Assessing the Ecological Effects of Fiscal Investments in Sloping Land Conversion Program for Revegetation: A Case Study of Shaanxi Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Analysis
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Method
3.2.1. Panel Fixed Effect Model
3.2.2. Panel Threshold Model
3.3. Data Collection, Processing, and Sources
4. Results
4.1. Changes of Fiscal Investments in the SLCP and Vegetation
4.2. Threshold Effect Test of Fiscal Investments in SLCP
4.3. Assessing Ecological Effects of Fiscal Investments in the SLCP
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Variable Design and Data Description | Unit | Mean | Std | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ndvi | 500 m × 500 m resolution | 0.7977 | 0.1334 | The Geospatial Data Cloud | |
invest | County-level fiscal investments calculated based on afforestation subsidy, subsidy periods, and afforestation areas | 108 CNY | 0.1771 | 0.2098 | The Central and South Forestry Investigation and Planning Design Institute of National Forestry and Grassland Administration of China |
gdp | The county’s GDP | 1010 CNY | 0.7491 | 1.1675 | The Shaanxi Regional Statistical Yearbooks |
denpeo | The ratio of population to county area | 104 people/km2 | 0.1027 | 0.3930 | The number of people is from the Shaanxi Regional Statistical Yearbooks; the area of the county is calculated in ArcGIS. |
per | Average annual precipitation, 1 km × 1 km resolution | mm | 690.7548 | 223.7742 | Chinese Academy of Sciences |
temp | Average annual temperature, 1 km × 1 km resolution | °C | 12.0047 | 1.9956 | Chinese Academy of Sciences |
wind | Average annual wind speed, 500 m × 500 m resolution | m/s | 2.0438 | 0.5460 | National Meteorological Science Data Center of China |
sun | Average annual sunshine duration, 500 m × 500 m resolution | 103 h | 2.0826 | 0.3717 | National Meteorological Science Data Center of China |
F Value | p Value | BS Times | Critical Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1% | 5% | 10% | ||||
Single threshold | 30.741 *** | 0.000 | 300 | 8.118 | 4.875 | 3.631 |
Double threshold | 15.919 *** | 0.000 | 300 | −7.861 | −12.415 | −16.271 |
Triple threshold | 0.000 | 0.087 | 300 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Threshold Estimates | 95% of Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|
Single threshold model (g1) | 0.861 | [0.845, 0.882] |
Double threshold model: | ||
Ito1 (g1) | 0.757 | [0.578, 0.772] |
Ito2 (g2) | 0.580 | [0.388, 0.952] |
Triple threshold: | 0.744 | [0.589, 0.753] |
Dependent Variable | Model (1) Direct Effect | Model (2) Time Lag Effect | Model (3) Effect of Diminishing Marginal Returns | Model (4) Threshold Effect | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. | |
invest | −0.0318 *** | 0.0079 | ||||||
lag4_invest | 0.1022 *** | 0.0138 | 0.1537 *** | 0.0252 | ||||
lag4_invest 2 | −0.0552 *** | 0.0190 | ||||||
lag4_invest (lagndvi ≤ 0.861) | 0.1238 *** | 0.0102 | ||||||
lag4_invest (lagndvi > 0.861) | 0.0565 *** | 0.0131 | ||||||
lngdp2 | 0.0017 *** | 0.0004 | 0.0020 *** | 0.0004 | 0.0019 *** | 0.0004 | 0.0021 *** | 0.0003 |
lngdp | 0.0198 *** | 0.0033 | 0.0206 *** | 0.0037 | 0.0194 *** | 0.0037 | 0.0217 *** | 0.0021 |
denpeo | −0.0368 *** | 0.0131 | −0.0599 *** | 0.0098 | −0.0605 *** | 0.0104 | −0.0594 *** | 0.0174 |
lagndvi | 0.5163 *** | 0.0317 | 0.4536 *** | 0.0378 | 0.4473 *** | 0.0373 | 0.4521 *** | 0.0241 |
per | 5.07 × 10−5 *** | 5.41 × 10−6 | 5.00 × 10−5 *** | 5.88 × 10−6 | 4.93 × 10−5 *** | 5.62 × 10−6 | 4.83 × 10−5 *** | 8.06 × 10−6 |
temp | 0.0109 *** | 0.0023 | 0.0088 *** | 0.0022 | 0.0086 *** | 0.0022 | 0.0087 *** | 0.0021 |
wind | 0.0031 | 0.0071 | 0.0110 | 0.0085 | 0.0124 | 0.0086 | 0.0064 | 0.0072 |
sun | −0.0018 | 0.0049 | 0.0042 | 0.0058 | 0.0043 | 0.0058 | 0.0033 | 0.0066 |
_cons | 0.2483 *** | 0.0438 | 0.2732 *** | 0.0525 | 0.2726 *** | 0.0520 | 0.2908 *** | 0.0394 |
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Ding, Z.; He, Y.; Liu, S.; Zhang, X.; Hu, W.; Yao, S. Assessing the Ecological Effects of Fiscal Investments in Sloping Land Conversion Program for Revegetation: A Case Study of Shaanxi Province, China. Forests 2024, 15, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010002
Ding Z, He Y, Liu S, Zhang X, Hu W, Yao S. Assessing the Ecological Effects of Fiscal Investments in Sloping Land Conversion Program for Revegetation: A Case Study of Shaanxi Province, China. Forests. 2024; 15(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleDing, Zhenmin, Yulong He, Shuohua Liu, Xiao Zhang, Weiwei Hu, and Shunbo Yao. 2024. "Assessing the Ecological Effects of Fiscal Investments in Sloping Land Conversion Program for Revegetation: A Case Study of Shaanxi Province, China" Forests 15, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010002