Wet Blue Enzymatic Treatment and Its Effect on Leather Properties and Post-Tanning Processes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Wastewater treatment and cleaner solid waste processing;
- (2)
- Cleaner technologies that reduce the pollution load or do not use hazardous chemicals in the processing of leather [2].
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Technological Processes
2.3. Analysis Methods
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Process | Materials 1, % | Process Duration, min | Process Temperature, °C |
---|---|---|---|
Washing | H2O–300 | 30 | 40 |
Re-bating 2 | H2O–200; EP–1 or 5 | 60 or 210 | |
Washing | H2O–100 | 15 | |
Re-chroming | H2O–150 Chromeco 33 Extra–4 | 30 | |
Neutragene MG-120–0.15 | 10 | ||
Neutragene MG-120–0.15 | 50 | ||
Washing | H2O–150 | 30 | |
Neutralisation | H2O–150; NaHCO3–1.5 | 30 | |
NaHCOO–2 | 90 | ||
Washing | H2O–100 | 30 | |
Washing | H2O–200 | 15 | 60 |
Dyeing | Sellaset red H–4.5 | 60 | |
Fat-liquoring | Oleal 146–2; Oleal 1946–4; Fospholiker 661–3; Fospholiker 6146–4 | 90 | |
HCOOH–1 | 30 | ||
Washing | H2O–200 | 15 | 30 |
Re-tanning | H2O–100; Mimosa tannins–2; Quebracho tannins–2 | 60 | |
Washing | H2O–100 | 15 |
Enzyme Preparation | Indexes | ||
---|---|---|---|
Caseinolytic Activity, U/g | Collagenolytic Activity, U/g | Ratio of Caseinolytic and Collagenolytic Activities | |
Zime SB | 161.73 ± 7.52 | 3.5 ± 0.16 | 46.2 |
NovoBate WB | 700.70 ± 27.35 | 27.3 ± 1.17 | 25.7 |
Oropon DVP | 8.54 ± 0.41 | 0.7 ± 0.02 | 12.2 |
Oropon WB | 4.20 ± 0.17 | 2.8 ± 0.11 | 1.5 |
Enzymatic Treatment | Indexes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variant Number | Enzyme Preparation | Amount of EP, % Based on Wet Blue Mass | Duration, Hours | Amount of Removed Collagen, g/kg Wet Blue | Shrinkage Temperature, °C |
1 | Zime SB | 1 | 1 | 0.014 ± 0.0004 | 119.7 ± 0.4 |
2 | NovoBate WB | 1 | 1 | 0.039 ± 0.001 | 118.0 ± 0.1 |
3 | Oropon DVP | 1 | 1 | 0.019 ± 0.0001 | 119.8 ± 0.3 |
4 | Oropon WB | 1 | 1 | 0.001 ± 0.0001 | 115.8 ± 0.3 |
5 | Zime SB | 5 | 1 | 0.051 ± 0.002 | 119.4 ± 0.3 |
6 | NovoBate WB | 5 | 1 | 0.106 ± 0.006 | 114.0 ± 0.1 |
7 | Oropon DVP | 5 | 1 | 0.018 ± 0.0001 | 117.7 ± 0.3 |
8 | Oropon WB | 5 | 1 | 0.002 ± 0.0001 | 116.0 ± 0.1 |
9 | Zime SB | 1 | 3.5 | 0.014 ± 0.0005 | 119.9 ± 0.3 |
10 | NovoBate WB | 1 | 3.5 | 0.039 ± 0.0015 | 116.0 ± 0.1 |
11 | Oropon DVP | 1 | 3.5 | 0.018 ± 0.0009 | 118.9 ± 0.3 |
12 | Oropon WB | 1 | 3.5 | 0.001 ± 0.00004 | 114.0 ± 0.1 |
13 | Zime SB | 5 | 3.5 | 0.059 ± 0.002 | 119.3 ± 0.3 |
14 | NovoBate WB | 5 | 3.5 | 0.128 ± 0.005 | 114.7 ± 0.4 |
15 | Oropon DVP | 5 | 3.5 | 0.020 ± 0.001 | 117.7 ± 0.4 |
16 | Oropon WB | 5 | 3.5 | 0.002 ± 0.0001 | 117.8 ± 0.3 |
Control | - | - | - | - | 113.3 ± 0.6 |
Re-Bating Variant | Relative Elongation of Leather at the Strain 10 N/mm2, % | Relative Elongation of Leather at the Break, % | Tensile Strength of Leather, N/mm2 | Water Vapour Absorption, g/mm2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 25.74 ± 0.78 | 51.73 ± 1.21 | 26.10 ± 0.85 | 20.52 ± 0.69 |
2 | 26.14 ± 0.75 | 51.94 ± 2.07 | 25.86 ± 0.62 | 24.20 ± 1.18 |
3 | 27.21 ± 0.85 | 48.51 ± 2.11 | 23.00 ± 0.60 | 22.50 ± 0.58 |
4 | 26.57 ± 0.43 | 49.59 ± 0.70 | 25.32 ± 0.56 | 25.86 ± 1.21 |
5 | 26.15 ± 0.51 | 52.05 ± 2.11 | 26.04 ± 0.74 | 24.80 ± 1.12 |
6 | 26.06 ± 0.81 | 50.39 ± 2.24 | 25.53 ± 0.82 | 24.28 ± 0.64 |
7 | 26.71 ± 0.64 | 49.16 ± 2.05 | 24.93 ± 0.38 | 22.06 ± 0.37 |
8 | 26.53 ± 0.51 | 48.70 ± 2.34 | 24.96 ± 0.88 | 25.48 ± 1.00 |
Control (without re-bating) | 27.08 ± 0.91 | 51.89 ± 1.01 | 25.47 ± 0.67 | 20.32 ± 0.37 |
Re-Bating Variant | Indexes | ||
---|---|---|---|
Shrinkage Temperature, °C | Exhaustion of Chromium Compounds, % | Cr2O3 in Leather, % | |
1 | 123.8 ± 0.3 | 68.8 ± 0.4 | 6.78 ± 0.31 |
2 | 122.7 ± 0.4 | 66.4 ± 0.8 | 6.80 ± 0.24 |
3 | 123.1 ± 0.4 | 66.5 ± 0.3 | 6.66 ± 0.23 |
4 | 123.5 ± 0.5 | 67.1 ± 0.6 | 6.69 ± 0.31 |
5 | 124.1 ± 0.4 | 78.9 ± 0.3 | 6.78 ± 0.29 |
6 | 122.3 ± 0.6 | 67.6 ± 0.4 | 6.46 ± 0.13 |
7 | 123.0 ± 0.1 | 62.4 ± 0.8 | 6.39 ± 0.21 |
8 | 121.3 ± 0.3 | 63.5 ± 0.5 | 6.59 ± 0.32 |
9 | 123.2 ± 0.4 | 71.6 ± 0.2 | 6.89 ± 0.24 |
10 | 122.2 ± 0.6 | 70.5 ± 0.7 | 6.49 ± 0.18 |
11 | 118.4 ± 0.3 | 72.7 ± 0.3 | 6.54 ± 0.14 |
12 | 123.0 ± 0.1 | 66.9 ± 0.6 | 6.61 ± 0.21 |
13 | 123.1 ± 0.4 | 80.3 ± 0.7 | 6.77 ± 0.29 |
14 | 123.1 ± 0.4 | 68.9 ± 0.7 | 6.46 ± 0.18 |
15 | 123.2 ± 0.6 | 66.9 ± 0.9 | 6.68 ± 0.27 |
16 | 122.0 ± 0.1 | 62.7 ± 0.8 | 6.51 ± 0.21 |
Control (without re-bating) | 123.0 ± 0.1 | 58.4 ± 0.6 | 6.34 ± 0.24 |
Enzymatic Treatment Parameters | Indexes of Finished Leather | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variant Number | Enzyme Preparation | Amount of EP, % Based on Wet Blue Mass | Dye Consumption, % | Amount of Matter Soluble in Dichloromethane, % |
1 | Zime SB | 1 | 86.22 ± 3.73 | 9.98 ± 0.52 |
3 | Oropon DVP | 1 | 84.92 ± 4.14 | 9.13 ± 0.45 |
4 | Oropon WB | 1 | 83.42 ± 3.79 | 9.52 ± 0.47 |
5 | Zime SB | 5 | 82.02 ± 3.92 | 8.44 ± 0.42 |
7 | Oropon DVP | 5 | 84.92 ± 4.24 | 9.28 ± 0.46 |
8 | Oropon WB | 5 | 87.82 ± 2.33 | 8.67 ± 0.35 |
Control (without re-bating) | - | - | 88.19 ± 4.09 | 9.40 ± 0.46 |
Re-Bating Variant | Relative Elongation of Leather at the Strain 10 N/mm2, % | Relative Elongation of Leather at the Break, % | Tensile Strength of Leather, N/mm2 | Strain When Grain Layer Breaks, N/mm2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 27.09 ± 1.21 | 61.34 ± 1.84 | 29.04 ± 1.47 | 25.92 ± 1.21 |
3 | 26.70 ± 1.14 | 56.53 ± 2.05 | 31.14 ± 1.43 | 23.62 ± 1.18 |
4 | 29.90 ± 1.30 | 69.59 ± 3.08 | 33.73 ± 1.54 | 24.75 ± 1.20 |
5 | 27.07 ± 1.33 | 64.44 ± 2.64 | 30.68 ± 1.49 | 22.08 ± 1.00 |
7 | 26.84 ± 1.28 | 64.18 ± 1.79 | 33.89 ± 1.63 | 20.28 ± 1.01 |
8 | 27.62 ± 1.36 | 61.72 ± 1.49 | 32.68 ± 1.61 | 25.56 ± 1.27 |
Control (without re-bating) | 31.24 ± 1.56 | 65.96 ± 2.53 | 32.14 ± 1.59 | 21.85 ± 1.07 |
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Biškauskaitė, R.; Valeika, V. Wet Blue Enzymatic Treatment and Its Effect on Leather Properties and Post-Tanning Processes. Materials 2023, 16, 2301. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062301
Biškauskaitė R, Valeika V. Wet Blue Enzymatic Treatment and Its Effect on Leather Properties and Post-Tanning Processes. Materials. 2023; 16(6):2301. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062301
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiškauskaitė, Renata, and Virgilijus Valeika. 2023. "Wet Blue Enzymatic Treatment and Its Effect on Leather Properties and Post-Tanning Processes" Materials 16, no. 6: 2301. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062301