Comparative In Vitro Study: Assessing Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anticancer Properties of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton and Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Fruit Extracts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Cranberry Fruit Dry Extracts
2.2. Chromatographic Analysis
2.3. Spectrophotometric Studies
2.4. Determination of the Antioxidant Activity In Vitro
2.5. Determination of Antimicrobial Activity In Vitro
2.6. Determination of the Anticancer Activity In Vitro
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. In Vitro Study of the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Cranberry Fruit Extracts
3.2. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Cranberry Fruit Extracts
3.3. In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Cranberry Fruit Extracts
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | OE | OW | ME | MW |
---|---|---|---|---|
Proanthocyanidins | - | 1531 ± 46 a | - | 1359 ± 119 b |
Chlorogenic acid | 86.4 ± 0.5 c | 1897.3 ± 18.9 a | 6.6 ± 0.1 d | 458.2 ± 4.6 b |
Flavonols | ||||
Myricetin-3-galactoside | - | 753.7 ± 4.3 a | - | 680.0 ± 3.9 b |
Quercetin-3-galactoside | 8.8 ± 0.1 d | 850.2 ± 8.5 b | 54.2 ± 0.5 c | 1236.2 ± 12.3 a |
Quercetin-3-glucoside | - | 126.3 ± 1.3 a | - | 34.1 ± 0.4 b |
Quercetin-3-α-L-arabinopyranoside | - | 94.1 ± 1.0 a | - | 99.1 ± 1.0 a |
Quercetin-3-α-L-arabinofuranoside | 4.8 ± 0.1 d | 195.2 ± 2.0 b | 36.5 ± 0.4 c | 532.2 ± 5.6 a |
Quercetin-3-rhamnoside | 19.2 ± 0.2 d | 121.1 ± 1.3 b | 51.2 ± 0.5 c | 250. ± 2.7 a |
Quercetin | 4.0 ± 0.0 d | 78.7 ± 0.6 a | 13.6 ± 0.1 c | 17.2 ± 0.1 b |
Myricetin | 8.9 ± 0.1 d | 67.9 ± 0.5 a | 13.6 ± 0.1 c | 15.0 ± 0.1 b |
Sum of flavonols | 45.7 ± 0.4 d | 2287.3 ± 19.5 b | 169.1 ± 1.7 c | 2864.6 ± 26.1 a |
Anthocyanins and anthocyanidins | ||||
Delphinidin-3-galactoside | 6.9 ± 0.1 d | 18.0 ± 0.2 a | 8.2 ± 0.1 c | 12.7 ± 0.1 b |
Cyanidin-3-galactoside | 131.3 ± 2.6 d | 1092.9 ± 21.9 b | 149.8 ± 3.0 c | 1734.0 ± 34.7 a |
Cyanidin-3-glucoside | 42.9 ± 1.0 b | 174.7 ± 4.0 a | 11.9 ± 0.3 d | 38.5 ± 0.9 c |
Cyanidin-3-arabinoside | 19.5 ± 0.3 d | 952.8 ± 12.5 b | 29.8 ± 0.4 c | 1116.7 ± 14.6 a |
Peonidin-3-galactoside | 197.5 ± 2.1 d | 1370.1 ± 14.4 b | 269.0 ± 2.8 c | 2329.6 ± 24.6 a |
Peonidin-3-glucoside | 153.6 ± 1.8 b | 395.1 ± 4.8 a | 52.7 ± 0.6 d | 124.2 ± 1.5 c |
Peonidin-3-arabinoside | 8.3 ± 0.1 c | 688.3 ± 8.3 b | - | 786.8 ± 8.8 a |
Malvidin-3-galactoside | 21.3 ± 0.3 a | 11.7 ± 0.1 b | 3.3 ± 0.0 c | 11.5 ± 0.1 b |
Malvidin-3-arabinoside | - | 16.9 ± 0.2 a | - | 9.1 ± 0.1 b |
Cyanidin chloride | 495.9 ± 5.5 b | 28.5 ± 0.3 c | 1361.6 ± 13.6 a | 9.9 ± 0.1 d |
Peonidin chloride | 902.3 ± 10.4 b | 23.8 ± 0.3 c | 2121.1 ± 24.4 a | 6.1 ± 0.1 d |
Malvidin chloride | 249.9 ± 3.6 b | - | 304.3 ± 4.4 a | - |
Sum of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins | 2229.4 ± 27.7 d | 4773.0 ± 66.8 b | 4311.8 ± 49.7 c | 6179.1 ± 85.6 a |
Triterpenoids | ||||
Maslinic acid | 425.1 ± 5.6 a | - | 13.1 ± 0.2 b | - |
Corosolic acid | 57.2 ± 1.0 b | - | 109.6 ± 1.9 a | - |
Oleanolic acid | 1422.7 ± 18.6 a | - | 913.9 ± 12.0 b | - |
Ursolic acid | 5220.8 ± 81.0 a | - | 3047.1 ± 47.3 b | - |
Sum of triterpenoids | 7125.9 ± 106.2 a | - | 4083.6 ± 61.3 b | - |
β-sitosterol | 742.9 ± 10.9 b | 386.7 ± 5.7 d | 793.1 ± 11.7 a | 560.0 ± 8.2 c |
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Šedbarė, R.; Janulis, V.; Pavilonis, A.; Petrikaite, V. Comparative In Vitro Study: Assessing Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anticancer Properties of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton and Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Fruit Extracts. Pharmaceutics 2024, 16, 735. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16060735
Šedbarė R, Janulis V, Pavilonis A, Petrikaite V. Comparative In Vitro Study: Assessing Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anticancer Properties of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton and Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Fruit Extracts. Pharmaceutics. 2024; 16(6):735. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16060735
Chicago/Turabian StyleŠedbarė, Rima, Valdimaras Janulis, Alvydas Pavilonis, and Vilma Petrikaite. 2024. "Comparative In Vitro Study: Assessing Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anticancer Properties of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton and Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Fruit Extracts" Pharmaceutics 16, no. 6: 735. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16060735