Pediatric Reports

7 pages, 1637 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Ingrowing Liver as Atypical Recurrent Diaphragmatic Hernia Presentation—Diagnostic and Treatment Difficulties: A Case Report

by Dominika Borselle, Krzysztof Międzybrodzki, Sylwester Gerus, Urszula Zaleska-Dorobisz, Agnieszka Hałoń, Leszek Szenborn and Dariusz Patkowski

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 140-146; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010020 - 11 Mar 2022

Viewed by 2049

Abstract

(1) Introduction: Recurrent diaphragmatic hernia is a relevant diagnostic and treatment dilemma. We have presented a patient with ingrowing liver as an atypical diaphragmatic hernia recurrence and discussed major aspects of diagnostic methods and the selection of an appropriate operative treatment. (2) Case [...] Read more.

(1) Introduction: Recurrent diaphragmatic hernia is a relevant diagnostic and treatment dilemma. We have presented a patient with ingrowing liver as an atypical diaphragmatic hernia recurrence and discussed major aspects of diagnostic methods and the selection of an appropriate operative treatment. (2) Case description: We discuss a case of a patient with right-sided recurrent CDH (Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia) who had primary thoracoscopic repair in newborn period. During infancy and early childhood, the patient presented recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections and bronchial hyperreactivity. The clinical picture was initially unclear. A CT scan was inconclusive to diagnose a recurrence. The patient was scheduled to have a re-thoracoscopy. A part of the liver was herniated into the pleural cavity. This fragment of ‘ingrowing’ liver was removed, and the diaphragmatic secondary defect was repaired. (3) Conclusions: This case proved that thoracoscopy can be a preferred technique in the diagnosis and treatment of CDH recurrence. Full article

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9 pages, 501 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

De Novo Mutation in KMT2C Manifesting as Kleefstra Syndrome 2: Case Report and Literature Review

by Maria Anna Siano, Ilaria De Maggio, Roberta Petillo, Dario Cocciadiferro, Emanuele Agolini, Massimo Majolo, Antonio Novelli, Matteo Della Monica and Carmelo Piscopo

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 131-139; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010019 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4321

Abstract

Diagnosis of pediatric intellectual disability (ID) can be difficult because it is due to a vast number of established and novel causes. Here, we described a full-term female infant affected by Kleefstra syndrome-2 presenting with neurodevelopmental disorder, a history of hypotonia and minor [...] Read more.

Diagnosis of pediatric intellectual disability (ID) can be difficult because it is due to a vast number of established and novel causes. Here, we described a full-term female infant affected by Kleefstra syndrome-2 presenting with neurodevelopmental disorder, a history of hypotonia and minor face anomalies. A systematic literature review was also performed. The patient was a 6-year-old Caucasian female. In the family history there was no intellectual disability or genetic conditions. Auxological parameters at birth were adequate for gestational age. Clinical evaluation at 6 months revealed hypotonia and, successively, delay in the acquisition of the stages of psychomotor development. Auditory, visual, somatosensory, and motor-evoked potentials were normal. A brain MRI, performed at 9 months, showed minimal gliotic changes in bilateral occipital periventricular white matter. Neuropsychiatric control, performed at 5 years, established a definitive diagnosis of childhood autism and developmental delay. Molecular analysis of the exome revealed a novel KMT2C missense variant: c.9244C > T (p.Pro3082Ser) at a heterozygous state, giving her a diagnosis of Kleefstra syndrome 2. Parents did not show the variant. Literature review (four retrieved eligible studies, 10 patients) showed that all individuals had mild, moderate, or severe ID; language and motor delay; and autism. Short stature, microcephaly, childhood hypotonia and plagiocephaly were also present. Conclusion. Kleefstra syndrome 2 is a difficult diagnosis of a rare condition with a high clinical phenotypic heterogeneity. This study suggests that it must be taken in account in the work-up of an orphan diagnosis of intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder. Full article

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4 pages, 1459 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Amylase Levels Are Useful for Diagnosing Omphalomesenteric Cysts: A Case Report

by Hiroko Yoshizawa, Keita Terui, Mitsuyuki Nakata, Tetsuya Mitsunaga, Shugo Komatsu, Takeshi Saito and Tomoro Hishiki

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 127-130; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010018 - 9 Mar 2022

Viewed by 1971

Abstract

Omphalomesenteric cysts are an exceedingly rare type of embryologic remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct. Owing to its rarity and unspecific imaging findings, it is occasionally difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Herein, we report the case of a 15-month-old female with an omphalomesenteric cyst that [...] Read more.

Omphalomesenteric cysts are an exceedingly rare type of embryologic remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct. Owing to its rarity and unspecific imaging findings, it is occasionally difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Herein, we report the case of a 15-month-old female with an omphalomesenteric cyst that presented as a painful abdominal mass. Imaging showed a 4 cm cystic lesion just beneath the umbilicus, which also contained a 1 cm enhanced lesion. On the immediate right side of this cyst, a 7 cm hematoma was found within the abdominal wall. Aspiration revealed bloody fluid with an amylase level of 38,250 U/L. She was then diagnosed with an omphalomesenteric cyst, with aberrant pancreas and associated hematoma of the abdominal wall. These findings were confirmed with laparotomy and subsequent pathological examinations. The high level of amylase in the cyst led us to speculate the existence of ectopic pancreatic tissue. Thus, amylase measurement may be considered for the diagnosis of an omphalomesenteric cyst. Full article

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12 pages, 1003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cognitive, Behavioral and Socioemotional Development in a Cohort of Preterm Infants at School Age: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Chiara Ionio, Gianluca Lista, Pierangelo Veggiotti, Caterina Colombo, Giulia Ciuffo, Irene Daniele, Marta Landoni, Barbara Scelsa, Enrico Alfei and Stefania Bova

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 115-126; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010017 - 4 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2810

Abstract

More than 50% of children who survive prematurity have an atypical course of development at school age, as environmental demands become more demanding. This study examines the effects of preterm birth on the cognitive, behavioral and socioemotional development of 185 children at ages [...] Read more.

More than 50% of children who survive prematurity have an atypical course of development at school age, as environmental demands become more demanding. This study examines the effects of preterm birth on the cognitive, behavioral and socioemotional development of 185 children at ages five and seven years. Weaknesses were found in attention, working memory, processing speed and the ability to correctly interpret emotions at both ages five and seven. Significant correlations were found in regression and moderation models. These findings suggest that school-age children who were preterm infants are at increased risk of exhibiting impairments in several developmental domains that may affect their overall quality of life. Full article

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9 pages, 978 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Pancytopenia Due to Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Deficiency—A Case Report

by Zoé Depuis, Sophie Gatineau-Sailliant, Olivier Ketelslegers, Jean-Marc Minon, Marie-Christine Seghaye, Myriam Vasbien and Marie-Françoise Dresse

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 106-114; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010016 - 3 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5062

Abstract

We report a case of severe pancytopenia in a 15-year-old patient due to a severe deficiency in vitamin B12 and folic acid, probably of nutritional origin. The clinical and biological course was favorable after vitamin supplementation. With this case, we discuss the diagnostic [...] Read more.

We report a case of severe pancytopenia in a 15-year-old patient due to a severe deficiency in vitamin B12 and folic acid, probably of nutritional origin. The clinical and biological course was favorable after vitamin supplementation. With this case, we discuss the diagnostic approach of pancytopenia with megaloblastic anemia in children and adolescents, as well as the mechanisms involved in vitamin B12 and B9 deficiency. Hypovitaminosis B12 is known in its severe form but its diagnosis is often made difficult by insidious signs and symptoms. Traditional intramuscular replacement therapy has now proven to be effective orally. The clinical manifestations of folic acid deficiency are relatively similar to those of vitamin B12 deficiency, reflecting their intricate co-enzymatic functions. Its supplementation is administered orally. Full article

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7 pages, 240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal Risk Factors Triggering Congenital Heart Defects in Down Syndrome: A Case-Control Study

by Ambreen Asim, Sarita Agarwal and Deepika Delsa Dean

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 99-105; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010015 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3328

Abstract

Objectives: Maternal MTHFR and MTRR polymorphisms as a risk of CHD in DS fetus were studied along with maternal folic acid supplementation, which could influence the folate metabolism along with other risk factors. Material and Methods: A case-control study comprising of mothers of [...] Read more.

Objectives: Maternal MTHFR and MTRR polymorphisms as a risk of CHD in DS fetus were studied along with maternal folic acid supplementation, which could influence the folate metabolism along with other risk factors. Material and Methods: A case-control study comprising of mothers of DS with and without CHD along with controls were recruited from a tertiary care center since 2018–2019. Genomic DNA was isolated followed by PCR-RFLP. Results: Mothers with age ≥35 years and having history of miscarriages have a higher risk of giving birth to DS with CHD (n = 35% and 42%, respectively). Mothers who carried the MTHFR 677CT/TT and MTRR 524CT/TT genotypes combination in the folic acid nonusers group during pregnancies had six-fold (OR = 6.909, p-value = 0.027; 95% CI—1.23 ± 38.51) and four-fold (OR = 4.75, p-value = 0.040; 95% CI—1.067 ± 21.44) increased odds of having a DS child with CHD, respectively, as compared to folic acid users. Conclusion: Maternal age, folic acid supplementation, and previous history of miscarriages is involved in the etiology of CHD in DS fetus in Indian population. Maternal MTHFR and MTRR polymorphisms are also involved in the occurrence of CHD and DS in Indian population when controlling for periconceptional folic acid supplementation. Limitations: Single-Centered Study Full article

6 pages, 156 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Publisher’s Note: We Changed Page Numbers to Article Numbers for Articles Published in Pediatric Reports Volume 1–Volume 12, Issue 2

by Pediatric Reports Editorial Office

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 93-98; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010014 - 23 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1611

Abstract

Pediatric Reports [...] Full article

7 pages, 972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resistin in Urine and Breast Milk: Relation to Type of Feeding and Anthropometry at 1-Month

by Irena Santosa, Hiromichi Shoji, Kentaro Awata, Yoshiteru Arai, Hiroki Suganuma and Toshiaki Shimizu

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 86-92; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010013 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2329

Abstract

Breast milk contains adipokines such as resistin and leptin and is known for its protective effect against obesity and insulin resistance. This pilot study aims to evaluate the correlation between resistin levels, feeding types (breast milk and formula), and anthropometric parameters in healthy [...] Read more.

Breast milk contains adipokines such as resistin and leptin and is known for its protective effect against obesity and insulin resistance. This pilot study aims to evaluate the correlation between resistin levels, feeding types (breast milk and formula), and anthropometric parameters in healthy 1-month-old term infants. Urine and breast milk samples were collected from 32 infants and their mothers at 1 month postpartum. Twelve infants were included in the breastfed group, while thirteen infants comprised the breastfed-dominant mix-fed group, and seven infants the formula-dominant mix-fed group. Using ELISA kits, we analyzed resistin levels in the infants’ urine and the mothers’ breast milk, and leptin levels in breast milk. Urinary resistin levels among the three groups were not significantly different. There was no correlation between the following: urinary resistin levels in the breastfed group with resistin levels in breast milk; resistin levels in urine with infant’s body weight and weight gain; resistin levels in breast milk with weight, age, and BMI of mothers and leptin levels in breast milk. This study suggests that the type of feeding does not affect resistin levels in term infants and resistin level does not affect growth in early infancy. Full article

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5 pages, 575 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Foreign Body Aspiration in Children—Diagnostic Clues through a Clinical Case

by Elisabetta D’Addio, Pier Luigi Palma, Anna Di Sessa, Stefano Guarino, Pierluigi Marzuillo and Andrea Apicella

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 81-85; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010012 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2955

Abstract

Foreign body aspiration is common in the pediatric age group, especially in males. Despite the high frequency of this potentially life-threatening event, it is not always easy to recognize it given the high variability of the clinical presentation and the potential of “pauci-symptomatic” [...] Read more.

Foreign body aspiration is common in the pediatric age group, especially in males. Despite the high frequency of this potentially life-threatening event, it is not always easy to recognize it given the high variability of the clinical presentation and the potential of “pauci-symptomatic” inhalation. Moreover, a variable latency of the onset of symptoms since the moment of aspiration may be possible determining difficulties in the identification of the inhalation on an anamnestic basis. We describe the case of a 19-month-old boy who accessed the emergency room initially for a head trauma. The clinical evaluation, however, revealed an unexplained serious respiratory distress needing tracheal intubation. After our evaluation, we hypothesized that the severe respiratory distress determined an altered state of consciousness with following head trauma. The radiological findings raised the suspicion of foreign body aspiration for the presence of an atelectasis of the entire left lung. The computed tomography showed an abrupt interruption of the main bronchus at 12 mm from the hull. The following bronchoscopy identified an almond of 2 cm. We will review the literature to underline the diagnostic issues behind foreign body aspiration in children by highlighting the diagnostic clues that are helpful for emergency clinicians in the management of this condition. Full article

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10 pages, 541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Intrathoracic Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents with Community-Acquired Pneumonia in an Area with an Intermediate Disease Burden

by Claudia Roya-Pabón, Andrea Restrepo, Olga Morales, Catalina Arango, María Angélica Maya, Marcela Bermúdez, Lucelly López, Carlos Garcés, Mónica Trujillo, Luisa Fernanda Carmona, Margarita Rosa Giraldo, Lázaro A. Vélez and Zulma Vanessa Rueda

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 71-80; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010011 - 5 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3265

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) in the pediatric population is a major challenge. Our objective was to describe the clinical and microbiological characteristics, radiological patterns, and treatment outcomes of children and adolescents (from 1 month to 17 years) with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by TB. We [...] Read more.

Tuberculosis (TB) in the pediatric population is a major challenge. Our objective was to describe the clinical and microbiological characteristics, radiological patterns, and treatment outcomes of children and adolescents (from 1 month to 17 years) with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by TB. We performed a prospective cohort study of a pediatric population between 1 month and 17 years of age and hospitalized in Medellín, Colombia, with the diagnosis of radiologically confirmed CAP that had ≤ 15 days of symptoms. The mycobacterial culture of induced sputum was used for the bacteriological confirmation; the history of TB contact, a tuberculin skin test, and clinical improvement with treatment were used to identify microbiologically negative TB cases. Among 499 children with CAP, TB was diagnosed in 12 (2.4%), of which 10 had less than 8 days of a cough, 10 had alveolar opacities, 9 were younger than 5 years old, and 2 had close contact with a TB patient. Among the TB cases, 50% (6) had microbiological confirmation, 8 had viral and/or bacterial confirmation, one patient had multidrug-resistant TB, and 10/12 had non-severe pneumonia. In countries with an intermediate TB burden, Mycobacterium tuberculosis should be included in the etiological differential diagnosis (as a cause or coinfection) of both pneumonia and severe CAP in the pediatric population. Full article

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13 pages, 1456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Pediatric Hospital Visits: Evidence from the State of Florida

by Hasan Symum and José Zayas-Castro

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 58-70; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010010 - 1 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2618

Abstract

Although early evidence reported a substantial decline in pediatric hospital visits during COVID-19, it is unclear whether the decline varied across different counties, particularly in designated Medically Underserved Areas (MUA). The objective of this study is to explore the state-wide impact of COVID-19 [...] Read more.

Although early evidence reported a substantial decline in pediatric hospital visits during COVID-19, it is unclear whether the decline varied across different counties, particularly in designated Medically Underserved Areas (MUA). The objective of this study is to explore the state-wide impact of COVID-19 on pediatric hospital visit patterns, including the economic burden and MUA communities. We conducted a retrospective observational study of pediatric hospital visits using the Florida State all-payer Emergency Department (ED) and Inpatient dataset during the pandemic (April–September 2020) and the same period in 2019. Pediatric Treat-and-Release ED and inpatient visit rates were compared by patient demographics, socioeconomic, diagnosis, MUA status, and hospital characteristics. Pediatric hospital visits in Florida decreased by 53.7% (62.3% in April–June, 44.2% in July–September) during the pandemic. The Treat-and-Release ED and inpatient visits varied up to 5- and 3-fold, respectively, across counties. However, changes in hospital visits across MUA counties were similar compared with non-MUA counties except for lower Treat-and-Release ED volume in April–May. The disproportional decrease in visits was notable for the underserved population, including Hispanic and African American children; Medicaid coverages; non-children’s hospitals; and diagnosed with respiratory diseases, appendicitis, and sickle-cell. Florida Hospitals experienced a USD 1.37 billion (average USD 8.3 million) decline in charges across the study period in 2020. Disproportionate decrease in hospital visits, particularly in the underserved population, suggest a combined effect of the persistent challenge of care access and changes in healthcare-seeking behavior during the pandemic. These findings suggest that providers and policymakers should emphasize alternative interventions/programs ensuring adequate care during the pandemic, particularly for high-risk children. Full article

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8 pages, 1056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gestational Age Alters Assessment of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

by Sasha Amiri and Jayasree Nair

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 50-57; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010009 - 28 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3053

Abstract

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) due to maternal opioid use affects both term and preterm infants; however, the relationship between gestational age and clinical symptomatology is still poorly understood. In this study, we compared the clinical features and outcomes of NAS in infants admitted [...] Read more.

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) due to maternal opioid use affects both term and preterm infants; however, the relationship between gestational age and clinical symptomatology is still poorly understood. In this study, we compared the clinical features and outcomes of NAS in infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) based on gestational age groups: preterm (32–36 6/7 weeks) and term (37 weeks or older). A retrospective data analysis was conducted using the medical records of infants with a diagnosis of NAS admitted to a regional perinatal center between 2014 and 2020. A modified Finnegan scoring system was used based on three different symptom categories, including Central Nervous System (CNS), Gastrointestinal (GI) and Other. In total, 166 infants with a diagnosis of NAS were included, with 52 (31%) who were preterm and 114 (69%) who were term. The highest NAS score was significantly lower for the preterm group than for the term group. Preterm infants were less likely to require first-line pharmacotherapy with morphine (52% versus 75%) and to experience GI symptoms during their hospitalization. Newer NAS assessment modalities, such as eat, sleep, console (ESC), may overcome the existing challenges of traditional scoring systems, but will require validation in preterm infants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neonatal Intensive Care and Neurophysiological Monitoring)

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2 pages, 167 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Acknowledgment to Reviewers of Pediatric Reports in 2021

by Pediatric Reports Editorial Office

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 48-49; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010008 - 27 Jan 2022

Viewed by 1768

Abstract

Rigorous peer-reviews are the basis of high-quality academic publishing [...] Full article

8 pages, 252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Nuchal Cord and Adverse Obstetric and Neonatal Outcomes: Retrospective Cohort Study

by Marta Młodawska, Jakub Młodawski, Grzegorz Świercz and Rafał Zieliński

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 40-47; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010007 - 24 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4256

Abstract

Objective: The twisting of the umbilical cord around the fetal neck is a common phenomenon in the delivery room, and despite the lack of univocal evidence of its negative impact on perinatal events, it causes anxiety and stress in patients. The aim of [...] Read more.

Objective: The twisting of the umbilical cord around the fetal neck is a common phenomenon in the delivery room, and despite the lack of univocal evidence of its negative impact on perinatal events, it causes anxiety and stress in patients. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of nuchal cord and its impact on adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study. All patients who gave birth in the clinic within one year (n = 1467) were included in the study group. We compared the prevalence of nuchal cord in distinct subgroups of patients. In the next stage, we estimated the chance of specific perinatal outcomes and compared the neonatal outcomes between groups with and without nuchal cord. Results: Nuchal cord was present in 24% of labors. It was twice as common among patients giving birth vaginally (32.14%) than among patients giving birth by a caesarean section (16.78%, p < 0.001). Nuchal cord was also more frequent in births with meconium-stained amniotic fluid (33.88% vs. 23.34%, p = 0.009). In the group of patients with nuchal cord, we observed a slight increase in the risk of a non-reassuring fetal heart rate trace (OR = 1.55, CI 95% 1.02–2.36) as an indication of the completion of labor by caesarean delivery. We did not note an increase in the risk of completing natural childbirth by vacuum extraction. In the group of nuchal cord patients, there was a higher chance of a serious or moderate neonatal condition in the first minute of life (Apgar 0–7 points) (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.14–3.49). Conclusions: Nuchal cord increases the risk of a caesarean delivery due to a non-reassuring fetal heart rate trace. Nuchal cord increases the chance of a reduced Apgar score (0–7 points) in the first minute of life. The observed relationships do not translate to neonatal arterial blood gas testing. Full article

8 pages, 1026 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Utility of Three-Dimensional Printing for Preoperative Assessment of Children with Extra-Cranial Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review

by Sachit Anand, Nellai Krishnan, Prabudh Goel, Anjan Kumar Dhua, Vishesh Jain, Devendra Kumar Yadav and Minu Bajpai

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 32-39; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010006 - 11 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2676

Abstract

Background: In cases with solid tumors, preoperative radiological investigations provide valuable information on the anatomy of the tumor and the adjoining structures, thus helping in operative planning. However, due to a two-dimensional view in these investigations, a detailed spatial relationship is difficult to [...] Read more.

Background: In cases with solid tumors, preoperative radiological investigations provide valuable information on the anatomy of the tumor and the adjoining structures, thus helping in operative planning. However, due to a two-dimensional view in these investigations, a detailed spatial relationship is difficult to decipher. In contrast, three-dimensional (3D) printing technology provides a precise topographic view to perform safe surgical resections of these tumors. This systematic review aimed to summarize and analyze current evidence on the utility of 3D printing in pediatric extra-cranial solid tumors. Methods: The present study was registered on PROSPERO—international prospective register of systematic reviews (registration number: CRD42020206022). PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar databases were explored with appropriate search criteria to select the relevant studies. Data were extracted to study the bibliographic information of each article, the number of patients in each study, age of the patient(s), type of tumor, organ of involvement, application of 3D printing (surgical planning, training, and/or parental education). The details of 3D printing, such as type of imaging used, software details, printing technique, printing material, and cost were also synthesized. Results: Eight studies were finally included in the systematic review. Three-dimensional printing technology was used in thirty children with Wilms tumor (n = 13), neuroblastoma (n = 7), hepatic tumors (n = 8), retroperitoneal tumor (n = 1), and synovial sarcoma (n = 1). Among the included studies, the technology was utilized for preoperative surgical planning (five studies), improved understanding of the surgical anatomy of solid organs (two studies), and improving the parental understanding of the tumor and its management (one study). Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were either performed alone or in combination for radiological evaluation in these children. Different types of printers and printing materials were used in the included studies. The cost of the 3D printed models and time involved (range 10 h to 4–5 days) were reported by two studies each. Conclusions: 3D printed models can be of great assistance to pediatric surgeons in understanding the spatial relationships of tumors with the adjacent anatomic structures. They also facilitate the understanding of families, improving doctor–patient communication. Full article

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6 pages, 1277 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Successful Treatment with Corticosteroids in an 11-Year-Old Patient with Crohn’s Disease and Myopericarditis—Case Report

by Joanna Ryzko, Katarzyna Zdanowicz, Dariusz Marek Lebensztejn and Urszula Daniluk

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 26-31; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010005 - 11 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2382

Abstract

Extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) are observed in 15–20% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). One of the rare EIMs is myocarditis, the incidence of which is estimated at around 1%. The main cause of myocarditis is a viral infection. Other causes include autoimmune [...] Read more.

Extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) are observed in 15–20% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). One of the rare EIMs is myocarditis, the incidence of which is estimated at around 1%. The main cause of myocarditis is a viral infection. Other causes include autoimmune diseases and drug complications (sulfasalazine, mesalazine). We present the case of an 11-year-old girl with Crohn’s disease (CD) with EIMs, manifested as hip joint inflammation and erythema nodosum. At the same time, the symptoms of myopericarditis appeared with changes in electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography and high troponin I concentration. Therapy with corticosteroids resulted in the resolution of skin lesions and cardiological symptoms. Systemic connective tissue diseases, viral and bacterial infections were excluded in the differential diagnosis. The suspicion of mesalazine-induced EIMs was also ruled out as the symptoms resolved despite continued therapy with mesalazine. No further recurrences of myopericarditis were observed. Full article

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6 pages, 839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Larger Physique as a Risk Factor for Infantile Appendicitis: A Retrospective Study

by Katsuhiro Nishimura, Keita Terui, Naoko Mise, Gen Matsuura, Mitsuyuki Nakata, Shugo Komatsu, Takeshi Saito and Tomoro Hishiki

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 20-25; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010004 - 4 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2146

Abstract

The clinical features and risk factors of acute appendicitis in infants are unclear. Our aim was to evaluate the association between anthropometrics and the occurrence of infantile appendicitis. This was a retrospective study of infants (<6 years of age) and school-age children (6–10 [...] Read more.

The clinical features and risk factors of acute appendicitis in infants are unclear. Our aim was to evaluate the association between anthropometrics and the occurrence of infantile appendicitis. This was a retrospective study of infants (<6 years of age) and school-age children (6–10 years of age) of Asian ethnicity who required hospitalization for appendicitis at our two participating institutions between 2004 and 2018. The Z-score for height, body weight, and body mass index (BMI) was compared between the two groups, as well as between patients presenting with perforated and non-perforated appendicitis. The analysis included data from 73 infants and 362 school-age children. Z-scores were greater in infants than in school-age children for height (0.37 versus −0.03, p = 0.003) and body weight (0.12 versus −0.36, p = 0.023), with no between-group difference for the Z-score of BMI. There was no difference in Z-scores for height, weight, and BMI between the perforated and non-perforated appendicitis infant groups. Infants presenting with acute appendicitis were characterized by a larger physique but with normal proportion. This trend was not observed in school-age children. Therefore, larger infants presenting with abdominal pain should be screened for appendicitis. Full article

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7 pages, 219 KiB

Open AccessReview

Endoscopic Ultrasonography in Children with Eosinophilic Esophagitis—A Review

by Tomasz Pytrus, Katarzyna Akutko, Anna Kofla-Dłubacz and Andrzej Stawarski

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 13-19; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010003 - 4 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2211

Abstract

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is a diagnostic endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract, during which ultrasound of nearby organs is also performed. It is also possible to perform a fine needle aspiration biopsy. Currently, EUS is performed more frequently in adults. Despite some limitations, [...] Read more.

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is a diagnostic endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract, during which ultrasound of nearby organs is also performed. It is also possible to perform a fine needle aspiration biopsy. Currently, EUS is performed more frequently in adults. Despite some limitations, this diagnostic method is also more and more often performed in pediatric patients. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the esophagus, which also occurs in children, and leads to irreversible fibrosis of the esophagus wall, if left untreated. Traditional methods of diagnosing and monitoring EoE treatment have significant limitations, and the use of EUS and total esophageal wall thickness (TWT) assessment may bring measurable benefits. Several studies have shown an increased thickening of TWT in EoE in children compared to pediatric patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease, and a decrease in TWT in adults who responded to EoE treatment. These results suggest that EUS and TWT measurement may become an important test in diagnostics, monitoring the effectiveness of therapy, assessing disease progression, and in individualizing the method and duration of EoE treatment also in children. Full article

5 pages, 3981 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Massive Pericardial Effusion in a 14-Year-Old Girl with Mild Fatigue and Neck Pain

by Ilaria Corsini, Davide Leardini, Filomena Carfagnini, Andrea Pession and Marcello Lanari

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 8-12; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010002 - 4 Jan 2022

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Abstract

Pericardial effusion is rare in pediatric patients and is characterized by a variable clinical presentation. Mild symptoms may be present despite severe effusion. We here report the case of a patient with massive pericardial effusion with mild clinical presentation. Our case points out [...] Read more.

Pericardial effusion is rare in pediatric patients and is characterized by a variable clinical presentation. Mild symptoms may be present despite severe effusion. We here report the case of a patient with massive pericardial effusion with mild clinical presentation. Our case points out the need not to exclude this diagnosis in patients with mild general impairment. This clinical suspicion can be lifesaving. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Thymic Tumours in Children

by Aleksandra Napieralska and Leszek Miszczyk

Pediatr. Rep. 2022, 14(1), 1-7; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14010001 - 23 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2406

Abstract

Thymomas are very rare neoplasms in children and they represent less than 1% of mediastinal tumours in the paediatric population. The aim of our study was to assess the long-term treatment results of children with thymic tumours. A total number of eight children [...] Read more.

Thymomas are very rare neoplasms in children and they represent less than 1% of mediastinal tumours in the paediatric population. The aim of our study was to assess the long-term treatment results of children with thymic tumours. A total number of eight children (four boys and four girls) with thymic tumours were identified. Median age at diagnosis was 7 years. In seven of them, thymoma was diagnosed; in one, a thymic carcinoma was diagnosed. In five of them, the WHO type was assessed: in two of them, the B1 type was found; in one, B2 was found; in one, AB was found, and in one, C was found. In all but one, surgery was the first-line treatment, but six patients had only partial resection. One patient started treatment with chemotherapy and four others received chemotherapy after the surgery. Radiotherapy was applied in six patients, with a median total dose of 37.5 Gy. Follow-up ranged from 8.5 to 273.5 months, with a median of 6.1 years. During this time, four patients died: one due to progression of the disease, and in the other three, the reason for death was unknown. In all evaluated patients, complete regression was observed (100% local control). Two-, 5- and 10-year OS and PFS were 85% and 72%, 51% and 54%, 51% and 54%, respectively. Combined treatment could provide satisfactory results in thymoma patients. There is a need for further, larger studies, which could help to establish optimal management strategies. Full article

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Pediatr. Rep., Volume 14, Issue 1 (March 2022) – 20 articles

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