Photodegradation of Microplastics through Nanomaterials: Insights into Photocatalysts Modification and Detailed Mechanisms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Enhancement of Photocatalytic Efficiency
2.1. Element Doping
2.2. Heterojunction Construction
2.3. Other Improvement Strategies
2.3.1. Sensitizers
2.3.2. Defect Engineering
2.3.3. Surface Modification and Morphology Control
2.3.4. Nobel Metal Deposition (Plasmonic Photocatalysts)
2.4. Photocatalysts with Support Materials
2.5. Factors Influencing Photocatalytic Degradation of Microplastics
3. Photocatalytic Mechanisms in Nanomaterial-Mediated Plastic Degradation
3.1. Techniques Used to Investigate Mechanisms
3.2. Mechanism of Photocatalysis
3.2.1. Free Radical Mechanism
3.2.2. Singlet Oxygen Oxidation Mechanism
4. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method | Efficiency (%) | Advantages | Drawbacks | Targeted MPs | Size | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adsorption on Green Microalgae | 94.5 (recovery rate) | High affinity, selective based on surface charge | Nonrecyclable, chemical adherence, surface poisoning | PP | >400 μm | [30] |
Dynamic Membranes | >80 (NTU) | Low resistance, easy operation, nonchemical treatment | Frequent cleaning, energy demand, sludge accumulation | N/A | 1.65–516 μm (>90 μm) | [31] |
Advanced Membrane Bioreactor | Usually > 98% | Combined with other advanced treatment | Shape dependency, membrane fouling | fibers (82%) and particles (18%) | mostly < 1 mm | [32] |
Coagulation and Agglomeration | 91.45 | Removes small microparticles, controllable conditions, simple devices, low cost | Chemical addition, not suitable for large MPs | PET | <500 μm | [33] |
97–98.3 | PE/PP | 318 ± 258 μm | [34] | |||
Hydrolysis | Complete degradation | Fast and cheap | High energy demand, strongly alkaline | Partially degraded polyester MP fibers | 20–25 μm | [22] |
Ozonation | 44 | no chemicals added, effective than chlorination, irrelated to pH | Low solubility, higher expenses than chlorination, leave residuals and byproducts | PE | Various sizes | [35] |
Chlorination | 7.1 | Cheap, and chlorine residuals still work | Poor treatment effect, leaves a chlorinated taste, may cause skin irritation | nano-sized PS | <1 μm–5 mm | [36] |
UV-induced Oxidation | N/A | No chemicals needed | Require extreme dose irradiation, low efficiency | PS, PE, PVC, PET | 150–300 nm | [37] |
Biological Ingestion | 66.03 | Simple, low operating costs, wide applicability, flexible | uncontrollable environmental conditions, difficulty analyzing products, reproducibility | PE | 53–500 μm | [38] |
MP Type | Size | Photocatalyst (w or w/o Carrier) | Size | Irradiation | pH | Temperature (°C) | Exposure Time (h) | Results (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PE | 700–1000 µm | MP/N-TiO2 film composite | 220 to 920 nm | 27 W fluorescent lamp (400–800 nm) | - | room temperature | 18 | 0.064 | [119] |
725 ± 108 µm | C,N-TiO2 particles | - | 50 W LED light (400–800 nm) | 3 | 0 | 50 | 0.7177 | [60] | |
382 µm | N-TiO2 on Pluronic® F127 membrane | 12 ± 3 nm | 50 W Visible LED Lamp (400–800 nm) | 3 | - | 50 | 0.0465 | [115] | |
200–250 µm | hydroxy-rich ultrathin BiOCl | 10–40 nm | 250 W Xe lamp with UV cut-off filter (λ > 420 nm) | - | 10 | 5.38 | [93] | ||
PS | 400-nm | TiO2 on Triton X-100 membrane | - | UV | - | room temperature | 12 | 98.4 | [110] |
3 µm | Au@Ni@TiO2 micromotors | 700 nm + 10 nm Ni + 30 nm Au | UV | - | - | - | 71 | [120] | |
PP | 154.8 ± 1.4 µm | ZnO nanorods | ~1.6 µm long and ~200 nm wide | visible light | - | - | 456 | 65 | [121] |
PMMA | 105 nm | β-SiC foam-supported TiO2–P25 | - | UVA (354 nm) | 6.3 | - | 7 | 50 | [109] |
Polyamide 66 fiber | 10 μm in diameter, 1.0 mm in length | TiO2 P25 powder | 21 nm | UVC (254 nm) | - | 25–38 | 48 | 97 | [122] |
PET fiber | ~25 μm in diameter, 5 mm in length | Pt@N-TiO2-1.5% | 500 nm | 300 W Xe lamp with AM 1.5 filter | - | - | 48 | 29 | [62] |
PVC | - | Nb2O5 atomic layers | - | 300 W Xe lamp with AM 1.5 G filter | - | ~25 | 90 | 90 | [123] |
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Xiao, Y.; Tian, Y.; Xu, W.; Zhu, J. Photodegradation of Microplastics through Nanomaterials: Insights into Photocatalysts Modification and Detailed Mechanisms. Materials 2024, 17, 2755. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112755
Xiao Y, Tian Y, Xu W, Zhu J. Photodegradation of Microplastics through Nanomaterials: Insights into Photocatalysts Modification and Detailed Mechanisms. Materials. 2024; 17(11):2755. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112755
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiao, Yiting, Yang Tian, Wenbo Xu, and Jun Zhu. 2024. "Photodegradation of Microplastics through Nanomaterials: Insights into Photocatalysts Modification and Detailed Mechanisms" Materials 17, no. 11: 2755. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112755