Polyploid Giant Cancer Cells: A Distinctive Feature in the Transformation of Epithelial Cells by High-Risk Oncogenic HCMV Strains
Abstract
:1. Deciphering PGCCs in the Tumorigenic Landscape
2. Unveiling the Viral Culprit: HCMV Orchestrating Cancer Pathogenesis
3. Epithelial Cells as a Target of HCMV Infection
4. Linking HCMV Infection to PGCC Formation in Epithelial Cells
5. Implications and Future Directions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BC | Breast cancer |
CSCs | Cancer stem cells |
CTH cells | CMV-transformed mammary epithelial cells |
CTO cells | CMV-transformed ovarian epithelial cells |
CTP cells | CMV-transformed prostate epithelial cells |
EMT | Epithelial–mesenchymal transition |
HGSOC | High-grade serous ovarian cancer |
HR-HCMV | High-risk HCMV |
HCMV | Human cytomegalovirus |
HMECs | Human primary mammary epithelial cells |
IE | Immediate early |
NSG | NOD scid gamma |
OC | Ovarian cancer |
OECs | Ovarian epithelial cells |
PGCCs | Polyploid giant cancer cells |
PCa | Prostate cancer |
PECs | Prostate epithelial cells |
TNBC | Triple-negative breast cancer |
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CTH Cells | CTO Cells | CTP Cells | |
---|---|---|---|
PGCCs’ Characteristics | Single- and multinucleated giant cells with small budding cells [6,7,17]. | Single- and multinucleated giant cells with small budding cells. Lipid droplet-filled giant cells [8]. | Single- and multinucleated giant cells with budding cells (usually with protrusions). Lipid droplet-filled giant cells [9]. |
HCMV gene detection | IE1, UL69, and RNA4.9 [6,7,17] | IE1, UL69 [8] | IE1 [9] |
HCMV protein detection | IE1,pp65, and late antigen [6,7,17] | IE1 [8] | IE1 [9] |
Polyploidy analysis by FACS | Tetraploidization and polyploidy (≥4 N) [6,7,17] | Tetraploidization and polyploidy (≥4 N) [8] | Polyploidy (>4 N) [9] |
Stemness phenotype | EZH2, Suz12, Nanog, Oct4, Sox2, SSEA4 [6,7,17] | EZH2, Sox2, Nanog, Suz12, Oct4 [8] | EZH2, Nestin, Nanog, Sox2 [9] |
EMT markers | Vimentin, CD44, CD49f [6,7,17] | Vimentin, CD44, CD49f [8] | Vimentin [9] |
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Herbein, G.; El Baba, R. Polyploid Giant Cancer Cells: A Distinctive Feature in the Transformation of Epithelial Cells by High-Risk Oncogenic HCMV Strains. Viruses 2024, 16, 1225. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081225
Herbein G, El Baba R. Polyploid Giant Cancer Cells: A Distinctive Feature in the Transformation of Epithelial Cells by High-Risk Oncogenic HCMV Strains. Viruses. 2024; 16(8):1225. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081225
Chicago/Turabian StyleHerbein, Georges, and Ranim El Baba. 2024. "Polyploid Giant Cancer Cells: A Distinctive Feature in the Transformation of Epithelial Cells by High-Risk Oncogenic HCMV Strains" Viruses 16, no. 8: 1225. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081225