Chitins from Seafood Waste as Sustainable Porous Carbon Precursors for the Development of Eco-Friendly Supercapacitors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biocarbon Derived from Fish Waste (Prawn and Squid Chitins) Preparation
2.2. Morphological Characterization of the Carbon Materials
2.3. Chemical Activation of Chitin-Based Carbons with NaOH
2.4. Electrochemical Studies
3. Results
3.1. Structural Characteristics
3.2. XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy)
3.3. TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy)
3.4. ATR-FTIR and Raman Spectra Analysis
3.5. XRD Analysis
3.6. BET Analysis
3.7. Electrochemical Characterization
3.7.1. Cyclic Voltammetry and Galvanostatic Charge–Discharge (GCD) Analysis
3.7.2. EIS Analysis
3.8. Preliminary Studies: Carbon Activation and Aqueous Electrolytes Effect on the Capacitance
3.8.1. Chitin-Based Carbon Activation with NaOH
3.8.2. Aqueous Electrolytes’ Effect on the Capacitance
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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At% | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Chitin-Based Carbons | Raw Material | |||
Element | Squid Chitin | Prawn Chitin | Squid Chitin | Prawn Chitin |
C1s | 87.1 | 78.4 | 59.8 | 51.4 |
N1s | 2.2 | 2.1 | 0.91 | 1.1 |
O1s | 9.0 | 14.3 | 37.5 | 43.4 |
Na1s | 0.3 | 0.7 | - | - |
P2p | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.52 | 0.5 |
S2p | 0.06 | 0.05 | - | - |
K2p | 0.5 | 2.3 | 0.62 | 2.4 |
Ca2p | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.65 | 1.2 |
Carbon Source | R2 | ID/IG | La/nm |
---|---|---|---|
Prawn chitin | 0.99 | 1.68 ± 0.01 | 12 |
Squid chitin | 0.98 | 1.59 ± 0.02 | 11 |
No. | 2θ (Deg) | d (Å) | FWHM (Deg) | Int. I (Counts Deg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Squid chitin-based carbon | 1 | 8.2 | 10.6 | 9.6 | 4579.1 |
2 | 24.1 | 3.7 | 9.6 | 563.5 | |
3 | 44.7 | 2.0 | 9.6 | 462.3 | |
Prawn chitin-based carbon | 1 | 9.0 | 9.8 | 0.1 | 66.5 |
2 | 24.4 | 3.6 | 0.1 | 43.1 | |
3 | 43.7 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 7.1 |
BET Isotherms Analysis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbon Source | SBET (m2 g−1) | Vmicro (cm3 g−1) | Vmeso (cm3 g−1) | Vtotal (cm3 g−1) | Dp (Å) |
Prawn chitin | 85.0 | 0.029 | 0.009 | 0.038 | 8.47 |
Squid chitin | 149.3 | 0.053 | 0.059 | 0.112 | 7.12 |
Carbonization | Electrochemistry 30 °C Ethaline | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbon Precursor | Temperature/°C | Time/h | C/F g−1 1st Cycle | % Retention after 1000th Cycle | % Retention after 5000th Cycle |
Squid Chitin | 1000 | 1 | 20 ± 1 | 95.7 | 93.3 |
Prawn Chitin | 15 ± 2 | 92.1 | 84.1 |
BET Isotherms Analysis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbon Source | SBET (m2 g−1) | Vmicro (cm3 g−1) | Vmeso (cm3 g−1) | Vtotal (cm3 g−1) | Dp (Å) |
Prawn Chitin_NaOH activation | 86.2 | 0.021 | 0.011 | 0.032 | 1.110 |
Squid Chitin_NaOH activation | 154.2 | 0.066 | 0.071 | 0.137 | 0.981 |
Carbonization | Electrochemistry 30 °C Ethaline | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbon Precursor | Temperature/°C | Time/h | C (F g−1) 1st cycle | % Retention after 1000th Cycle | % Retention after 5000th Cycle |
Squid Chitin_NaOH activation | 1000 | 1 | 32 ± 4 | 93.9 | 88.1 |
Prawn Chitin_NaOH activation | 29 ± 3 | 90.2 | 79.4 |
Marine Waste Source | Material | Configuration | Surface Area m2 g−1 | Electrolyte | Current Density A g−1 | Capacitance F g−1 | Capacitance Retention % | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Squid chitin (Illex argentinus) byproducts from the industrial processing | Porous carbon | 3 electrode- cell (Active mass: 4 mg) (electrode diameter: 4 mm) | 149 | Liquid DES | 1 | 20 ± 1 | 96 @ 1000 cycles/93.3 @ 5000 cycles | This work |
Porous carbon NaOH activation | 154 | 32 ± 4 | 93 @ 1000 cycles/88.1 @ 5000 cycles | |||||
Porous carbon | 149 | 1 mol L−1 H2SO4 | 23 ± 2 | 86 @ 1000 cycles/45 @ 5000 cycles | ||||
149 | 1 mol L−1 KOH | 12 ± 3 | 80 @ 1000 cycles/33 @ 5000 cycles | |||||
Prawn chitin (Penaeus vannamei) byproducts from the industrial processing | Porous carbon | 85 | Liquid DES | 15 ± 2 | 92 @ 1000 cycles/84.1@ 5000 cycles | |||
Porous carbon NaOH activation | 86 | 29 ± 3 | 94 @ 1000 cycles/79.4 @ 5000 cycles | |||||
Prawn shells “Bohai prawn” | N- activated carbon | 2 electrode “sandwich” cell (Active mass: 3–4 mg) | 1918 | 1 mol L−1 H2SO4 6 mol L−1 KOH | 0.05 | 695 357 | 95 @ 5000 cycles | [22] |
Shrimp shells chitin (α-Chitin from BioLog) | Porous carbon | Swagelok®-type cell (3-electrode–cell) (electrode diameter: 11.8 mm) | 1298 | 1 mol L−1 Li2SO4 | 15 | 142 | 92 | [71] |
Gladius of Squid fish (Todarodes pacificus) | N- and O- activated carbon | Stainless-steel split test cell (EQ-STC) (2 electrode–cell) (Active mass: 2.5 mg) | 1129 | 1 mol L−1 H2SO4 | 1 | 204 | 100 @ 20,000 cycles | [19] |
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Brandão, A.T.S.C.; Costa, R.; State, S.; Potorac, P.; Dias, C.; Vázquez, J.A.; Valcarcel, J.; Silva, A.F.; Enachescu, M.; Pereira, C.M. Chitins from Seafood Waste as Sustainable Porous Carbon Precursors for the Development of Eco-Friendly Supercapacitors. Materials 2023, 16, 2332. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062332
Brandão ATSC, Costa R, State S, Potorac P, Dias C, Vázquez JA, Valcarcel J, Silva AF, Enachescu M, Pereira CM. Chitins from Seafood Waste as Sustainable Porous Carbon Precursors for the Development of Eco-Friendly Supercapacitors. Materials. 2023; 16(6):2332. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062332
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrandão, Ana T. S. C., Renata Costa, Sabrina State, Pavel Potorac, Catarina Dias, José A. Vázquez, Jesus Valcarcel, A. Fernando Silva, Marius Enachescu, and Carlos M. Pereira. 2023. "Chitins from Seafood Waste as Sustainable Porous Carbon Precursors for the Development of Eco-Friendly Supercapacitors" Materials 16, no. 6: 2332. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062332