Evaluation of Axial Compressive and Tensile Properties of PE/PVA Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Strain-Hardening Geopolymer Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Program
2.1. Materials
2.2. Mix Proportions and Specimens
2.3. Test Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Flowability
3.2. Compressive Behavior
3.2.1. Failure Mode of Compressive Specimens
3.2.2. Compressive Stress–Strain Curves
3.2.3. Compressive Properties
3.3. Tensile Behavior
3.3.1. Failure Mode of Tensile Specimens
3.3.2. Tensile Stress–Strain Curves
3.3.3. Tensile Properties
3.4. Economic and Environmental Analyses
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | Al2O3 | SiO2 | CaO | Fe2O3 | K2O | SO3 | MgO | TiO2 | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FA | 31.14 | 53.96 | 4.01 | 4.16 | 2.03 | 0 | 1.01 | 1.13 | 2.53 |
GGBS | 17.70 | 34.50 | 34.00 | 1.03 | 0 | 1.64 | 6.01 | 0 | 5.12 |
Fiber Type | Density (g/cm3) | Strength (MPa) | Elastic Modulus (GPa) | Length (mm) | Diameter (μm) | Elongation at Break (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PE | 0.97 | 2500 | 120 | 12 | 20 | 3.7 |
PVA | 1.29 | 1830 | 40 | 12 | 15 | 6.9 |
Mix IDs | GGBS | FA | Quartz Sand | Alkali-Activator | Water | BaCl2 | PE Fiber (%) | PVA Fiber (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U1.0-P0.0 | 849.7 | 364.1 | 242.8 | 242.8 | 72.8 | 12.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 |
U1.5-P0.0 | 1.5 | 0.0 | ||||||
U2.0-P0.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | ||||||
U1.5-P0.5 | 1.5 | 0.5 | ||||||
U1.0-P1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
U0.5-P1.5 | 0.5 | 1.5 | ||||||
U0.0-P2.0 | 0.0 | 2.0. |
Mix IDs | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Peak Strain (%) | Elastic Modulus (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|
U1.0-P0.0 | 93.9 (0.49) | 0.532 (0.05) | 19.42 (1.90) |
U1.5-P0.0 | 87.0 (0.83) | 0.606 (0.01) | 15.97 (0.32) |
U2.0-P0.0 | 77.1 (4.69) | 0.565 (0.05) | 16.99 (0.10) |
U1.5-P0.5 | 83.2 (1.43) | 0.565 (0.02) | 16.96 (0.16) |
U1.0-P1.0 | 84.7 (1.80) | 0.578 (0.03) | 16.46 (0.42) |
U0.5-P1.5 | 87.0 (0.41) | 0.552 (0.03) | 17.49 (0.52) |
U0.0-P2.0 | 93.4 (2.30) | 0.598 (0.01) | 16.29 (0.35) |
Mix IDs | (MPa) | (%) | (MPa) | (%) | (kJ/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
U1.0-P0.0 | 2.50 (0.27) | 0.024 (0.017) | 4.92 (0.30) | 4.74 (0.90) | 167.0 (34.2) |
U1.5-P0.0 | 2.47 (0.08) | 0.027 (0.007) | 5.74 (0.20) | 6.16 (0.09) | 262.2 (7.3) |
U2.0-P0.0 | 2.98 (0.62) | 0.069 (0.009) | 6.26 (0.88) | 6.07 (0.11) | 299.4 (36.5) |
U1.5-P0.5 | 3.46 (0.55) | 0.057 (0.026) | 7.04 (0.26) | 4.70 (0.21) | 252.7 (19.5) |
U1.0-P1.0 | 4.30 (0.20) | 0.050 (0.034) | 5.64 (0.47) | 3.80 (0.13) | 194.8 (26.2) |
U0.5-P1.5 | 3.74 (0.74) | 0.032 (0.017) | 4.19 (0.21) | 0.80 (0.13) | 17.1 (4.6) |
U0.0-P2.0 | 3.10 (0.33) | 0.025 (0.016) | 3.10 (0.33) | 0.52 (0.23) | 4.3 (1.6) |
Materials | GGBS | FA | NaOH | Na2SiO3 | BaCl2 | QS | PE Fibers | PVA Fibers | Water |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cost (USD/t) | 48.7 | 26.4 | 2783.4 | 417.5 | 3340.1 | 55.7 | 55,667.6 | 6262.6 | 0.42 |
Carbon emission factor (kg CO2/kg) | 0.019 [56] | 0.009 [56] | 1.915 [56] | 0.804 [57] | - | 0.010 [56] | 2.000 [58] | 1.710 [59] | 0.8 [59] |
Mix IDs | Cost | CE | CIc | CIt | CIε | CIg | CCIc | CCIt | CCIε | CCIg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U1.0-P0.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
U1.5-P0.0 | 1.30 | 1.02 | 0.90 | 1.14 | 1.27 | 1.53 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 1.21 | 0.90 |
U2.0-P0.0 | 1.60 | 1.05 | 0.78 | 1.21 | 1.22 | 1.71 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 1.12 | 0.80 |
U1.5-P0.5 | 1.34 | 1.05 | 0.84 | 1.36 | 0.94 | 1.44 | 1.07 | 0.74 | 1.13 | 1.07 |
U1.0-P1.0 | 1.09 | 1.06 | 0.85 | 1.08 | 0.76 | 1.10 | 1.05 | 0.74 | 1.07 | 1.05 |
U0.5-P1.5 | 0.84 | 1.06 | 0.87 | 0.80 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 1.02 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 1.02 |
U0.0-P2.0 | 0.58 | 1.06 | 0.94 | 0.59 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 1.08 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 1.08 |
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Guo, J.; Shi, J.; Wang, L.; Huang, C.; Tao, X.; Li, C.; Chen, Z. Evaluation of Axial Compressive and Tensile Properties of PE/PVA Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Strain-Hardening Geopolymer Composites. Materials 2024, 17, 4356. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174356
Guo J, Shi J, Wang L, Huang C, Tao X, Li C, Chen Z. Evaluation of Axial Compressive and Tensile Properties of PE/PVA Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Strain-Hardening Geopolymer Composites. Materials. 2024; 17(17):4356. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174356
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Jingen, Ji Shi, Liuhuo Wang, Chengyong Huang, Xiongwu Tao, Chaosen Li, and Zhanbiao Chen. 2024. "Evaluation of Axial Compressive and Tensile Properties of PE/PVA Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Strain-Hardening Geopolymer Composites" Materials 17, no. 17: 4356. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174356