Next Article in Journal
IgG Fusion Proteins for Brain Delivery of Biologics via Blood–Brain Barrier Receptor-Mediated Transport
Next Article in Special Issue
Sustainable Release of Propranolol Hydrochloride Laden with Biconjugated-Ufasomes Chitosan Hydrogel Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Sciatic Nerve Damage in In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation
Previous Article in Journal
The Ca2+ Channel Blocker Verapamil Inhibits the In Vitro Activation and Function of T Lymphocytes: A 2022 Reappraisal
Previous Article in Special Issue
A Comprehensive Review of the Evolution of Insulin Development and Its Delivery Method
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Pharmaceutics
Volume 14
Issue 7
10.3390/pharmaceutics14071477
pharmaceutics-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Evolutionary Trend Analysis of Research on 5-ALA Delivery and Theranostic Applications Based on a Scientometrics Study

by
You Zhou
1,2,†,
Mulan Mo
1,†,
Dexu Luo
1,
Yi Yang
1,
Jialin Hu
1,
Chenqing Ye
2,
Longxiang Lin
3,
Chuanshan Xu
1,* and
Wenjie Chen
1,4,5,*
1
Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State & NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
2
Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Green Energy and Environment Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Materials, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China
3
Shenzhen Osteomore Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
4
State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Guangzhou 510182, China
5
Sydney Vital Translational Cancer Research Centre, Westbourne St., Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(7), 1477; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071477
Submission received: 29 April 2022 / Revised: 12 June 2022 / Accepted: 5 July 2022 / Published: 15 July 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Materials and Technologies for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) has been extensively studied for its sustainability and broad-spectrum applications in medical research and theranostics, as well as other areas. It’s a precursor of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), a sustainable endogenous and naturally-existing photosensitizer. However, to the best of our knowledge, a scientometrics study based on the scientific knowledge assay of the overall situation on 5-ALA research has not been reported so far, which would be of major importance to the relevant researchers. In this study, we collected all the research articles published in the last two decades from the Web of Science Core Collection database and employed bibliometric methods to comprehensively analyze the dataset from different perspectives using CiteSpace. A total of 1595 articles were identified. The analysis results showed that China published the largest number of articles, and SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. was the most productive institution that sponsored several of the most productive authors. The cluster analysis and burst detections indicated that the improvement of photodynamic efficacy theranostics is the up-to-date key direction in 5-ALA research. Furthermore, we emphatically studied nanotechnology involvement in 5-ALA delivery and theranostics research. We envision that our results will be beneficial for researchers to have a panorama of and deep insights into this area, thus inspiring further exploitations, especially of the nanomaterial-based systems for 5-ALA delivery and theranostic applications.

1. Introduction

5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a natural non-protein amino acid that exists as a common precursor of heme in animals [1]. Endogenous 5-ALA is synthesized from succinate coenzyme A and glycine catalyzed by the 5-aminolevulinate synthase. Afterward, 5-ALA follows the metabolic pathway for protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) synthesis, and finally PpIX chelates with ferrous ions to produce heme, which is the rate-limiting step [2]. Interestingly, 5-ALA formation in cells is tightly controlled by heme through a negative feedback-mediated regulation of 5-aminolevulinate synthase [3,4]. Due to the miraculous properties of PpIX and heme, exogenous 5-ALA was widely investigated as a prodrug in medical fields and has already been clinically utilized [5]. 5-ALA was firstly approved by the European Medicine’s Agency in 2007 as an optical imaging agent in surgery to visualize the malignant tissue, then approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the same application in 2017 [6].
5-ALA has been a star molecule with excellent medical applications. Mechanistically, exogenous 5-ALA utilization can induce a rapid formation and accumulation of PpIX due to the deficiency of iron chelatase activity in tumor tissues [7,8]. Owing to its unique photosensitive activities, when irradiated by a specific light source, PpIX can emit fluorescence that can be used to discriminate the malignant tissues from normal tissues [9,10,11]. For example, the assistance of 5-ALA-derived PpIX fluorescence enables more complete resections of tumors, largely improving the progression-free survival in glioma patients [12,13]. Additionally, PpIX irradiated by light or ultrasound can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induce lethal oxidative damage to membrane lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Therefore, 5-ALA assisted photodynamic/sonodynamic therapy provided non-invasive alternatives for tumor treatment. Critically, the multitargets of ROS oxidation to biological macromolecules make it hard for tumors to develop resistance to photodynamic or sonodynamic therapies [14,15]. In light of safety and efficacy, 5-ALA has been approved as a photodynamic therapy agent against several tumors and bacterial infections [5,15,16,17,18,19,20]. Apart from the PpIX-associated benefits, 5-ALA may be used to prevent mitochondrial-related metabolic diseases because an insufficiency of 5-ALA will directly result in mitochondrial dysfunction, which can be the direct cause of mitochondrial-related metabolic diseases [21,22,23]. Beyond that, it can be sustainably applied in many other areas as well. In studies of livestock feeding, a 5-ALA addition in forage was found to be beneficial to the animal’s immune performance and their growth [24,25]. Other studies also showed that 5-ALA in low concentrations can enhance plant tolerances to salinity, drought, heat, coldness, and other abiotic stresses [26,27]. Nowadays, more and more eco-friendly methods, such as metabolic engineering to produce 5-ALA, have been rationally designed and developed to overcome the shortcomings of chemical synthesis [28]. Methyl ester aminolevulinic acid and hexyl ester aminolevulinic acid, two derivatives of 5-ALA, have also gained their marketing authorization to overcome the limited local bioavailability of 5-ALA in daily clinical practice [29]. With the increasing development of 5-ALA synthesis, it can be foreseen that 5-ALA could have broader prospects. Despite the considerable success that has been achieved during the history of exploring 5-ALA, there are still challenges to be addressed and opportunities to be explored. The main issue among these obstacles is how to manipulate the targeting ability of 5-ALA to control its biological distribution and intracellular accumulation, which could improve the efficacy of 5-ALA and extend its ranges of applications [30].
Scholars have devoted themselves to the research of 5-ALA, boosting vast numbers of publications. These publications offer tremendous information, which might be too miscellaneous for the readers to grasp the major thread. To this aim, it is urgent to depict the panorama of the 5-ALA research field. Although some reviews have summarized the basic information and latest progress of this field for readers, neither new perspectives have arisen from the whole research ecosystem nor have quantitative analyses been previously reported [31,32]. For this purpose, since bibliometric analysis could unearth the complex information in a visualizable way, the operation of metrology software was carried out to obtain the present valuable contents and future trends of 5-ALA research. In this study, we tried to map the basic knowledge structure of this field, figuring out the hotspots and frontiers with the assistance of the dataset and software. After a comprehensive analysis, we investigated the participation and contributions of different countries, institutions, journals, and authors. Furthermore, we determined the present main topics and future directions, which could help researchers who are devoted or interested in the applications of 5-ALA.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Retrieval Strategy and Data Collection

Web of Science (WoS, Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, PA, USA), one of the largest academic information databases, was used as the source to collect the related publications for the following study. Specifically, the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-Expanded, 2006–present) of WoS Core Collection (WoSCC) was selected in order to gather a full collection. The retrieval formula was constructed as follow: TI = (*aminolevulinic acid OR 5 ALA), and only articles were included. Afterwards, the results were refined for publication years between 2006 and 2021 to get rid of the bias due to daily updates. Ultimately, 1595 publications were found. The distribution information of these publications for different countries, institutions, grants, journals, authors, and their annual citations were acquired in WoS by its analysis reports for graphing, while the retrieval records were also exported to plain text files in the format of full record and cited references for subsequent in-depth analysis.

2.2. Data Selection and Analysis

Microsoft EXCEL 2016 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA), GraphPad Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA), and CiteSpace 5.8.R3 (Chaomei Chen, Beijing, China) were employed to run the statistical tests and graph plotting; the complex hidden information was mainly captured using CiteSpace. Briefly, the dataset was transformed to CiteSpace-recognizable files, as per the user guide, before running the analysis projects. Specifically, time slicing was set as years per slice and the selection criteria was termed as the g-index (cumulative citation number multiplied by 25). The term source can be extracted from all options, while node types should be checked each time to be in line with corresponding objects. Links and pruning were set up in cosine with slices and pathfinder, respectively. After the visualization run, the results were available as a cluster map containing colored nodes and strings. To refine the results, nodes with the same meaning and string difference were merged, whereas meaningless nodes were deleted. The built-in LLR method was used as a standard when performing the cluster analysis. As well, all the modularity values (Q-value) were > 0.3 and the mean silhouette values (S-value) were > 0.7, which can be considered a significant clustering in the showed results [33]. The bibliometric analysis process is summarized in the flow chart below (Figure 1A).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. General Information of Publications

Basically, the publications are wildly accepted as the referable index for showcasing a specific research field, especially when delivering a message in the form of visual post-multivariate analyses [34]. To understand the developments and research trends of 5-ALA over the past two decades from a macro-perspective, the timespan ranging from 2006 to 2021 was retrieved in WoSCC for the experiments. After screening the literature through fixed processing, it hit 2159 records including 1595 articles and 614 other document types. In the histogram for annual publication, the number of publications increased steadily from 2006, with small fluctuations between 2011 and 2012. However, when it comes to the year of 2019, the growth rate of publications increased significantly compared with past years (Figure 1B and Supplementary Figure S1). As well, the cumulative citations were 29,790, with an average of 18.88 citations per publication. Meanwhile, the citations also showed a steady acceleration in 2019 (Figure 1B). The trends of both publications and their citations suggest that the research of 5-ALA has increasingly developed with a steady impetus in recent years.

3.2. Knowledge Structure Features of 5-ALA Research

3.2.1. Analysis of the Contribution of Countries

There are 56 countries participating in the exploration of 5-ALA properties, and Figure 2A shows the geographical distribution. As shown in Table 1, the major research countries ranked by the publication of items are China (445 papers), Japan (325 papers), the US (246 papers), and Germany (147 papers). The number of articles they published were far more than other countries, with these four countries contributing 72.87% of all the publications from a total number of 1163 articles. Consistently, China, Japan, the US, and Germany are the most cited countries with 6763, 4986, 4858, 6314 citations, respectively, which account for 76.94% of all the citations. Apart from the gross volume, China also maintained the most growth in publications among these highly productive countries (Figure 2B). However, in terms of average citations per item (ACI), a symbolic indicator reflects the value and contribution of one paper to the scientific community [33], Germany tops this category with 42.90 citations per paper (Table 1), which is more than two-fold higher than the average value of 18.88. It is indicated that these four countries were more active in exploring the 5-ALA-related field of research than any other country, and they achieved more valuable discoveries that deserved publishing.
To further mine the key contributions of each country, we performed a CiteSpace analysis to identify the roles they played in this area. In a co-occurrence analysis of countries and regions (Figure 2C), not only were the countries with a high frequency of publication visually shown by the area of the representative circles, but they were also exhibited by the number changes with year-lapse by constructing the circles in a multi-layered concentric ring. What’s more, countries have been linked with colored lines, which represent cooperation between different countries. Specifically, connections with a warm (red) color represent close collaborations, while the colder color (pale) shows moderate collaboration. Additionally, for the co-occurrence detection, the betweenness centrality, which measures the number of times a node lies on the shortest path between other nodes in the network, would be used to weigh the importance of nodes within whole networks [35]. The outermost purple ring around a circle disclosed the central intermediation information. The thicker the purple rings are, the higher the betweenness centrality will be. The results revealed that England (centrality of 0.6), France (centrality of 0.49), Australia (centrality of 0.43), Switzerland (centrality of 0.41), and the Netherlands (centrality of 0.31) are the countries with a higher centrality compared to other countries, which means they have played major roles in research and maintained a high degree of cooperation with other countries and regions—although they would not be that outstanding in publication numbers. On the contrary, those countries with large numbers of publications but small centralities, such as China (centrality of 0.09), the US (centrality of 0.17), and South Korea (centrality of 0.00), seemed less collaborative to others.

3.2.2. Analysis of the Contribution of Organizations

With respect to research institutes, WoSCC identified that 1639 institutions in total contributed to the research of 5-ALA. It is usually hard to describe all their contributions in detail, therefore, here, we have figured out the top-10 most prolific institutions and demonstrated their achievements in the aspects of publication counts, ACI, and h-index (Figure 2D). Even though it started (2013) seven years later than second place (Fudan University, 2006), SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. has the most publications, which nearly doubled second place—while they have a similar h-index. As well, the Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, has got the highest ACI value of 103.64; specifically, 28 publications have been cited 2902 times. It suggests that they have done some fundamental work that has received extensive attention in this area. After careful retrieval, we found that the highest ACI was almost attributed by a randomized, controlled multi-centre phase-III trial. In a surgery that involved the resection of malignant glioma in the clinical trial, 5-ALA-fluorescence guided imaging enabled more complete resections by enhancing tumor contrast, therefore improving progression-free survival successfully. Until 2021, it has been cited 2032 times.
Similar with the co-occurrence analysis of countries and regions, the co-occurrence frequency matrix of institutions can be used as an index to describe cooperation, which is denoted when two authors’ institutions appear in one article. Figure 2E exhibits co-institutes in the field of 5-ALA. The publication numbers and the co-occurrence frequencies of institutes can be referred to by the size of their circles and labels respectively. Additionally, the linkage lines between two nodes illustrate the existence of cooperation. A thicker line implies a stronger partnership, while the color indicates the time when they began to cooperate. Of note, there is no obvious centralized node, and partial institutions conducted almost no collaborations with others. However, institutions that made major contributions have formed a network, such as the linkage within SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., the Tokyo Institution of Technology, Fudan University, and Harbin Medical University, who all established an intimate collaboration.
The support from funding agencies is indispensable to the research accomplishments. To this end, the most active funding agencies in this field were also assessed (Supplementary Table S1). The data showed the top 5 of 668 institutions who shared 24.69% of all the publications, which suggests that publications in the field of 5-ALA were specifically contributed to from only several agencies. Moreover, when comes it to the nationality of these organizations, the conclusions will be in agreement with the abovementioned that China, Japan, the US, and Germany have made greater efforts in exploring the issues of 5-ALA than other countries.

3.2.3. Analysis of the Contribution of Journals

The international peer-reviewed journals are the well-established platforms for scientific publications and science communication. An analysis of journal distribution based on publications will depict the current map of journals and offer critical perspectives. Statistically speaking, these 5-ALA-related papers were published by 613 journals. Table 2 summarizes the top-11 most active journals. Papers published in the journal Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, accounted for the highest proportion of all related papers; to be specific, 10.34% (165 in 1596) of the publications were reported by this journal, followed by the Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology (38), the Journal of Neurosurgery (31), Lasers in Surgery and Medicine (28), and PLoS ONE (25). Four-elevenths of them were in the top 25% ranking of similar journal categories (Q1), and four-elevenths were in the 25–50% ranking (Q2). Importantly, the ACI of 5-ALA-related literature were higher than the journal’s expected average citations, especially the papers published in the Journal of Neurosurgery, whose ACI reached 41.97. These data suggest that 5-ALA-related papers have received more attention than other topic papers in the same journals. Additionally, the top-11 most active journals are sponsored in developed countries, with 6 of them being issued in the US and the others originating from Europe [36]. However, the productive countries like China, Japan, and South Korea were absent from the publishing journals. The founding and development process of an international journal needs a large number of resources, which apparently will be affected by the economy. So, the reason for productive journals mainly coming from western countries may be because developing countries do not have enough resources to found and operate international journals.
Journals can be categorized into different subjects for clarifying research scopes. These categories may help the overall understanding of 5-ALA. Figure 3A presents the top-10 subject categories according to the publication numbers in the WoSCC database. Oncology, Surgery, Biochemistry Molecular Biology, Dermatology, and Clinical Neurology were the most intensive subjects in the studies of 5-ALA. Furthermore, a co-citation analysis was performed to demonstrate the influences and relationships between journals. As shown in Figure 3B, there were numerous journals with high citations but low betweenness centrality, which is referenced by the circle area and purple ring, respectively. The colors of connecting lines denote the time of co-citation occurrence, which can be referred to in the legend of rainbow bars colored from purple to yellow. Therefore, the purple lines gathered in the 21 research topics’ complex network indicated that these co-citations occurred in the early years during the time span of 2006–2021. While the journals including Nature, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, and Scientific Reports in the cluster of “metabolic engineering” is newly emerged.

3.2.4. Analysis of the Contribution of Influential Authors

Worldwide scholars devoted to this field have done concrete studies. Given this, it is important to analyze this subject in terms of authors. There are more than 6000 authors that have taken part in studying 5-ALA, and Figure 3C shows the top 11 productive authors with a detailed h-index and ACI. Tanaka, T. was the author with the highest publication numbers, followed by Nakajima, M., Takahashi, K., Inoue, K., and Ishizuka, M. Interestingly, all five authors were from Japan. As well, they were all affiliated with SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., except Inoue, K. Whereas, Inoue, K. has the largest h-index of all of them. Another noteworthy point is that Stummer, W. has a super high ACI value of 109.97. These high citations can mainly be attributed to the work of his team on the clinical diagnostic and therapeutic value of 5-ALA, given that his team focused on the applications of 5-ALA on glioma for more than 10 years [12,13,37,38]. Meanwhile, Stummer, W. holds the first, second, and fifth places in the list of top-10 most-cited literature (Table 3).
The co-authorship information is beneficial for the readers to acquire details of the authors’ activities and to learn about their whole team’s achievements. The co-authorship analysis in this study visually showed the publication numbers of each author by the circle size. As well, the map clearly shows the major cooperative teams more than the research teams from SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. by their co-authorship network (Figure 3D). Besides, co-citation is denoted as a relationship where two authors appear together in the reference list of a third document, which is often used to reveal the key authors in subdivided areas. As displayed in Figure 3E, the co-citation network was divided into several subareas. However, the betweenness centrality values of the authors are quite small, demonstrating few influential authors were occupying multiple subareas (Supplementary Table S2). From the above analytic results, it can be assumed that Tanaka, T., Inoue, K., and Stummer, W. are the most influential authors.

3.3. Overview of Hotspots and Beyond

3.3.1. Characteristic of Research Topics for 5-ALA

Keywords are extracted from papers to express the core ideas, which may include the key information of research topics, methods, etc. For bibliometrics, a keywords analysis is the most powerful way to accurately excavate some underlying messages. Firstly, the frequencies of keywords can directly reflect their prevalence in present studies. Secondly, the co-occurrence of two keywords that appear in one paper will provide a close association between different contents. Thirdly, the keywords-formed clusters could point out the composition of main topics and their evolutionary trend. Table 4 shows the top-30 keywords sorted by their frequencies. These keywords mainly belong to molecular biology, oncology, and surgery. However, as inferred from keywords like “photodynamic therapy”, “protoporphyrin ix”, “fluorescence”, and “cancer” ranking in the front, we can conclude that the applications of 5-ALA in cancer treatment should be the most popular research direction. As well, it means that they have propped up the main development for 5-ALA. More than 400 keywords were collected for the analysis of co-occurrence in this study. These larger circles have formed a complex network, demonstrating that 5-ALA in cancer treatment has been studied in more depth than other research directions (Figure 4A). Nevertheless, keywords such as “inhibition”, “oxidative stress”, “malignant glioma”, and “porphyrin” have a large centrality within 767 pairs of connection (Figure 4A). Additionally, the keywords can be clustered into 19 subareas with distinct topics. Figure 4B showed the evolutionary trend of the main topics and their interactions in a timeline format. On the basis of the co-cited times represented by circle areas and their distribution density, “ppix”, “photodynamic therapy”, “photodynamic diagnosis”, and “actinic keratosis” were the most attractive topics in the field. In other words, these topics gathered a high intensity of research efforts. It is worth noting that the majority of keywords with high citations appeared in the early period of the timespan but were seldom proposed after 2010. Presumably, there were fewer original innovations and brand-new breakthroughs emerging during the recent decade. Since most of the popular keywords and clusters were related with photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy, we have drawn the annual changes for photodiagnosis/photodynamic-therapy-related publications (Figure 4C). Interestingly, 911 publications were defined, and its growing path seems similar to the growth of total publications from 2019 compared with the past years, indicating that the major growth of publications in this area in the last three years were from the photodiagnosis/photodynamic-therapy-related studies (Supplementary Figure S2). Given the conception that photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy has been a common description for 5-ALA applications for years [17], we have performed a second-level analysis after shielding the common keywords associated with photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy (Supplementary Figure S3). The produced landscape showed that the clusters mainly associated with the applications of 5-ALA including “derivative”, “in vitro”, “oxidative stress”, “photosynthesis”, “diabetes”, and “sonodynamic therapy” were newly emerging. Nonetheless, some major issues hindered the development of current and further potent applications, such as the instability of the active pharmaceutical ingredients, poor tissue penetration, finite normal-to-lesion tissue selectivity, and photosensitization reactions from systemic drug absorption. To address these issues, especially the efficient delivery of 5-ALA to specific sites for on-demand theranostics, scientists are seeking other reliable techniques such as chemical modifications and smart drug delivery carriers [41,42,43].

3.3.2. Research Hotspots and Frontiers of 5-ALA

Given that the abovementioned assays of the co-occurrence network of keywords shows few keywords emerging during last decade, it’s critical to compute the most cutting-edge directions that are being focused on in this area. Actively discussed conceptions can reflect the rise or transfer of research interests, which may also portend the potential beginning of a new scientific subarea. Burst detections can perfectly fulfill the demand of determining the sharply increased popularity. Since the shortage of new influential conceptions in keywords co-citation analysis, we chose to detect the burst items in this field. Figure 5A illustrates the top-25 strongest keywords of citation burst. The photodynamic diagnosis and therapy-related keywords such as “topic application”, “endogenous protoporphyrin”, “lead”, and “photosensitization” simultaneously burst in early time. However, in recent years, keywords like “resistance”, “impact”, “pathway”, and “system” emerged steadily. It can be inferred that the research hotspots of 5-ALA shifted from the clinical applications to the efficacy improvement and fundamental biological effects.
In terms of authors, the results suggest that the latest burst authors are “Nakajima, M.”, “Tanaka, T.”, “Widhalm, G.”, “Li, X.K.”, and “Zeng, K.” (Figure 5B). As mentioned above, Nakajima, M. and Tanaka, T. were apart of the same team, with highly-cited works that focused on the cancer theranostics of 5-ALA. Particularly, their team revealed the pivotal roles of peptide transporter PEPT1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2 in regulating intracellular PpIX levels and determining the efficacy of 5-ALA-based photocytotoxicity against gastric cancer cells, because these two transporters were found to mediate the influx of 5-ALA and efflux of PpIX, respectively [44]. Another researcher, Li, X.K., who is a close collaborator with Nakajima, M. and Tanaka, T., mainly concentrated on the biological effects of 5-ALA-induced heme oxygenase-1 in diseases [45,46]. Dr. Widhalm is a productive author who works on glioma therapy. Importantly, he proposed that 5-ALA-induced fluorescence can be a powerful marker for glioma histopathological grading, and can even be a prognosis marker [40,47,48]. As for professor Zeng, he is a major contributor to 5-ALA-based photodynamic therapy against human papillomavirus infection. His research may have accelerated the development of photodynamic therapy against virus infections [49,50,51]. By combing cluster analysis and burst detection, the results indicate that 5-ALA-mediated photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy will dominate the 5-ALA-related field from now on.

3.3.3. Nanotechnology Is a Potential Rising Star

The photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapeutic abilities of 5-ALA were attributed to its PpIX-mediated photosensitive activities. By acting as a photosensitizer, the efficacy of 5-ALA was restricted by its uptake and accumulation at specific locations [5]. Numerous studies have proven that photosensitizers could be remarkarbly upgraded with better efficiencies under nanotechnological assistance, either in terms of physicochemical properties or biological activity [52]. For instance, laboratory research indicated that the employment of poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) or metal-based nanoparticles as delivery carriers enhanced the uptake of 5-ALA and the following PpIX conversion, which therefore promoted its efficacy [53,54,55,56]. In a registered 5-ALA gel, 5-ALA was loaded into a nanoscale-lipid vesicle for the treatment of actinic keratosis. This nano-emulsion formulation stabilized 5-ALA and enhanced its penetration through the stratum corneum [57]. In the meantime, nanocarriers modified with different properties could enhance the selectivity and accumulation of 5-ALA. When embedded 5-ALA is in hypoxia-responsive amphiphilic polymer nanovesicles, it would specifically release at the tumor site when stimulated by a hypoxic tumor microenvironment [58]. While functionalized 5-ALA loaded hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles with folic acid ligands, the nanoparticles can assist 5-ALA in bypassing the lipophilic barrier to directly target cancer cells [59]. There are also attempts to increase the efficacy of 5-ALA by introducing other promising drugs with advantageous delivery systems. These strategies could overcome the issue of oxygen deficiency in photodynamic therapies and/or synergistically augment their cytotoxicity to cancer cells [58,60].
The representative practices above inspired us to incorporate nanodelivery systems, which will have rising propensity in the field of 5-ALA research and applications. To further interpret the contemporary profile of nanotechnological involvement, we profiled the status of nano-system applications in 5-ALA. While PpIX, as the active form of 5-ALA, were also included in the profiles. Figure 6A shows that the publications were in an upward trend. As well, it’s comparable with the publication numbers of photodiagnosis/photodynamic-therapy-related research (Supplementary Figure S2). Additionally, the main research topics in these publications were visualized by a keywords cluster analysis. The results indicate that these studies can be approximately divided into three directions (Figure 6B). The first illustrates its basic applications and mechanisms, such as “ppix”, “cytotoxicity”, “in vitro”, “bladder cancer”, and “photodynamic/photothermal therapy”; the second is about nanocarriers, including “nanoparticles” and “carbon nanotube”; and the third main direction focuses on the field of pharmacokinetic characteristics, which is composed of “release” and “sustained release”. These clusters may supply inspiration to fellow researchers because they demonstrate popular directions.

4. Limitations

Some limitations of this study should be acknowledged. This work was based on a dataset from public databases, with biases resulting from confounding factors that might exist. In addition, we made conclusions based on the published articles. As such our strategy has ignored those works published as patents, which may be also very important for research and development. However, WoSCC was the most-used database for scientmetrics research, and it gathered different journals from all over the world, which ensures our present study still rationally reflects the whole scenario of this area.

5. Conclusions

In this study, we have conducted a systematic bibliometric analysis of 5-ALA research between 2006 and 2021. The data indicate that 5-ALA has attracted more and more attention from scientists. In the process of attainment in this research field, China, Japan, the US, and Germany are the major countries that contributed in different dimensions. China has the largest number of publications and citations, while Japan fostered highly-productive authors. The US has excellent performance in supporting funds and publishment, and Germany firstly launched the clinical applications of 5-ALA. So far, SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. and Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy were the most active institution and journal, respectively. Of note, Stummer, W. is the most influential author. According to the cluster analysis and burst detection, the hotspots in this field are mainly concentrated on photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy, while its derivatives and their fundamental biological effects were also emerging. Additionally, we have emphatically investigated the present applications of nano-systems that have been implemented in 5-ALA-related research. Overall, this study provides the knowledge structure map, evolution trend, and the frontiers of 5-ALA research. It is anticipated that this work could offer a forum for the scientific community to maximize productivity through the creative assembly of expertise from different directions.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071477/s1, Figure S1: The linear regression model before and after 2018 in publication/citation terms. Data were processed using EXCEL 2016; Figure S2: The publications comparison between nanomaterials related publications and photodiagnosis/photodynamic therapy related publications; Figure S3: The second level cluster analysis of keywords after shielding the common keywords associated with photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy; Table S1: The top 10 most active funding agencies in 5-ALA research; Table S2: The top 10 authors with high between centrality in 5-ALA research; Large versions of CiteSpace analysis the corresponding graphs in the main manuscript.

Author Contributions

C.X. and W.C. proposed the conception and structure of this study. M.M. and Y.Z. drafted the manuscript. Y.Z. and M.M. did the literature search, data mining and software running. D.L., Y.Y., J.H., C.Y. and L.L. provided comments to methodology and writing. W.C., C.X. and C.Y. reviewed and revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the High-level University Construction Fund of Guangdong Province under grants (No. 06-410-2106154, 06-410-2107232, 02-412-2202-2104), the Open fund of Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Green Energy and Environment Catalysis (No. FJ-GEEC202104), the fund 202201010378 from Guangzhou Science and Technology Bureau, and the fund of Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease for Dr. Wenjie Chen (No. GHMJLRID-Z-202113).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The dataset can be downloaded from WoSCC according to the retrieval criteria mentioned in methods and materials, and raw results are available in Supplementary Materials.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:
5-ALA5-aminolevulinic acid
ACIAverage Citations per Item
PpIXProtoporphyrin ix
ROSReactive oxygen species
WoSWeb of Science
WoSccWeb of Science Core Collection

References

  1. Su, A.; Yu, Q.; Luo, Y.; Yang, J.; Wang, E.; Yuan, H. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for the production of multifunctional non-protein amino acids: Gamma-aminobutyric acid and delta-aminolevulinic acid. Microb. Biotechnol. 2021, 14, 2279–2290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Bonkovsky, H.L.; Guo, J.T.; Hou, W.; Li, T.; Narang, T.; Thapar, M. Porphyrin and heme metabolism and the porphyrias. Compr. Physiol. 2013, 3, 365–401. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  3. Yamamoto, M.; Hayashi, N.; Kikuchi, G. Evidence for the transcriptional inhibition by heme of the synthesis of delta-aminolevulinate synthase in rat liver. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1982, 105, 985–990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Yamamoto, M.; Kure, S.; Engel, J.D.; Hiraga, K. Structure, turnover, and heme-mediated suppression of the level of mRNA encoding rat liver delta-aminolevulinate synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 1988, 263, 15973–15979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Casas, A. Clinical uses of 5-aminolaevulinic acid in photodynamic treatment and photodetection of cancer: A review. Cancer Lett. 2020, 490, 165–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Hadjipanayis, C.G.; Stummer, W. 5-ALA and FDA approval for glioma surgery. J. Neurooncol. 2019, 141, 479–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Kennedy, J.C.; Marcus, S.L.; Pottier, R.H. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photodiagnosis (PD) using endogenous photosensitization induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA): Mechanisms and clinical results. J. Clin. Laser Med. Surg. 1996, 14, 289–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Kemmner, W.; Wan, K.; Rüttinger, S.; Ebert, B.; Macdonald, R.; Klamm, U.; Moesta, K.T. Silencing of human ferrochelatase causes abundant protoporphyrin-IX accumulation in colon cancer. FASEB J. 2008, 22, 500–509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Eker, C.; Montán, S.; Jaramillo, E.; Koizumi, K.; Rubio, C.; Andersson-Engels, S.; Svanberg, K.; Svanberg, S.; Slezak, P. Clinical spectral characterisation of colonic mucosal lesions using autofluorescence and delta aminolevulinic acid sensitisation. Gut 1999, 44, 511–518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Denzinger, S.; Burger, M.; Walter, B.; Knuechel, R.; Roessler, W.; Wieland, W.F.; Filbeck, T. Clinically relevant reduction in risk of recurrence of superficial bladder cancer using 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence diagnosis: 8-year results of prospective randomized study. Urology 2007, 69, 675–679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Roberts, D.W.; Valdés, P.A.; Harris, B.T.; Fontaine, K.M.; Hartov, A.; Fan, X.; Ji, S.; Lollis, S.S.; Pogue, B.W.; Leblond, F.; et al. Coregistered fluorescence-enhanced tumor resection of malignant glioma: Relationships between delta-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence, magnetic resonance imaging enhancement, and neuropathological parameters. Clinical article. J. Neurosurg. 2011, 114, 595–603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  12. Stummer, W.; Pichlmeier, U.; Meinel, T.; Wiestler, O.D.; Zanella, F.; Reulen, H.J. Fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid for resection of malignant glioma: A randomised controlled multicentre phase III trial. Lancet Oncol. 2006, 7, 392–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Stummer, W.; Tonn, J.C.; Mehdorn, H.M.; Nestler, U.; Franz, K.; Goetz, C.; Bink, A.; Pichlmeier, U. ALA-Glioma Study Group. Counterbalancing risks and gains from extended resections in malignant glioma surgery: A supplemental analysis from the randomized 5-aminolevulinic acid glioma resection study. Clinical article. J. Neurosurg. 2011, 114, 613–623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Mahmoudi, K.; Garvey, K.L.; Bouras, A.; Cramer, G.; Stepp, H.; Jesu Raj, J.G.; Bozec, D.; Busch, T.M.; Hadjipanayis, C.G. 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for the treatment of high-grade gliomas. J. Neurooncol. 2019, 141, 595–607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Bilmin, K.; Kujawska, T.; Grieb, P. Sonodynamic Therapy for Gliomas. Perspectives and Prospects of Selective Sonosensitization of Glioma Cells. Cells 2019, 8, 1428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  16. Peng, Q.; Berg, K.; Moan, J.; Kongshaug, M.; Nesland, J.M. 5-Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy: Principles and experimental research. Photochem. Photobiol. 1997, 65, 235–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Ishizuka, M.; Abe, F.; Sano, Y.; Takahashi, K.; Inoue, K.; Nakajima, M.; Kohda, T.; Komatsu, N.; Ogura, S.; Tanaka, T. Novel development of 5-aminolevurinic acid (ALA) in cancer diagnoses and therapy. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2011, 11, 358–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Wiegell, S.R.; Wulf, H.C. Photodynamic therapy of acne vulgaris using 5-aminolevulinic acid versus methyl aminolevulinate. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2006, 54, 647–651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Harris, F.; Pierpoint, L. Photodynamic therapy based on 5-aminolevulinic acid and its use as an antimicrobial agent. Med. Res. Rev. 2012, 32, 1292–1327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Patel, G.; Armstrong, A.W.; Eisen, D.B. Efficacy of photodynamic therapy vs other interventions in randomized clinical trials for the treatment of actinic keratoses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2014, 150, 1281–1288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Sato, T.; Yasuzawa, T.; Uesaka, A.; Izumi, Y.; Kamiya, A.; Tsuchiya, K.; Kobayashi, Y.; Kuwahata, M.; Kido, Y. Type 2 diabetic conditions in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats are ameliorated by 5-aminolevulinic acid. Nutr. Res. 2014, 34, 544–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Hara, T.; Koda, A.; Nozawa, N.; Ota, U.; Kondo, H.; Nakagawa, H.; Kamiya, A.; Miyashita, K.; Itoh, H.; Nakajima, M.; et al. Combination of 5-aminolevulinic acid and ferrous ion reduces plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. FEBS Open Bio 2016, 6, 515–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  23. Saitoh, S.; Okano, S.; Nohara, H.; Nakano, H.; Shirasawa, N.; Naito, A.; Yamamoto, M.; Kelly, V.P.; Takahashi, K.; Tanaka, T.; et al. 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) deficiency causes impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance coincident with an attenuation of mitochondrial function in aged mice. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e189593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  24. Wang, J.P.; Lee, J.H.; Jang, H.D.; Yan, L.; Cho, J.H.; Kim, I.H. Effects of delta-aminolevulinic acid and vitamin C supplementation on iron status, production performance, blood characteristics and egg quality of laying hens. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 2011, 95, 417–423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Sato, K.; Matsushita, K.; Takahashi, K.; Aoki, M.; Fuziwara, J.; Miyanari, S.; Kamada, T. Dietary supplementation with 5-aminolevulinic acid modulates growth performance and inflammatory responses in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 2012, 91, 1582–1589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Zhang, W.F.; Zhang, F.; Raziuddin, R.; Gong, H.J.; Yang, Z.M.; Lu, L.; Ye, Q.F.; Zhou, W.J. Effects of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid on Oilseed Rape Seedling Growth under Herbicide Toxicity Stress. J. Plant Growth Regul. 2008, 27, 159–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Tan, S.; Cao, J.; Xia, X.; Li, Z. Advances in 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Priming to Enhance Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Zhang, J.; Cui, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Zhu, Z.; Qi, Q.; Wang, Q. Recent advances in microbial production of high-value compounds in the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway. Biotechnol. Adv. 2022, 55, 107904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Fotinos, N.; Campo, M.A.; Popowycz, F.; Gurny, R.; Lange, N. 5-Aminolevulinic acid derivatives in photomedicine: Characteristics, application and perspectives. Photochem. Photobiol. 2006, 82, 994–1015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Collier, N.J.; Rhodes, L.E. Photodynamic Therapy for Basal Cell Carcinoma: The Clinical Context for Future Research Priorities. Molecules 2020, 25, 5398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Shinoda, Y.; Kato, D.; Ando, R.; Endo, H.; Takahashi, T.; Tsuneoka, Y.; Fujiwara, Y. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of In Vitro Anti-Human Cancer Experiments Investigating the Use of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (5-ALA) for Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Nordmann, N.J.; Michael, A.P. 5-Aminolevulinic acid radiodynamic therapy for treatment of high-grade gliomas: A systematic review. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 2021, 201, 106430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Wu, H.; Cheng, K.; Guo, Q.; Yang, W.W.; Tong, L.; Wang, Y.; Sun, Z. Mapping Knowledge Structure and Themes Trends of Osteoporosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Bibliometric Analysis. Front. Med. 2021, 8, 787228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Chen, C. CiteSpace II: Detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 2006, 57, 359–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  35. Disney, A. Social Network Analysis 101: Centrality Measures Explained; Cambridge Intelligence: Cambridge, UK, 2020; Available online: https://cambridge-intelligence.com/keylines-faqs-social-network-analysis (accessed on 28 April 2022).
  36. Developed Countries List 2022. World Population Review 2022. Available online: https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/developed-countries (accessed on 28 April 2022).
  37. Stummer, W.; Tonn, J.C.; Goetz, C.; Ullrich, W.; Stepp, H.; Bink, A.; Pietsch, T.; Pichlmeier, U. 5-Aminolevulinic acid-derived tumor fluorescence: The diagnostic accuracy of visible fluorescence qualities as corroborated by spectrometry and histology and postoperative imaging. Neurosurgery 2014, 74, 310–320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  38. Stummer, W.; Stepp, H.; Wiestler, O.D.; Pichlmeier, U. Randomized, Prospective Double-Blinded Study Comparing 3 Different Doses of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid for Fluorescence-Guided Resections of Malignant Gliomas. Neurosurgery 2017, 81, 230–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  39. Fang, D.W.; Guan, W.; Tong, J.; Wang, Z.W.; Yang, J.Z. Study on physicochemical properties of ionic liquids based on alanine [Cnmim][Ala] (N=2,3,4,5,6). J. Phys. Chem. B. 2008, 25, 7499–7505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Widhalm, G.; Wolfsberger, S.; Minchev, G.; Woehrer, A.; Krssak, M.; Czech, T.; Prayer, D.; Asenbaum, S.; Hainfellner, J.A.; Knosp, E. 5-Aminolevulinic acid is a promising marker for detection of anaplastic foci in diffusely infiltrating gliomas with nonsignificant contrast enhancement.t. Cancer-Am. Cancer Soc. 2010, 116, 1545–1552. [Google Scholar]
  41. Tewari, K.M.; Eggleston, I.M. Chemical approaches for the enhancement of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy and photodiagnosis. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2018, 17, 1553–1572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  42. Champeau, M.; Vignoud, S.; Mortier, L.; Mordon, S. Photodynamic therapy for skin cancer: How to enhance drug penetration? J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 2019, 197, 111544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Qidwai, A.; Annu Nabi, B.; Kotta, S.; Narang, J.K.; Baboota, S.; Ali, J. Role of nanocarriers in photodynamic therapy. Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther. 2020, 30, 101782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Hagiya, Y.; Fukuhara, H.; Matsumoto, K.; Endo, Y.; Nakajima, M.; Tanaka, T.; Okura, I.; Kurabayashi, A.; Furihata, M.; Inoue, K.; et al. Expression levels of PEPT1 and ABCG2 play key roles in 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced tumor-specific protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) accumulation in bladder cancer. Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther. 2013, 10, 288–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Nishio, Y.; Fujino, M.; Zhao, M.; Ishii, T.; Ishizuka, M.; Ito, H.; Takahashi, K.; Abe, F.; Nakajima, M.; Tanaka, T.; et al. 5-Aminolevulinic acid combined with ferrous iron enhances the expression of heme oxygenase-1. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2014, 19, 300–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Liu, C.; Zhu, P.; Fujino, M.; Isaka, Y.; Ito, H.; Takahashi, K.; Nakajima, M.; Tanaka, T.; Zhuang, J.; Li, X.K. 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA), enhances heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression and attenuates tubulointerstitial fibrosis and renal apoptosis in chronic cyclosporine nephropathy. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2019, 508, 583–589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Goryaynov, S.A.; Widhalm, G.; Goldberg, M.F.; Chelushkin, D.; Spallone, A.; Chernyshov, K.A.; Ryzhova, M.; Pavlova, G.; Revischin, A.; Shishkina, L.; et al. The Role of 5-ALA in Low-Grade Gliomas and the Influence of Antiepileptic Drugs on Intraoperative Fluorescence. Front. Oncol. 2019, 9, 423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  48. Mercea, P.A.; Mischkulnig, M.; Kiesel, B.; Wadiura, L.I.; Roetzer, T.; Prihoda, R.; Heicappell, P.; Kreminger, J.; Furtner, J.; Woehrer, A.; et al. Prognostic Value of 5-ALA Fluorescence, Tumor Cell Infiltration and Angiogenesis in the Peritumoral Brain Tissue of Brain Metastases. Cancers 2021, 13, 603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Hu, Z.; Li, J.; Liu, H.; Liu, L.; Jiang, L.; Zeng, K. Treatment of latent or subclinical Genital HPV Infection with 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy. Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther. 2018, 23, 362–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Xie, J.; Wang, S.; Li, Z.; Ao, C.; Wang, J.; Wang, L.; Peng, X.; Zeng, K. 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy reduces HPV viral load via autophagy and apoptosis by modulating Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways in HeLa cells. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 2019, 194, 46–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Wang, J.; Wang, Q.; Chen, P.; Li, Q.; Li, Z.; Xu, M.; Zeng, K.; Li, C. Podophyllotoxin-combined 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy significantly promotes HR-HPV-infected cell death. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 2021, 15, 12754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Xie, J.; Wang, Y.; Choi, W.; Jangili, P.; Ge, Y.; Xu, Y.; Kang, J.; Liu, L.; Zhang, B.; Xie, Z.; et al. Overcoming barriers in photodynamic therapy harnessing nano-formulation strategies. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021, 50, 9152–9201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Shi, L.; Wang, X.; Zhao, F.; Luan, H.; Tu, Q.; Huang, Z.; Wang, H.; Wang, H. In vitro evaluation of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) loaded PLGA nanoparticles. Int. J. Nanomed. 2013, 8, 2669–2676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  54. Wang, X.; Shi, L.; Tu, Q.; Wang, H.; Zhang, H.; Wang, P.; Zhang, L.; Huang, Z.; Zhao, F.; Luan, H.; et al. Treating cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma using 5-aminolevulinic acid polylactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticle-mediated photodynamic therapy in a mouse model. Int. J. Nanomed. 2015, 10, 347–355. [Google Scholar]
  55. de Oliveira, G.K.; Vieira, D.P.; Levy, D.; Bydlowski, S.P.; Courrol, L.C. Uptake of silver, gold, and hybrids silver-iron, gold-iron and silver-gold aminolevulinic acid nanoparticles by MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther. 2020, 32, 102080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  56. Chi, Y.F.; Qin, J.J.; Li, Z.; Ge, Q.; Zeng, W.H. Enhanced anti-tumor efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid-gold nanoparticles-mediated photodynamic therapy in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells. BRAZ J. Med. Biol. Res. 2020, 53, e8457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Ulrich, M.; Reinhold, U.; Dominicus, R.; Aschoff, R.; Szeimies, R.M.; Dirschka, T. Red light photodynamic therapy with BF-200 ALA showed superior efficacy in the treatment of actinic keratosis on the extremities, trunk, and neck in a vehicle-controlled phase III study. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2021, 85, 1510–1519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  58. Yang, K.; Yue, L.; Yu, G.; Rao, L.; Tian, R.; Wei, J.; Yang, Z.; Sun, C.; Zhang, X.; Xu, M.; et al. A hypoxia responsive nanoassembly for tumor specific oxygenation and enhanced sonodynamic therapy. Biomaterials 2021, 275, 120822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Ma, X.; Qu, Q.; Zhao, Y. Targeted delivery of 5-aminolevulinic acid by multifunctional hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles for photodynamic skin cancer therapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 10671–10676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Wang, Y.; Zu, M.; Ma, X.; Jia, D.; Lu, Y.; Zhang, T.; Xue, P.; Kang, Y.; Xu, Z. Glutathione-Responsive Multifunctional “Trojan Horse” Nanogel as a Nanotheranostic for Combined Chemotherapy and Photodynamic Anticancer Therapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 50896–50908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Pharmaceutics 14 01477 g001 550
Figure 1. The flow chart of bibliometric analysis and basic profile of 5-ALA research. (A) The flowchart of bibliometric analysis mentioned in methods section. (B) The annual distributions of 5-ALA publications and their citations.
Figure 1. The flow chart of bibliometric analysis and basic profile of 5-ALA research. (A) The flowchart of bibliometric analysis mentioned in methods section. (B) The annual distributions of 5-ALA publications and their citations.
Pharmaceutics 14 01477 g001
Pharmaceutics 14 01477 g002 550
Figure 2. Contributions of different countries and institutions. (A) The exhibition of countries in the geographical map with publication counts. (B) The evolution trends of publications and citations of four major countries. Solid line indicates publications and dotted line indicates citations. (C) Co-occurrence network of countries analyzed by CiteSpace. (D) The graph of publication number, h-index, and ACI of the top-10 most active institutions. (E) Cooperation network of institutions analyzed by CiteSpace.
Figure 2. Contributions of different countries and institutions. (A) The exhibition of countries in the geographical map with publication counts. (B) The evolution trends of publications and citations of four major countries. Solid line indicates publications and dotted line indicates citations. (C) Co-occurrence network of countries analyzed by CiteSpace. (D) The graph of publication number, h-index, and ACI of the top-10 most active institutions. (E) Cooperation network of institutions analyzed by CiteSpace.
Pharmaceutics 14 01477 g002
Pharmaceutics 14 01477 g003 550
Figure 3. The analysis of 5-ALA research publishers and authors. (A) The numbers for top-10 most relevant subject categories for publications. (B) Co-citation network of journals analyzed by CiteSpace. (C) The publications, h-index, and ACI of top-11 productive authors. (D) Cooperation network of authors analyzed by CiteSpace. (E) Co-citation network of authors analyzed by CiteSpace.
Figure 3. The analysis of 5-ALA research publishers and authors. (A) The numbers for top-10 most relevant subject categories for publications. (B) Co-citation network of journals analyzed by CiteSpace. (C) The publications, h-index, and ACI of top-11 productive authors. (D) Cooperation network of authors analyzed by CiteSpace. (E) Co-citation network of authors analyzed by CiteSpace.
Pharmaceutics 14 01477 g003
Pharmaceutics 14 01477 g004 550
Figure 4. Research topics of 5-ALA research related photodiagnosis/photodynamic therapy. (A) Co-occurrence network of keywords in this field analyzed by CiteSpace. (B) Major research topics clustered by CiteSpace. (C) The annual changes of 5-ALA based photodiagnosis/photodynamic therapy publication. Data were achieved in the retrieve formula of TI = (*aminolevulinic acid OR 5-ALA) AND TS = (photodiagnosis OR photodynamic) and articles only.
Figure 4. Research topics of 5-ALA research related photodiagnosis/photodynamic therapy. (A) Co-occurrence network of keywords in this field analyzed by CiteSpace. (B) Major research topics clustered by CiteSpace. (C) The annual changes of 5-ALA based photodiagnosis/photodynamic therapy publication. Data were achieved in the retrieve formula of TI = (*aminolevulinic acid OR 5-ALA) AND TS = (photodiagnosis OR photodynamic) and articles only.
Pharmaceutics 14 01477 g004
Pharmaceutics 14 01477 g005 550
Figure 5. Hotspots and frontiers in 5-ALA research field. (A) The top-25 keywords with strongest citation burst detected by CiteSpace. (B) The top-25 authors with strongest citation burst detected by CiteSpace.
Figure 5. Hotspots and frontiers in 5-ALA research field. (A) The top-25 keywords with strongest citation burst detected by CiteSpace. (B) The top-25 authors with strongest citation burst detected by CiteSpace.
Pharmaceutics 14 01477 g005
Pharmaceutics 14 01477 g006 550
Figure 6. Key information for nanomaterials combined 5-ALA research. (A) The trends of 5-ALA-based and PpIX-based annual publication numbers. Data were collected in the retrieval formula of TI = (*aminolevulinic acid OR 5 ALA) and TS = (nano*), and TS = (Protoporphyrin ix OR PpIX) and TS = (nano*) respectively, publications were articles only. (B) Cluster analysis diagram of nanomaterials combined 5-ALA research by CiteSpace.
Figure 6. Key information for nanomaterials combined 5-ALA research. (A) The trends of 5-ALA-based and PpIX-based annual publication numbers. Data were collected in the retrieval formula of TI = (*aminolevulinic acid OR 5 ALA) and TS = (nano*), and TS = (Protoporphyrin ix OR PpIX) and TS = (nano*) respectively, publications were articles only. (B) Cluster analysis diagram of nanomaterials combined 5-ALA research by CiteSpace.
Pharmaceutics 14 01477 g006
Table
Table 1. The information of the top-20 countries according to the publication analysis in 5-ALA research.
Table 1. The information of the top-20 countries according to the publication analysis in 5-ALA research.
RankCountryBetween CentralityPublications% of 1595h-IndexTimes CitedACI
1China0.1444527.8839676315.05
2Japan0.1932520.3635498615.17
3United States0.0524615.4136485819.52
4Germany0.141479.2137631442.50
5South Korea0.00694.321890712.00
6United Kingdom0.65644.1422125219.56
7Brazil0.19513.191883316.33
8Italy0.05442.761461113.89
9Switzerland0.37402.5118115828.95
10Pakistan0.31382.3820129934.18
11Austria0.01362.261485923.86
12Spain0.08352.191464118.31
13Norway0.14281.751252618.79
14Netherlands0.23261.631663024.23
15Canada0.14241.511481934.13
16France0.54241.511025310.54
17Poland0.05241.5181687.00
18Turkey0.00221.3882149.73
19Iran0.00211.3282049.71
20Russia0.22211.3281758.33
Table
Table 2. Top 11 most active journals in the field of 5-ALA research.
Table 2. Top 11 most active journals in the field of 5-ALA research.
JournalPublisher’s CountryPublication CountsACICategoriesQuartile in Category5-Year Impact Factorh-Index
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic TherapyNetherlands1658.73Oncology33.6019
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: BiologySwitzerland3816.08Biophysics; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology15.3816
Journal of NeurosurgeryUnited States3141.97Clinical Neurology; Surgery15.1518
Lasers in Surgery and MedicineUnited States2822.25Dermatology; Surgery13.3814
PLos OneUnited States2528.76Multidisciplinary Sciences23.7915
Photochemistry and PhotobiologyUnited States2323.00Biophysics; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology2; 33.0615
Photodermatology Photoimmunology & PhotomedicineDenmark2313.96Dermatology23.1612
Scientific ReportsEngland2215.00Multidisciplinary Sciences15.1310
World NeurosurgeryUnited States2110.38Surgery; Clinical Neurology3; 42.327
Acta NeurochirurgicaAustria2028.30Surgery; Clinical Neurology;3; 42.4711
Journal of Neuro-OncologyUnited States2019.25Clinical Neurology; Oncology2; 34.2311
Table
Table 3. Top-10 most cited literatures in the field of 5-ALA.
Table 3. Top-10 most cited literatures in the field of 5-ALA.
TitleFirst AuthorJournalPublication YearTotal Citations
Fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid for resection of malignant glioma: a randomised controlled multicentre phase III trial [12]Stummer, WalterLancet Oncology20062032
Counterbalancing risks and gains from extended resections in malignant glioma surgery: a supplemental analysis from the randomized 5-aminolevulinic acid glioma resection study Clinical article [13]Stummer, WalterJournal of Neurosurgery2011198
Clinically relevant reduction in risk of recurrence of superficial bladder cancer using 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence diagnosis: 8-year results of prospective randomized study [10]Denzinger, StefanUrology2007198
Co-registered fluorescence-enhanced tumor resection of malignant glioma: relationships between delta-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence, magnetic resonance imaging enhancement, and neuropathological parameters Clinical article [11]Roberts, David WJournal of Neurosurgery2011190
5-Aminolevulinic Acid-derived Tumor Fluorescence: The Diagnostic Accuracy of Visible Fluorescence Qualities as Corroborated by Spectrometry and Histology and Postoperative Imaging [37]Stummer, WalterNeurosurgery2014171
Photodynamic therapy of acne vulgaris using 5-aminolevulinic acid versus methyl aminolevulinate [18]Wiegell, Stine ReginJournal of the American Academy of Dermatology2006151
Study on physicochemical properties of ionic liquids based on alanine [C(n)mim] [Ala] (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) [39]Fang, Da-WeiJournal of Physical Chemistry B2008149
Novel development of 5-aminolevurinic acid (ALA) in cancer diagnoses and therapy [17]Ishizuka, MasahiroInternational Immunopharmacology2011145
Effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid on oilseed rape seedling growth under herbicide toxicity stress [26]Zhang, WufengJournal of Plant Growth Regulation2008141
5-Aminolevulinic Acid Is a Promising Marker for Detection of Anaplastic Foci in Diffusely Infiltrating Gliomas with Nonsignificant Contrast Enhancement [40]Widhalm, GeorgCancer2010134
Table
Table 4. The top-30 keywords with the largest occurrence times.
Table 4. The top-30 keywords with the largest occurrence times.
RankKeywordsCountsCentralityRankKeywordsCountsCentrality
15 Aminolevulinic acid3880.0016Cell770.09
2Photodynamic therapy2300.0017Therapy740.03
3Cancer1430.0118Surgery720.03
4Protoporphyrin ix1240.0619Survival680.02
5Expression1230.0520Growth670.01
6In vitro1180.0521Extent600.03
7Fluorescence1110.0222Induced protoporphyrin ix590.12
8Delta aminolevulinic acid1080.0223Biosynthesis590.11
9Malignant glioma1070.2324Carcinoma560.13
10Resection1050.0425Skin500.02
11Tumor930.0326Light470.04
12Accumulation890.1127Heme430.03
13Mechanism850.0728Oxidative stress430.25
14Glioblastoma Multiforme800.0029Delivery380.08
15Apoptosis780.0530Diagnosis380.18
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zhou, Y.; Mo, M.; Luo, D.; Yang, Y.; Hu, J.; Ye, C.; Lin, L.; Xu, C.; Chen, W. Evolutionary Trend Analysis of Research on 5-ALA Delivery and Theranostic Applications Based on a Scientometrics Study. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 1477. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071477

AMA Style

Zhou Y, Mo M, Luo D, Yang Y, Hu J, Ye C, Lin L, Xu C, Chen W. Evolutionary Trend Analysis of Research on 5-ALA Delivery and Theranostic Applications Based on a Scientometrics Study. Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(7):1477. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071477

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhou, You, Mulan Mo, Dexu Luo, Yi Yang, Jialin Hu, Chenqing Ye, Longxiang Lin, Chuanshan Xu, and Wenjie Chen. 2022. "Evolutionary Trend Analysis of Research on 5-ALA Delivery and Theranostic Applications Based on a Scientometrics Study" Pharmaceutics 14, no. 7: 1477. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071477

APA Style

Zhou, Y., Mo, M., Luo, D., Yang, Y., Hu, J., Ye, C., Lin, L., Xu, C., & Chen, W. (2022). Evolutionary Trend Analysis of Research on 5-ALA Delivery and Theranostic Applications Based on a Scientometrics Study. Pharmaceutics, 14(7), 1477. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071477

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop