Effect of Exposure to 2D Video of Forest Environment with Natural Forest Sound on Psychological Well-Being of Healthy Young Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Sites
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Measurements
- Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The authors of the questionnaire were D. Watson and L.A. Clark, and the Polish adaptation was made by Brzozowski [53]. The test includes 20 items about positive (10 items) and negative (10 items) affects and uses a standard five-point Likert scale. The PANAS questionnaire determines separately the level of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). Using pre- and post-exposure data, the favorable changes in positive (ΔPA = PAPOST − PAPRE) and negative affect (ΔNA = NAPRE − NAPOST) were determined. This means that, in the case of a deterioration in mood, these favorable changes (ΔPA and/or ΔNA) can have negative values.
- Restorative Outcome Scale (ROS). The author of the questionnaire was Korpela [21], and the Polish adaptation was made by Bielinis et al. [36]. The test includes six items and uses a standard seven-point Likert scale. Using pre- and post-exposure data, the favorable changes in mental restoration were determined (ΔROS = ROSPOST − ROSPRE). This means that in the case of a deterioration in mood, this favorable change (ΔROS) can have a negative value.
- Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS). The authors of the questionnaire were R. M. Ryanand and C. Frederick. The test includes four items and uses a standard seven-point Likert scale. Using pre- and post-exposure data the favorable changes in a subjective feeling of vitality were determined (ΔSVS = SVSPOST − SVSPRE). This means that, in the case of a deterioration in mood, this favorable change (ΔSVS) can have a negative value.
- Profile of Mood States (POMS). The authors of the questionnaire were D.M. McNair, M. Lorr and L. F. Droppleman, and the Polish adaptation was made by Dudek and Koniarek [54]. The test includes 65 items and uses a standard five-point Likert scale. Based on the respondent’s answers, the following six mood dimensions can be determined: vigor (V), depression (D), tension (T), fatigue (F), confusion (C) and anger (A). Using pre- and post-exposure data, the favorable changes in these six dimensions were determined (ΔV = VPOST − VPRE; ΔD = DPRE − DPOST; ΔT = TPRE − TPOST; ΔF = FPRE − FPOST; ΔC = CPRE − CPOST and ΔA = APRE − APOST).
- State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The author of the questionnaire was C. D. Spielberger [55,56], and the Polish adaptation was made by T. Sosnowski and K. Wrześniewski [57]. The test form used had 20 items for assessing state anxiety only. All items were rated on a standard four-point scale (the higher scores, the greater the anxiety). Based on the results obtained before (STAIPRE) and after experimental exposure (STAIPOST) the favorable change of anxiety level (ΔSTAI = STAIPRE − STAIPOST) was determined as the differential data.
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
3.2. Restorative Outcome Scale (ROS) and Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS)
3.3. Profile of Mood States (POMS)
3.4. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)
4. Discussion
5. Limitation
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Denche-Zamorano, A.; Rodríguez-Redondo, Y.; Rojo-Ramos, J.; Miguel-Barrado, V.; Sánchez-Leal, A.; Pérez-Calderon, E. Global Review of Literature on Forest Bathing. Austrian J. For. Sci. 2024, 141, 145–170. [Google Scholar]
- Tsunetsugu, Y.; Park, B.-J.; Ishii, H.; Hirano, H.; Kagawa, T.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological Effects of Shinrin-Yoku (Taking in the Atmosphere of the Forest) in an Old-Growth Broadleaf Forest in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. J. Physiol. Anthropol. 2007, 26, 135–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, J.; Park, B.-J.; Tsunetsugu, Y.; Ohira, T.; Kagawa, T.; Miyazaki, Y. Effect of Forest Bathing on Physiological and Psychological Responses in Young Japanese Male Subjects. Public Health 2011, 125, 93–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, J.; Tsunetsugu, Y.; Takayama, N.; Park, B.-J.; Li, Q.; Song, C.; Komatsu, M.; Ikei, H.; Tyrväinen, L.; Kagawa, T.; et al. Influence of Forest Therapy on Cardiovascular Relaxation in Young Adults. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2014, 2014, 834360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jung, W.H.; Woo, J.-M.; Ryu, J.S. Effect of a Forest Therapy Program and the Forest Environment on Female Workers’ Stress. Urban For. Urban Green. 2015, 14, 274–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ochiai, H.; Ikei, H.; Song, C.; Kobayashi, M.; Miura, T.; Kagawa, T.; Li, Q.; Kumeda, S.; Imai, M.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological and Psychological Effects of a Forest Therapy Program on Middle-Aged Females. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 15222–15232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Han, J.-W.; Choi, H.; Jeon, Y.-H.; Yoon, C.-H.; Woo, J.-M.; Kim, W. The Effects of Forest Therapy on Coping with Chronic Widespread Pain: Physiological and Psychological Differences between Participants in a Forest Therapy Program and a Control Group. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takayama, N.; Korpela, K.; Lee, J.; Morikawa, T.; Tsunetsugu, Y.; Park, B.-J.; Li, Q.; Tyrväinen, L.; Miyazaki, Y.; Kagawa, T. Emotional, Restorative and Vitalizing Effects of Forest and Urban Environments at Four Sites in Japan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 7207–7230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takayama, N.; Saito, H.; Fujiwara, A.; Horiuchi, M. The Effect of Slight Thinning of Managed Coniferous Forest on Landscape Appreciation and Psychological Restoration. Prog. Earth Planet. Sci. 2017, 4, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takayama, N.; Morikawa, T.; Bielinis, E. Relation between Psychological Restorativeness and Lifestyle, Quality of Life, Resilience, and Stress-Coping in Forest Settings. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, H.-T.; Yu, C.-P.; Lee, H.-Y. The Effects of Forest Bathing on Stress Recovery: Evidence from Middle-Aged Females of Taiwan. Forests 2018, 9, 403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beil, K.; Hanes, D. The Influence of Urban Natural and Built Environments on Physiological and Psychological Measures of Stress—A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 1250–1267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tyrväinen, L.; Ojala, A.; Korpela, K.; Lanki, T.; Tsunetsugu, Y.; Kagawa, T. The Influence of Urban Green Environments on Stress Relief Measures: A Field Experiment. J. Environ. Psychol. 2014, 38, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pasanen, T.P.; Ojala, A.; Tyrväinen, L.; Korpela, K.M. Restoration, Well-Being, and Everyday Physical Activity in Indoor, Built Outdoor and Natural Outdoor Settings. J. Environ. Psychol. 2018, 59, 85–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janeczko, E.; Bielinis, E.; Wójcik, R.; Woźnicka, M.; Kędziora, W.; Łukowski, A.; Elsadek, M.; Szyc, K.; Janeczko, K. When Urban Environment Is Restorative: The Effect of Walking in Suburbs and Forests on Psychological and Physiological Relaxation of Young Polish Adults. Forests 2020, 11, 591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Simkin, J.; Ojala, A.; Tyrväinen, L. Restorative Effects of Mature and Young Commercial Forests, Pristine Old-Growth Forest and Urban Recreation Forest—A Field Experiment. Urban For. Urban Green. 2020, 48, 126567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bielinis, E.; Janeczko, E.; Takayama, N.; Zawadzka, A.; Słupska, A.; Piętka, S.; Lipponen, M.; Bielinis, L. The Effects of Viewing a Winter Forest Landscape with the Ground and Trees Covered in Snow on the Psychological Relaxation of Young Finnish Adults: A Pilot Study. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0244799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Keller, J.; Kayira, J.; Chawla, L.; Rhoades, J.L. Forest Bathing Increases Adolescents’ Mental Well-Being: A Mixed-Methods Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 21, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Herzog, T.R.; Chen, H.C.; Primeau, J.S. Perception of the restorative potential of natural and other settings. J. Environ. Psychol. 2002, 22, 295–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hartig, T.; Evans, G.W.; Jamner, L.D.; Davis, D.S.; Gärling, T. Tracking Restoration in Natural and Urban Field Settings. J. Environ. Psychol. 2003, 23, 109–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Korpela, K.M.; Ylén, M.; Tyrväinen, L.; Silvennoinen, H. Determinants of Restorative Experiences in Everyday Favorite Places. Health Place 2008, 14, 636–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- White, M.P.; Pahl, S.; Ashbullby, K.; Herbert, S.; Depledge, M.H. Feelings of Restoration from Recent Nature Visits. J. Environ. Psychol. 2013, 35, 40–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hartig, T.; Staats, H. The Need for Psychological Restoration as a Determinant of Environmental Preferences. J. Environ. Psychol. 2006, 26, 215–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miyazaki, Y.; Ikei, H.; Song, C. Forest Medicine Research in Japan. Jpn. J. Hyg. 2014, 69, 122–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bielinis, E.; Jaroszewska, A.; Łukowski, A.; Takayama, N. The Effects of a Forest Therapy Programme on Mental Hospital Patients with Affective and Psychotic Disorders. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 17, 118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stier-Jarmer, M.; Throner, V.; Kirschneck, M.; Immich, G.; Frisch, D.; Schuh, A. The Psychological and Physical Effects of Forests on Human Health: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, Z.; Zhao, X.; OuYang, Q.; Wang, Y.; Xiong, Y.; Cong, S.; Zhou, M.; Zhang, M.; Luo, X.; Cheng, M. Waterfall Forest Environment Regulates Chronic Stress via the NOX4/ROS/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front. Neurol. 2021, 12, 619728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, J.; Park, B.-J.; Tsunetsugu, Y.; Kagawa, T.; Miyazaki, Y. Restorative Effects of Viewing Real Forest Landscapes, Based on a Comparison with Urban Landscapes. Scand. J. For. Res. 2009, 24, 227–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Q.; Morimoto, K.; Nakadai, A.; Inagaki, H.; Katsumata, M.; Shimizu, T.; Hirata, Y.; Hirata, K.; Suzuki, H.; Miyazaki, Y.; et al. Forest Bathing Enhances Human Natural Killer Activity and Expression of Anti-Cancer Proteins. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 2007, 20, 3–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Q.; Morimoto, K.; Kobayashi, M.; Inagaki, H.; Katsumata, M.; Hirata, Y.; Hirata, K.; Shimizu, T.; Li, Y.; Wakayama, Y.; et al. A Forest Bathing Trip Increases Human Natural Killer Activity and Expression of Anti-Cancer Proteins in Female Subjects. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents 2008, 22, 45–55. [Google Scholar]
- Mao, G.-X.; Cao, Y.-B.; Lan, X.-G.; He, Z.-H.; Chen, Z.-M.; Wang, Y.-Z.; Hu, X.-L.; Lv, Y.-D.; Wang, G.-F.; Yan, J. Therapeutic Effect of Forest Bathing on Human Hypertension in the Elderly. J. Cardiol. 2012, 60, 495–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Q.; Kawada, T. Healthy Forest Parks Make Healthy People: Forest Environments Enhance Human Immune Function; Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School: Tokyo, Japan, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Kang, Z.; Xing, H.; Lin, Q.; Meng, F.; Gong, L. Effectiveness of Therapeutic Massage for Improving Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Neurol. 2022, 13, 915232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- López-Pousa, S.; Bassets Pagès, G.; Monserrat-Vila, S.; de Gracia Blanco, M.; Hidalgo Colomé, J.; Garre-Olmo, J. Sense of Well-Being in Patients with Fibromyalgia: Aerobic Exercise Program in a Mature Forest—A Pilot Study. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2015, 2015, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Qiu, C.; Liu, Q.; Yu, C.; Li, Z.; Nie, Y. The Influence of Meaning in Life on Children and Adolescents’ Problematic Smartphone Use: A Three-Wave Multiple Mediation Model. Addict. Behav. 2022, 126, 107199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bielinis, E.; Omelan, A.; Boiko, S.; Bielinis, L. The Restorative Effect of Staying in a Broad-Leaved Forest on Healthy Young Adults in Winter and Spring. Balt. For. 2018, 24, 218–227. [Google Scholar]
- Ulrich, R.S. View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. Science 1984, 224, 420–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Diette, G.B.; Lechtzin, N.; Haponik, E.; Devrotes, A.; Rubin, H.R. Distraction Therapy With Nature Sights and Sounds Reduces Pain During Flexible Bronchoscopya. Chest 2003, 123, 941–948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Miller, A.; Hickman, L.; Lemasters, G. A Distraction Technique for Control of Burn Pain. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 1992, 13, 576–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moran, D.; Jones, P.I.; Jordaan, J.A.; Porter, A.E. Does prison location matter for prisoner wellbeing? The effect of surrounding greenspace on self-harm and violence in prisons in England and Wales. Wellbeing Space Soc. 2022, 3, 100065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jewkes, Y.; Moran, D.; Turner, J. Just add water: Prisons, therapeutic landscapes and healthy blue space. Criminol. Crim. Justice 2020, 20, 381–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malenbaum, S.; Keefe, F.J.; Williams, A.C.D.C.; Ulrich, R.; Somers, T.J. Pain in its environmental context: Implications for designing environments to enhance pain control. Pain 2008, 134, 241–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- White, M.; Smith, A.; Humphryes, K.; Pahl, S.; Snelling, D.; Depledge, M. Blue Space: The Importance of Water for Preference, Affect, and Restorativeness Ratings of Natural and Built Scenes. J. Environ. Psychol. 2010, 30, 482–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, H.; Chang, H.; Huang, T. Virtual Reality Teaching in Chemotherapy Administration: Randomised Controlled Trial. J. Clin. Nurs. 2021, 30, 1874–1883. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Janeczko, E.; Bielinis, E.; Tiarasari, U.; Woźnicka, M.; Kędziora, W.; Przygodzki, S.; Janeczko, K. How Dead Wood in the Forest De-creases Relaxation? The Effects of Viewing of Dead Wood in the Forest Environment on Psychological Responses of Young Adults. Forests 2021, 12, 871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, C.-P.; Lee, H.-Y.; Luo, X.-Y. The Effect of Virtual Reality Forest and Urban Environments on Physiological and Psychological Responses. Urban For. Urban Green. 2018, 35, 106–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Jin, Y.; Li, X.; Song, Y.; Pan, D. A Study of the Emotional and Cognitive Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Nature Virtual Reality (VR) Videos on Mobile Terminals. Forests 2024, 15, 853. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Atchley, R.A.; Strayer, D.L.; Atchley, P. Creativity in the Wild: Improving Creative Reasoning through Immersion in Natural Settings. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e51474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Larson, L.R.; Szczytko, R.; Bowers, E.P.; Stephens, L.E.; Stevenson, K.T.; Floyd, M.F. Outdoor Time, Screen Time, and Connection to Nature: Troubling Trends Among Rural Youth? Environ. Behav. 2019, 51, 966–991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stiglic, N.; Viner, R.M. Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: A systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open 2019, 9, e023191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janeczko, E.; Górski, J.; Woźnicka, M.; Czyżyk, K.; Kędziora, W.; Korcz, N. Physical Activity in Forest and Psychological Health Benefits: A Field Experiment with Young Polish Adults. Forests 2023, 14, 1904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janeczko, E.; Wójcik, R.; Kędziora, W.; Janeczko, K.; Woźnicka, M. Organised Physical Activity in the Forests of the Warsaw and Tricity Agglomerations, Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brzozowski, P. Internal Structure Stability of Positive and Negative Concepts. Pol. Psychol. Bull. 1991, 22, 91–106. [Google Scholar]
- Dudek, B.; Koniarek, J. The Adaptation of Profile of Mood States (POMS) by DM McNair, M. Lorr, LF Droppelman. Przegl. Psych. 1987, 30, 753–762. [Google Scholar]
- Spielberger, C.D.; Gorsuch, R.; Lushene, R.; Vagg, P.R.; Jacobs, G.A. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety; Consulting Psychologists Press: Palo Alto, CA, USA, 1983. [Google Scholar]
- Greene, J.; Cohen, D.; Siskowski, C.; Toyinbo, P. The Relationship Between Family Caregiving and the Mental Health of Emerging Young Adult Caregivers. J. Behav. Health Serv. Res. 2017, 44, 551–563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sosnowski, T.; Wrześniewski, K. Polska Adaptacja Inwentarza STAI Do Badania Stanu i Cechy Lęku. Polskie Towarzystwo Psychologiczne: Warsaw, Poland, 2011; ISBN 9788360733752. (In Polish) [Google Scholar]
- Song, C.; Ikei, H.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological Effects of Visual Stimulation with Forest Imagery. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, G.W.; Jeong, G.W.; Kim, T.H.; Baek, H.S.; Oh, S.K.; Kang, H.K.; Lee, S.G.; Kim, Y.S.; Song, J.K. Functional neuroanatomy associated with natural and urban scenic views in the human brain: 3.0 T functional MR imaging. Korean J. Radiol. 2010, 11, 507–513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, I.C.; Tsai, Y.-P.; Lin, Y.-J.; Chen, J.-H.; Hsieh, C.-H.; Hung, S.-H.; Sullivan, W.C.; Tang, H.-F.; Chang, C.-Y. Using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to analyze brain region activity when viewing landscapes. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2017, 162, 137–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, T.H.; Jeong, G.W.; Baek, H.S.; Kim, G.W.; Sundaram, T.; Kang, H.K.; Lee, S.W.; Kim, H.J.; Song, J.K. Human brain activation in response to visual stimulation with rural and urban scenery pictures: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408, 2600–2607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsutsumi, M.; Nogaki, H.; Shimizu, Y.; Stone, T.E.; Kobayashi, T. Individual reactions to viewing preferred video representations of the natural environment: A comparison of mental and physical reactions. Jpn. J. Nurs. Sci. 2017, 14, 3–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chiang, Y.C.; Li, D.; Jane, H.A. Wild or tended nature? The effects of landscape location and vegetation density on physiological and psychological responses. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2017, 167, 72–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, B.J.; Tsunetsugu, Y.; Kasetani, T.; Kagawa, T.; Miyazaki, Y. The Physiological Effects of Shinrin-Yoku (Taking in the Forest Atmosphere or Forest Bathing): Evidence from Field Experiments in 24 Forests across Japan. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2010, 15, 18–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jo, H.; Song, C.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological Benefits of Viewing Nature: A Systematic Review of Indoor Experiments. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Herzog, T.R.; Black, A.M.; Fountaine, K.A.; Knotts, D.J. Reflection And Attentional Recovery As Distinctive Benefits of Restorative Environments. J. Environ. Psychol. 1997, 17, 165–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- St Leger, L. Health and Nature—New Challenges for Health Promotion. Health Promot. Int. 2003, 18, 173–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tsunetsugu, Y.; Lee, J.; Park, B.-J.; Tyrväinen, L.; Kagawa, T.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological and Psychological Effects of Viewing Urban Forest Landscapes Assessed by Multiple Measurements. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2013, 113, 90–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bielinis, E.; Takayama, N.; Boiko, S.; Omelan, A.; Bielinis, L. The Effect of Winter Forest Bathing on Psychological Relaxation of Young Polish Adults. Urban For. Urban Green. 2018, 29, 276–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McKenzie, K.; Murray, A.L.; Booth, T. Do urban environments increase the risk of anxiety, depression and psychosis? An epidemiological study. J. Affect. Disord. 2013, 150, 1019–1024. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mościcka, A.; Merecz, D. Agresja w Miejscu Pracy-Źródła, Formy, Grupy Ryzyka, Konsekwencje. Med. Pract. 2003, 54, 361–368. [Google Scholar]
- An, B.-Y.; Wang, D.; Liu, X.-J.; Guan, H.-M.; Wei, H.-X.; Ren, Z.-B. The Effect of Environmental Factors in Urban Forests on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in University Students. J. For. Res. 2019, 24, 27–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takayama, N.; Saito, K.; Fujiwara, A. Continuing Changes in QOL and Mood States Staying in a University Forest Area for Five Days and Four Nights. J. Jpn. For. Res. 2018, 100, 71–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takayama, N.; Saito, K.; Fujiwara, A.; Tsutsui, S. Influence of Five-Day Suburban Forest Stay on Stress Coping, Resilience, and Mood States. J. Environ. Inf. Sci. 2018, 2017, 49–57. [Google Scholar]
- Bielinis, E.; Janeczko, E.; Korcz, N.; Janeczko, K.; Bielinis, L. Effect of an Illegal Open Dump in an Urban Forest on Landscape Appreciation. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, e0277795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Measures | Virtual Forest Exposure | Forest Self-Education | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | t | p | Mean | t | p | |
ΔPA | 0.005 ± 0.23 | 0.045 | 0.965 | −0.27 ± 0.31 | −1.73 | 0.101 |
ΔNA | 0.2 ± 0.17 | 2.33 | 0.032 * | 0.04 ± 0.27 | 0.276 | 0.786 |
Measures | Virtual Forest Exposure | Forest Self-Education | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | t | p | Mean | t | p | |
ΔROS | 0.84 ± 0.40 | 4.192 | <0.001 * | −0.3 ± 0.58 | −1.027 | 0.318 |
ΔSVS | 0.64 ± 0.50 | 2.554 | 0.02 * | −0.32 ± 0.57 | −1.104 | 0.284 |
Measures | Virtual Forest Exposure | Forest Self-Education | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | t | p | Mean | t | p | |
ΔT | 0.35 ± 0.22 | 3.088 | 0.006 * | 0.09 ± 0.33 | −1.427 | 0.171 |
ΔA | 0.16 ± 0.13 | 2.455 | 0.025 * | 0.04 ± 0.25 | −0.871 | 0.395 |
ΔF | 0.1 ± 0.26 | 0.735 | 0.472 | 0.3 ± 0.42 | −1.646 | 0.117 |
ΔD | 0.13 ± 0.19 | 1.332 | 0.199 | 0.13 ± 0.2 | −1.34 | 0.197 |
ΔC | 0.18 ± 0.22 | 1.613 | 0.124 | 0.11 ± 0.35 | −0.599 | 0.557 |
ΔV | −0.007 ± 0.27 | −0.048 | 0.962 | 0.3 ± 0.34 | −1.035 | 0.314 |
Measures | Virtual Forest Exposure | Forest Self-Education | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | t | p | Mean | t | p | |
ΔSTAI | 6.63 ± 3.11 | 4.261 | <0.001 * | −2.32 ± 4.5 | −1.028 | 0.317 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Janeczko, E.; Woźnicka, M.; Kędziora, W.; Janeczko, K.; Śmietańska, K.; Podziewski, P.; Górski, J. Effect of Exposure to 2D Video of Forest Environment with Natural Forest Sound on Psychological Well-Being of Healthy Young Adults. Forests 2024, 15, 1549. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091549
Janeczko E, Woźnicka M, Kędziora W, Janeczko K, Śmietańska K, Podziewski P, Górski J. Effect of Exposure to 2D Video of Forest Environment with Natural Forest Sound on Psychological Well-Being of Healthy Young Adults. Forests. 2024; 15(9):1549. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091549
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaneczko, Emilia, Małgorzata Woźnicka, Wojciech Kędziora, Krzysztof Janeczko, Katarzyna Śmietańska, Piotr Podziewski, and Jarosław Górski. 2024. "Effect of Exposure to 2D Video of Forest Environment with Natural Forest Sound on Psychological Well-Being of Healthy Young Adults" Forests 15, no. 9: 1549. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091549