An Analysis of Changes in the Harmfulness of the Bottle Packaging Process Depending on the Type of Heat-Shrinkable Film
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Goal and the Scope definition,
- Life cycle investment analysis,
- Life cycle impact assessment,
- Life cycle interpretation.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Testing of Film Properties
3.1.1. Testing the Free Shrinkage of Linear Heat-Shrinkable Film
3.1.2. Determination of Tear Strength (Elmendorf Method)
3.1.3. Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Tested Films under Static Tension
3.1.4. Determination of Thermal Properties
3.2. A Comparison of the Environmental Impact of the Tested Variants of the Mass Packaging Process
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Film | Longitudinal Direction (LD) | Transverse Direction (TD) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (%) | Standard Deviation (%) | Mean (%) | Standard Deviation (%) | |
0rLDPE/100LDPE (0.046 mm) | 66.8 | 0.8 | 23.6 | 1.7 |
50rLDPE/50LDPE white (0.045 mm) | 75.4 | 1.1 | 25.4 | 1.9 |
Type of Film | Longitudinal Direction (LD), N | Transverse Direction (TD), N |
---|---|---|
0rLDPE/100LDPE (0.046 mm) | 0.7 | 10.8 |
50rLDPE/50LDPE white (0.045 mm) | 2.1 | 5.2 |
Film Properties | 0rLDPE/100LDPE (0.046 mm) | 50rLDPE/50LDPE White (0.045 mm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LD | TD | LD | TD | ||
Tensile strength (MPa) | 1 | 38.63 | 35.53 | 32.86 | 25.56 |
2 | 2.78 | 2.38 | 1.66 | 0.81 | |
3 | 7.20 | 6.78 | 5.05 | 3.19 | |
Stress at break (MPa) | 1 | 37.62 | 35.10 | 32.49 | 25.47 |
2 | 3.78 | 3.23 | 1.91 | 0.99 | |
3 | 10.04 | 9.19 | 5.87 | 3.90 | |
Yield strength (MPa) | 1 | - | 22.70 | - | 13.39 |
2 | - | 0.64 | - | 0.28 | |
3 | - | 2.83 | - | 2.12 | |
Elongation at maximum tensile stress (%) | 1 | 654.84 | 952.62 | 408.8 | 735.61 |
2 | 43.09 | 28.67 | 28.36 | 26.89 | |
3 | 6.58 | 3.01 | 6.94 | 3.66 | |
Elongation at break (%) | 1 | 655.06 | 953.3 | 411.5 | 736.5 |
2 | 43.01 | 27.98 | 281.4 | 26.17 | |
3 | 6.57 | 2.93 | 6.84 | 3.55 | |
Elongation at yield point (%) | 1 | 9.51 | 7.77 | - | 9.88 |
2 | 0.26 | 0.51 | - | 0.43 | |
3 | 2.70 | 6.53 | - | 4.38 | |
Sample thickness (mm) | 1 | 0.046 | 0.043 | 0.044 | 0.043 |
2 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.0001 | |
3 | 4.64 | 3.83 | 3.37 | 1.62 |
Parameter | Variant I | Variant II |
---|---|---|
Electrical energy, kWh | 46.10 | 67.81 |
Film, kg | 35.35 | 37.57 |
Energy consumption (kWh) | ||
Supplying products | 5.07 | 7.46 |
Product formatting | 4.52 | 6.64 |
Wrapping a group of products with film | 1.48 | 2.17 |
Shrinking the film | 34.58 | 50.85 |
Cooling packs | 0.46 | 0.68 |
Consumption of the material (kg) | ||
Film 0rLDPE/100LDPE | 31.52 | 0 |
Film 50rLDPE/50LDPE | 3.83 | 31.57 |
Damage Category | Unit | Analyzed Process Variant | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Human health | DALY | I | 1.77 × 10−4 |
II | 5.97 × 10−5 | ||
Ecosystems | species.yr | I | 7.54 × 10−7 |
II | 2.39 × 10−7 | ||
Resources | $ | I | 9.77 |
II | 1.24 |
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Walichnowska, P.; Kruszelnicka, W.; Mazurkiewicz, A.; Kłos, Z.; Rudawska, A.; Bembenek, M. An Analysis of Changes in the Harmfulness of the Bottle Packaging Process Depending on the Type of Heat-Shrinkable Film. Materials 2024, 17, 4115. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164115
Walichnowska P, Kruszelnicka W, Mazurkiewicz A, Kłos Z, Rudawska A, Bembenek M. An Analysis of Changes in the Harmfulness of the Bottle Packaging Process Depending on the Type of Heat-Shrinkable Film. Materials. 2024; 17(16):4115. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164115
Chicago/Turabian StyleWalichnowska, Patrycja, Weronika Kruszelnicka, Adam Mazurkiewicz, Zbigniew Kłos, Anna Rudawska, and Michał Bembenek. 2024. "An Analysis of Changes in the Harmfulness of the Bottle Packaging Process Depending on the Type of Heat-Shrinkable Film" Materials 17, no. 16: 4115. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164115