | 35 | - | - | - |
33 | 45TII-V/35G100S/20F | 4028 | 45 | - | 20 | 35 | - | - | - |
34 | 50TII-V/35G120S/15C | 5629 | 50 | 15 | - | - | 35 | - | - |
35 | 50TII-V/35G120S/15F | 4094 | 50 | - | 15 | - | 35 | - | - |
36 | 62TII-V/35G120S/3M | 5498 | 62 | - | - | - | 35 | - | 3 |
37 | 60TII-V/35G120S/5M | 6140 | 60 | - | - | - | 35 | - | 5 |
38 | 58TII-V/35G120S/7M | 5594 | 58 | - | - | - | 35 | - | 7 |
39 | 55TII-V/35G120S/10M | 5650 | 55 | - | - | - | 35 | - | 10 |
40 | 53TII-V/35G120S/12M | 7263 | 53 | - | - | - | 35 | - | 12 |
41 | 50TII-V/35G120S/15M | n/a | 50 | - | - | - | 35 | - | 15 |
42 | 62TII-V/35G120S/3SF | 6742 | 62 | - | - | - | 35 | 3 | - |
43 | 60TII-V/35G120S/5SF | n/a | 60 | - | - | - | 35 | 5 | - |
44 | 58TII-V/35G120S/7SF | 4000 | 58 | - | - | - | 35 | 7 | - |
45 | 55TII-V/35G120S/10SF | 4020 | 55 | - | - | - | 35 | 10 | - |
46 | 53TII-V/35G120S/12SF | 5900 | 53 | - | - | - | 35 | 12 | - |
47 | 45TII-V/40G120S/15C | 4600 | 45 | 15 | - | - | 40 | - | - |
48 | 45TII-V/40G120S/15F | 5178 | 45 | - | 15 | - | 40 | - | - |
49 | 55TII-V/40G120S/5SF | 5054 | 55 | - | - | - | 40 | 5 | - |
50 | 50TII-V/40G120S/10M | 4695 | 50 | - | - | - | 40 | - | 10 |
No. | Mixture ID | Charge Passed following RCPT Theory (Coulombs) | Charge Passed by Berke Model (Coulombs) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
From SR by Wenner Probe | From BR by Merlin | From BR (RCON) | From SR by Wenner Probe | From BR by Merlin | From BR (RCON) | ||||||||
10 KHz | 1 KHz | 0.1 KHz | 0.01 KHz | 10 KHz | 1 KHz | 0.1 KHz | 0.01 KHz | ||||||
1 | 100TII-V | 1493 | 1487 | - | - | - | - | 1152 | 1148 | - | - | - | - |
2 | 80TII-V/20C | 1454 | 1448 | - | - | - | - | 1116 | 1112 | - | - | - | - |
3 | 80TII-V/20F | 926 | 960 | - | - | - | - | 649 | 678 | - | - | - | - |
4 | 60TII-V/20C/20F | 1287 | 1287 | - | - | - | - | 964 | 965 | - | - | - | - |
5 | 60TII-V/30C/10F | 1236 | 1256 | - | - | - | - | 918 | 938 | - | - | - | - |
6 | 60TII-V/30F/10C | 1129 | 1132 | - | - | - | - | 823 | 828 | - | - | - | - |
7 | 75TII-V/20C/5SF | 737 | 747 | - | - | - | - | 493 | 502 | - | - | - | - |
8 | 50TII-V/35G120S/15C | 1472 | 1414 | - | - | - | - | 1133 | 1081 | - | - | - | - |
9 | 50TII-V/35G120S/15F | 990 | 1097 | - | - | - | - | 703 | 796 | - | - | - | - |
10 | 95TII-V/5SF | 948 | 991 | - | - | - | - | 667 | 705 | - | - | - | - |
11 | 93TII-V/7SF | 922 | 786 | - | - | - | - | 645 | 534 | - | - | - | - |
12 | 65TII-V/5SF/30C | 1258 | 1118 | - | - | - | - | 938 | 815 | - | - | - | - |
13 | 65TII-V/5SF/30F | 864 | 771 | - | - | - | - | 597 | 521 | - | - | - | - |
14 | 55TII-V/5SF/40G120S | 1241 | 1311 | - | - | - | - | 923 | 987 | - | - | - | - |
15 | 45TII-V/40G120S/15C | 2154 | 2032 | - | - | - | - | 1789 | 1838 | - | - | - | - |
16 | 45TII-V/40G120S/15F | 757 | 698 | - | - | - | - | 509 | 463 | - | - | - | - |
17 | 65TII-V/35G100S | 961 | 962 | - | - | - | - | 679 | 681 | - | - | - | - |
18 | 60TII-V/35G100S/5SF | 758 | 731 | - | - | - | - | 510 | 489 | - | - | - | - |
19 | 50TII-V/35G100S/15C | 943 | 809 | - | - | - | - | 664 | 553 | - | - | - | - |
20 | 50TII-V/35G100S/15F | 846 | 721 | - | - | - | - | 582 | 481 | - | - | - | - |
21 | 45TII-V/35G100S/20F | 752 | 693 | - | - | - | - | 505 | 459 | - | - | - | - |
22 | 60TII-V/30F/10M | 1611 | 1580 | 1442 | 1372 | 1288 | 1234 | 1262 | 1235 | 1239 | 1167 | 1082 | 1027 |
23 | 60TII-V/30C/10M | 2815 | 2568 | 2301 | 2179 | 2009 | 1929 | 2469 | 2215 | 2173 | 2035 | 1845 | 1758 |
24 | 50TII-V/40G120S/10M | 388 | 365 | 412 | 394 | 380 | 372 | 228 | 212 | 275 | 260 | 249 | 243 |
25 | 60TII-V/25F/15M | 804 | 791 | 733 | 704 | 687 | 678 | 548 | 537 | 549 | 524 | 508 | 500 |
26 | 60TII-V/25C/15M | 2429 | 2183 | 1940 | 1873 | 1836 | 1817 | 2067 | 1822 | 1770 | 1697 | 1657 | 1635 |
27 | 50TII-V/35G120S/15M | 371 | 386 | 393 | 378 | 366 | 358 | 216 | 227 | 260 | 248 | 238 | 232 |
28 | 65TII-V/28F/7M | 930 | 922 | 775 | 748 | 713 | 694 | 652 | 647 | 588 | 563 | 531 | 514 |
29 | 65TII-V/28C/7M | 1933 | 1933 | 1582 | 1512 | 1422 | 1333 | 1572 | 1574 | 1385 | 1311 | 1218 | 1127 |
30 | 77TII-V/20F/3M | 501 | 503 | 458 | 442 | 432 | 427 | 310 | 313 | 312 | 299 | 291 | 287 |
31 | 75TII-V/20F/5M | 552 | 543 | 490 | 479 | 469 | 463 | 348 | 344 | 339 | 330 | 321 | 316 |
32 | 70TII-V/20F/10M | 493 | 501 | 448 | 431 | 421 | 415 | 304 | 310 | 304 | 290 | 282 | 277 |
33 | 75TII-V/20F/5SF | 503 | 466 | 434 | 417 | 407 | 401 | 312 | 284 | 293 | 279 | 271 | 266 |
34 | 70TII-V/20F/10SF | 296 | 251 | 262 | 245 | 237 | 231 | 164 | 136 | 160 | 147 | 141 | 137 |
35 | 60TII-V/35G120S/5M | 435 | 435 | 385 | 372 | 363 | 356 | 262 | 261 | 254 | 243 | 236 | 230 |
36 | 55TII-V/35G120S/10M | 242 | 264 | 249 | 237 | 229 | 223 | 129 | 137 | 150 | 142 | 136 | 131 |
37 | 60TII-V/35G120S/5SF | 299 | 301 | 340 | 326 | 317 | 310 | 167 | 169 | 219 | 208 | 200 | 196 |
38 | 55TII-V/35G120S/10SF | 352 | 365 | 340 | 324 | 315 | 308 | 203 | 211 | 218 | 206 | 199 | 194 |
39 | 73TII-V/20F/7M | 498 | 515 | 509 | 493 | 477 | 464 | 308 | 322 | 355 | 341 | 327 | 317 |
40 | 68TII-V/20F/12M | 499 | 516 | 407 | 390 | 364 | 346 | 309 | 310 | 271 | 257 | 237 | 223 |
41 | 77TII-V/20F/3SF | 519 | 494 | 451 | 432 | 420 | 414 | 323 | 304 | 306 | 291 | 281 | 276 |
42 | 73TII-V/20F/7SF | 500 | 533 | 490 | 473 | 457 | 448 | 309 | 317 | 339 | 324 | 312 | 304 |
43 | 68TII-V/20F/12SF | 341 | 346 | 328 | 311 | 299 | 294 | 195 | 205 | 209 | 196 | 187 | 183 |
44 | 62TII-V/35G120S/3M | 547 | 570 | 519 | 502 | 486 | 474 | 344 | 363 | 363 | 348 | 335 | 326 |
45 | 58TII-V/35G120S/7M | 358 | 364 | 344 | 330 | 323 | 317 | 207 | 211 | 221 | 211 | 205 | 201 |
46 | 53TII-V/35G120S/12M | 254 | 248 | 236 | 225 | 218 | 211 | 137 | 134 | 141 | 133 | 128 | 123 |
47 | 62TII-V/35G120S/3SF | 586 | 625 | 582 | 567 | 550 | 537 | 375 | 401 | 416 | 404 | 389 | 378 |
48 | 58TII-V/35G120S/7SF | 422 | 379 | 356 | 344 | 333 | 324 | 252 | 190 | 230 | 221 | 213 | 206 |
49 | 53TII-V/35G120S/12SF | 344 | 328 | 301 | 290 | 284 | 279 | 197 | 186 | 189 | 180 | 176 | 172 |
50 | 65TII-V/35G120S | 1094 | 1110 | 1000 | 975 | 946 | 926 | 793 | 808 | 798 | 774 | 747 | 728 |
Charge Passed (Coulombs) | Chloride Ion Penetrability |
---|---|
>4000 | High |
2000–4000 | Moderate |
1000–2000 | Low |
100–1000 | Very Low |
<100 | Negligible |
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Tran, Q.; Ghosh, P. Variation of Electrical Resistivity and Charge Passed in High-Performance Concrete. Materials 2022, 15, 6694. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196694
Tran Q, Ghosh P. Variation of Electrical Resistivity and Charge Passed in High-Performance Concrete. Materials. 2022; 15(19):6694. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196694
Chicago/Turabian StyleTran, Quang, and Pratanu Ghosh. 2022. "Variation of Electrical Resistivity and Charge Passed in High-Performance Concrete" Materials 15, no. 19: 6694. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196694