Investigation of the Combined Influence of Temperature and Humidity on Fatigue Crack Growth Rate in Al6082 Alloy in a Coastal Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Material
2.2. Specimen Preparation
2.3. Simulation of Coastal Environment
2.4. FCGR Experimentation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fatigue Crack Growth Rate (FCGR)
3.2. Threshold Stress Intensity Factor Range
3.3. Effect of Temperature and Humidity
3.3.1. Effect of Temperature
- (a)
- Reduced Corrosion:
- (b)
- Crack Closure:
- (c)
- Presence of Phase Particles:
3.3.2. Effect of Humidity
- (a)
- Corrosion/Corrosion Fatigue:
- (b)
- Moisture-Assisted Crack Propagation:
- (c)
- Hydrogen Embrittlement:
3.4. Striation Spaces
3.5. Crack Propagation Path
3.6. FCGR Models for Fatigue Life Cycles and C Value
4. Correlation and Validation
4.1. Correlation of Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Life Cycles
4.2. Validation
5. Conclusions
- The combined influence of an increase in temperature and humidity levels, in line with coastal environmental conditions, decreases the FCGR resistance of the Al6082 alloy. The corrosion under higher humidity levels reduces the threshold fracture toughness, facilitating crack initiation and propagation at relatively low stress levels. This is evident from the notable decrease in threshold fracture toughness by 27% and the increase in the fatigue crack growth constant C by 34% as temperature and humidity increase.
- Higher temperature conditions enhance the alloy’s resistance to FCGR by introducing precipitated phase particles, facilitating the formation of an oxide layer, and inducing crack closure. In contrast, heightened humidity conditions diminish the resistance of the Al6082 alloy to FCGR due to escalated corrosion, moisture-assisted crack propagation, and hydrogen embrittlement.
- The precision of the developed empirical models is remarkable, showcasing an error of less than 10% in predicting Paris constant C, fatigue life cycles, and the relationship between fracture toughness and FCGR. This robust correspondence underscores the models’ reliability for both researchers and engineers. The alignment between experimental and developed models, confirmed through validation experiments, establishes a solid foundation for predicting FCGR in diverse environmental conditions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Mg | Si | Mn | Fe | Zn | Ti | Cu | Cr | Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wt.% | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.08 | Balance |
Temperature (°C)/Humidity (%) | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Threshold SIF (MPa√m) | ||||
40 | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.61 |
50 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
60 | 0.50 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.58 |
70 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.46 |
80 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.44 |
90 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.42 |
Temperature (°C) | Humidity (%) | Fatigue Life Cycles | Fracture Toughness (MPa√m) | Percentage Error | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental [5] | Regression Equation (6) | ||||
20 | 40 | 27,122 | 25.97 | 23.88 | 8.0 |
20 | 50 | 25,857 | 23.79 | 23.26 | 2.2 |
20 | 60 | 24,283 | 23.43 | 22.64 | 3.4 |
20 | 70 | 23,251 | 23.30 | 22.34 | 4.1 |
20 | 80 | 21,483 | 23.13 | 22.11 | 4.4 |
20 | 90 | 18,628 | 23.01 | 22.66 | 1.5 |
40 | 40 | 27,923 | 26.82 | 24.30 | 9.4 |
40 | 50 | 26,111 | 25.00 | 23.38 | 6.5 |
40 | 60 | 24,863 | 23.76 | 22.85 | 3.8 |
40 | 70 | 23,921 | 23.57 | 22.52 | 4.4 |
40 | 80 | 22,737 | 23.42 | 22.24 | 5.1 |
40 | 90 | 21,182 | 23.40 | 22.11 | 5.5 |
60 | 40 | 29,857 | 27.55 | 25.38 | 7.9 |
60 | 50 | 27,958 | 25.71 | 24.32 | 5.4 |
60 | 60 | 27,628 | 25.00 | 24.15 | 3.4 |
60 | 70 | 25,698 | 24.60 | 23.19 | 5.7 |
60 | 80 | 25,133 | 24.38 | 22.95 | 5.8 |
60 | 90 | 24,088 | 24.01 | 22.58 | 6.0 |
80 | 40 | 31,488 | 28.03 | 26.27 | 6.3 |
80 | 50 | 30,364 | 27.80 | 25.66 | 7.7 |
80 | 60 | 29,089 | 26.58 | 24.95 | 6.1 |
80 | 70 | 27,325 | 25.29 | 23.99 | 5.2 |
80 | 80 | 27,037 | 25.11 | 23.84 | 5.1 |
80 | 90 | 26,451 | 25.04 | 23.54 | 6.0 |
(a) | |||||||
Sl. No. | Temperature (°C) | Humidity (%) | Paris Constant C × 10−5 | Paris Constant m | |||
Experimental | Empirical Equation (5) | % Error | |||||
1 | 30 | 85 | 4.07 | 3.95 | 2.95 | 1.45 | |
2 | 50 | 65 | 3.23 | 3.05 | 5.57 | 1.51 | |
3 | 70 | 55 | 2.33 | 2.52 | 7.54 | 1.63 | |
(b) | |||||||
Sl. No. | Temperature (°C) | Humidity (%) | Fatigue Life Cycles | ||||
Experimental | Empirical Equation (4) | % Error | |||||
1 | 30 | 85 | 21,122 | 21,492 | 1.72 | ||
2 | 50 | 65 | 25,369 | 25,810 | 1.71 | ||
3 | 70 | 55 | 27,863 | 28,860 | 3.45 | ||
(c) | |||||||
Sl. No. | Temperature (°C) | Humidity (%) | Fracture Toughness (MPa√m) | ||||
Empirical Equation (1) | Empirical Equation (6) | % Error | |||||
1 | 30 | 85 | 23.29 | 22.11 | 5.1 | ||
2 | 50 | 65 | 24.09 | 23.05 | 4.3 | ||
3 | 70 | 55 | 26.04 | 24.27 | 6.8 |
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Alqahtani, I.; Starr, A.; Khan, M. Investigation of the Combined Influence of Temperature and Humidity on Fatigue Crack Growth Rate in Al6082 Alloy in a Coastal Environment. Materials 2023, 16, 6833. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16216833
Alqahtani I, Starr A, Khan M. Investigation of the Combined Influence of Temperature and Humidity on Fatigue Crack Growth Rate in Al6082 Alloy in a Coastal Environment. Materials. 2023; 16(21):6833. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16216833
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlqahtani, Ibrahim, Andrew Starr, and Muhammad Khan. 2023. "Investigation of the Combined Influence of Temperature and Humidity on Fatigue Crack Growth Rate in Al6082 Alloy in a Coastal Environment" Materials 16, no. 21: 6833. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16216833