In Situ Preparation of rGO-Cement Using Thermal Reduction Method and Performance Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Raw Materials and Experimental Methods
2.1. Raw Material
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Performance Testing
2.3.1. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Characterization
2.3.2. Raman Spectra Analysis
2.3.3. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Characterization
2.3.4. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Characterization
2.3.5. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Characterization
2.4. Electrical Resistivity Testing
2.5. Mechanical Property
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Molecular Structure of GO-Cement and rGO-Cement
3.1.1. Raman Spectra Analysis
3.1.2. XPS Analysis
3.1.3. Microstructural Morphology of (GO/rGO)-Cement
3.2. Electrical Conductivity of the rGO-Cement Paste
3.3. Mechanical Properties of rGO-Cement Paste
3.4. XRD Phase Analysis of (GO/rGO)-Cement Paste
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- After high-temperature thermal reduction, the Raman spectra exhibit the distinctive D and G characteristic peaks of graphene. The bonding energy of the O-C=O bond, O-C-O bond, and C=O bond weakens, and their quantity decreases, leading to the high-temperature decomposition of numerous oxygen-containing functional groups. This proves the conversion of GO on the cement surface to rGO. The reduction in the number of C-C bonds indicates the breakdown of large sheets of GO structure into smaller sheets of rGO. The microscopic morphology on the cement surface transitions from a dense coating layer to fragmented small sheets, and the folding is also a characteristic feature of graphene. The freeze-drying and high-temperature thermal reduction method for the in situ preparation of rGO-Cement offers the advantages of simplicity and efficiency, facilitating a better dispersion of rGO within cementitious materials.
- (2)
- The rGO coated on the surface of cement particles significantly enhances the electrical conductivity of rGO-Cement paste, reducing its electrical resistivity from 5.58 × 103 Ω·cm to 1.49 × 103 Ω·cm, a decrease of 73.3%. When 0.70 wt.% of rGO is coated on the surface of cement particles, the penetration threshold can be achieved. The best electrical conductivity is observed at a rGO content of 1.0 wt.%.
- (3)
- The presence of rGO on the surface of cement particles promotes the hydration of cement, contributing to the enhancement of compressive and flexural strength. However, an excessive coating of rGO around cement particles hinders the diffusion of ions, impeding the formation of hydration products and consequently reducing the mechanical properties. Therefore, with an increase in the rGO content, the mechanical performance initially increases and then decreases. The optimal mechanical properties were obtained when the content of rGO was 0.70 wt.%. At a hydration age of 28 days, the contents of C3S and C2S in the phase of rGO-Cement are lower than those in GO-Cement. The later-stage hydration of rGO-Cement is more thorough, leading to an improvement in the mechanical properties of the paste.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | SO3 | MgO | Fe2O3 | K2O | TiO2 | LOI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
49.7% | 24.1% | 9.5% | 5.7% | 3.4% | 2.7% | 0.9% | 0.3% | 3.7% |
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Yao, J.; Guan, A.; Ruan, W.; Ma, Y. In Situ Preparation of rGO-Cement Using Thermal Reduction Method and Performance Study. Materials 2024, 17, 1209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17051209
Yao J, Guan A, Ruan W, Ma Y. In Situ Preparation of rGO-Cement Using Thermal Reduction Method and Performance Study. Materials. 2024; 17(5):1209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17051209
Chicago/Turabian StyleYao, Jie, Ao Guan, Wenqiang Ruan, and Ying Ma. 2024. "In Situ Preparation of rGO-Cement Using Thermal Reduction Method and Performance Study" Materials 17, no. 5: 1209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17051209