Next Article in Journal
Impact Responses and Wave Dissipation Investigation of a Composite Sandwich Shell Reinforced by Multilayer Negative Poisson’s Ratio Viscoelastic Polymer Material Honeycomb
Next Article in Special Issue
Experimental Study on Liquid Metal Embrittlement of Al-Zn-Mg Aluminum Alloy (7075): From Macromechanical Property Experiment to Microscopic Characterization
Previous Article in Journal
The Effect of Homogenization Heat Treatment on 316L Stainless Steel Cast Billet
Previous Article in Special Issue
Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Strength Loss of 1.2709 Maraging Steel Produced by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) under Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Conditions
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Materials
Volume 17
Issue 1
10.3390/ma17010230
materials-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Bronze Age Raw Material Hoard from Greater Poland: Archaeometallurgical Study Based on Material Research, Thermodynamic Analysis, and Experiments

by
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka
1,*,
Marcin Piękoś
1,
Janusz Kozana
1,
Małgorzata Perek-Nowak
2,
Marta Wardas-Lasoń
3,
Patrycja Silska
4 and
Mateusz Stróżyk
4
1
Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, Reymonta 23 St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
2
Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
3
Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
4
Department of Prehistoric Archaeology, Archaeological Museum in Poznań, Wodna 27 St., 61-781 Poznań, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2024, 17(1), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010230
Submission received: 10 November 2023 / Revised: 27 December 2023 / Accepted: 29 December 2023 / Published: 31 December 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Microstructure and Properties of Metal Alloys)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

Hoard finds from the Bronze Age have appeared all over Europe, prompting questions about their functions (either as raw materials for recycling or votive objects). The hoard trove of raw materials from Przybysław in Greater Poland is an interesting example of a discovery that is related to the foundry activities of Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age communities (c. 600 BC). The deposit consists of fragments of raw materials that were damaged end products intended for smelting. The research included the characterisation of the material in terms of the variety of the raw materials that were used. The individual elements of the hoard were characterised in terms of their chemical compositions, microstructures, and properties. A range of modern instrumental research methods were used: metallographic macroscopic and microscopic observations by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), chemical-composition analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), X-ray microanalysis (EDS), and detailed crystallisation analysis by electron microscopy with an emphasis on electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). As part of this study, model alloys were also prepared for two of the selected chemical compositions, (i.e., CuPbSn and CuPb). These alloys were analysed for their mechanical and technological properties. This research of the hoard from Przybysław (Jarocin district, Greater Poland) has contributed to the recognition and interpretation of the function and nature of the hoard by using modern research and modelling methods as a cultic raw material deposit.
Keywords: archaeometallurgy; copper; copper alloys; casting; CALPHAD; computer modelling; ED-XRF; SEM-EDS; EBSD; Late Bronze Age; metalwork; metal hoards; recycling; hoarding; deposits archaeometallurgy; copper; copper alloys; casting; CALPHAD; computer modelling; ED-XRF; SEM-EDS; EBSD; Late Bronze Age; metalwork; metal hoards; recycling; hoarding; deposits

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Garbacz-Klempka, A.; Piękoś, M.; Kozana, J.; Perek-Nowak, M.; Wardas-Lasoń, M.; Silska, P.; Stróżyk, M. Bronze Age Raw Material Hoard from Greater Poland: Archaeometallurgical Study Based on Material Research, Thermodynamic Analysis, and Experiments. Materials 2024, 17, 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010230

AMA Style

Garbacz-Klempka A, Piękoś M, Kozana J, Perek-Nowak M, Wardas-Lasoń M, Silska P, Stróżyk M. Bronze Age Raw Material Hoard from Greater Poland: Archaeometallurgical Study Based on Material Research, Thermodynamic Analysis, and Experiments. Materials. 2024; 17(1):230. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010230

Chicago/Turabian Style

Garbacz-Klempka, Aldona, Marcin Piękoś, Janusz Kozana, Małgorzata Perek-Nowak, Marta Wardas-Lasoń, Patrycja Silska, and Mateusz Stróżyk. 2024. "Bronze Age Raw Material Hoard from Greater Poland: Archaeometallurgical Study Based on Material Research, Thermodynamic Analysis, and Experiments" Materials 17, no. 1: 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010230

APA Style

Garbacz-Klempka, A., Piękoś, M., Kozana, J., Perek-Nowak, M., Wardas-Lasoń, M., Silska, P., & Stróżyk, M. (2024). Bronze Age Raw Material Hoard from Greater Poland: Archaeometallurgical Study Based on Material Research, Thermodynamic Analysis, and Experiments. Materials, 17(1), 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010230

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop