Unveiling the Antiviral Potential of Minocycline: Modulation of Nuclear Export of Viral Ribonuclear Proteins during Influenza Virus Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Culture and Virus Infection
2.2. IAV Infection In Vivo and Ethics Statement
2.3. Reagents and Antibody
2.4. Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR)
2.5. Western Blot Analysis
2.6. Immunofluorescence Microscopy
2.7. Plasmid Transfection
2.8. Nucleus–Cytosol Extraction
2.9. Cell Viability Assay
2.10. Hemagglutination (HA) Assay
2.11. Apoptosis Assay
2.12. Plaque Assay
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Minocycline Treatment Showed Potent Anti-IAV Activity In Vitro
3.2. Minocycline Impedes IAV Infection without Triggering Interferon (IFN) Signaling
3.3. Minocycline Prevents the Shuttling of vRNPs from the Nucleus to Cytosol by Inhibiting the ERK Pathway
3.4. Minocycline Impedes IAV-Induced Late-Stage Apoptosis
3.5. Minocycline Treatment Attenuates IAV Infection In Vivo
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Saha, P.; Saha, R.; Datta Chaudhuri, R.; Sarkar, R.; Sarkar, M.; Koley, H.; Chawla-Sarkar, M. Unveiling the Antiviral Potential of Minocycline: Modulation of Nuclear Export of Viral Ribonuclear Proteins during Influenza Virus Infection. Viruses 2024, 16, 1317. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081317
Saha P, Saha R, Datta Chaudhuri R, Sarkar R, Sarkar M, Koley H, Chawla-Sarkar M. Unveiling the Antiviral Potential of Minocycline: Modulation of Nuclear Export of Viral Ribonuclear Proteins during Influenza Virus Infection. Viruses. 2024; 16(8):1317. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081317
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaha, Priyanka, Ritubrita Saha, Ratul Datta Chaudhuri, Rakesh Sarkar, Mehuli Sarkar, Hemanta Koley, and Mamta Chawla-Sarkar. 2024. "Unveiling the Antiviral Potential of Minocycline: Modulation of Nuclear Export of Viral Ribonuclear Proteins during Influenza Virus Infection" Viruses 16, no. 8: 1317. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081317