Satellite Evidence for Increasing in Terrestrial Evapotranspiration over the Contiguous United States from 2001 to 2022
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Data
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.2.1. Ground Measurements
2.2.2. Satellite and Reanalysis Data
3. Methods
3.1. PT-SinRH Model
3.2. Trend Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Evaluation of PT-SinRH for Estimating ET at Site Scale
4.2. Mean Spatial Pattern of ET over the CONUS
4.2.1. Annual
4.2.2. Seasonal
4.3. Temporal Characteristics of ET Trends over the CONUS
4.3.1. Annual
4.3.2. Seasonal
4.4. Spatial Patterns of ET Trends Changes over the CONUS
4.4.1. Annual
4.4.2. Seasonal
5. Discussion
5.1. Variation in ET Trends Change over the CONUS
5.2. Implications for Large-Scale Hydrometeorological Change
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The PT-SinRH model yielded superior performance at 28 EC sites, and the RMSE varies from 6.0 to 33.5 W/m2, the KGE varies from 0.22 to 0.66.
- (2)
- The ET calculated based on the PT-SinRH model has an annual mean of 42.54 W/m2 from 2001 to 2022 in CONUS, and the spatial patterns of annual and seasonal ET variations increase from west to east.
- (3)
- The ET in the CONUS from 2001 to 2022 exhibits both seasonal and annual linear trends, with an average increase of 0.76 W/m²/da (p < 0.05).
- (4)
- The change of P and NDVI plays a major controlling influence on the change of ET over CONUS.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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IGBP | Site Name | R2 | RMSE | Bias | KGE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(W/m2) | (W/m2) | ||||
CRO | US-Bi1 | 0.69 | 32.8 | −26.7 | 0.35 |
US-IB1 | 0.33 | 23.2 | −13.8 | 0.34 | |
US-KL1 | 0.54 | 15.6 | −7.3 | 0.58 | |
US-KM1 | 0.47 | 15.6 | −5.7 | 0.59 | |
US-MWA | 0.60 | 12.1 | 1.0 | 0.65 | |
US-Ro6 | 0.49 | 12.8 | −4.7 | 0.56 | |
US-Tw3 | 0.72 | 33.5 | −28.0 | 0.37 | |
GRA | US-AR1 | 0.65 | 19.4 | 9.7 | 0.53 |
US-Snf | 0.71 | 31.9 | −28.3 | 0.41 | |
US-Var | 0.77 | 26.1 | −22.3 | 0.43 | |
US-xAE | 0.61 | 15.0 | 6.6 | 0.54 | |
US-xCL | 0.53 | 22.9 | 14.3 | 0.46 | |
US-xKA | 0.44 | 18.2 | −8.1 | 0.47 | |
DBF | US-CMW | 0.39 | 6.0 | −3.5 | 0.29 |
US-Slt | 0.49 | 17.8 | 2.8 | 0.49 | |
US-Wpp | 0.65 | 15.8 | −10.4 | 0.59 | |
US-xBL | 0.59 | 13.2 | −2.8 | 0.66 | |
ENF | US-Me6 | 0.28 | 17.2 | 4.7 | 0.41 |
US-xAB | 0.51 | 20.2 | −13.3 | 0.48 | |
US-xJE | 0.46 | 23.5 | 4.7 | 0.66 | |
US-xTA | 0.41 | 25.1 | 7.7 | 0.43 | |
WET | US-MWW | 0.52 | 15.7 | 1.1 | 0.57 |
US-Myb | 0.51 | 28.7 | −19.2 | 0.4 | |
US-ORv | 0.58 | 13.2 | 0.8 | 0.47 | |
US-WPT | 0.52 | 20.2 | −13.4 | 0.44 | |
SHR | US-Rws | 0.37 | 19.8 | −15.7 | 0.22 |
US-Ton | 0.70 | 19.0 | −12.9 | 0.49 | |
MF | US-xDL | 0.40 | 24.8 | 10.6 | 0.48 |
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Liu, L.; Yao, Y.; Li, Y.; Xie, Z.; Ning, J.; Yu, R.; Fan, J.; Kan, Y.; Zhang, L.; Xu, J. Satellite Evidence for Increasing in Terrestrial Evapotranspiration over the Contiguous United States from 2001 to 2022. Forests 2024, 15, 1472. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081472
Liu L, Yao Y, Li Y, Xie Z, Ning J, Yu R, Fan J, Kan Y, Zhang L, Xu J. Satellite Evidence for Increasing in Terrestrial Evapotranspiration over the Contiguous United States from 2001 to 2022. Forests. 2024; 15(8):1472. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081472
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Lu, Yunjun Yao, Yufu Li, Zijing Xie, Jing Ning, Ruiyang Yu, Jiahui Fan, Yixi Kan, Luna Zhang, and Jia Xu. 2024. "Satellite Evidence for Increasing in Terrestrial Evapotranspiration over the Contiguous United States from 2001 to 2022" Forests 15, no. 8: 1472. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081472