Effectiveness of Family Coping Interventions in Improving Problem-Solving Skills in the Care of Children and Adolescent Cancer Survivors during and after Treatment: A Scoping Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Aspects
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Methodological Procedure
2.4. Data Collection and Organization
2.5. Article Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.6. Analysis of Results
3. Results
3.1. Search Results
3.2. Characteristics of Studies
3.3. Categories and Subcategories of Coping Strategies and Problem-Solving
3.3.1. Positive Attitudes
Sense of Courage and Hope
Family Support and Resilience
Future Planning
3.3.2. Empowerment of the Responsible Caregiver
Acceptance of the Diagnosis
Emotional Distancing
Coping through Spirituality and Religiosity
3.3.3. Communication Skills
Communication with the Professional Team
Horizontal Communication
Sincere Communication with Friends and Family
3.4. Coping and Problem-Solving
4. Discussion
4.1. Study Limitations
4.2. Implications for Nursing Practice
4.3. Future Research Direction
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Public Involvement Statement
Guidelines and Standards Statement
Use of Artificial Intelligence
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Database | Search Strategy |
---|---|
PubMed (n = 487) | (“Coping” OR “Coping Strategy” OR “Coping” OR “Problem solving” OR “Coping Skills” OR “Effectiveness”) AND (“Family” OR “Caregivers” OR “Family dynamics” OR “Family communication” OR “Family relationship”) AND (“Adaptation” OR “Psychological” OR “Adaptation strategy” OR “Adaptive Behavior”) AND (Child OR Children OR Childhood OR Pediatric OR adolescent* OR adolescent* OR childhood cancer survivors) AND (oncology OR neoplasms* OR tumor* OR Cancer*) AND (“Family environment” OR “Home environment” OR “Hospital environment “ OR “Specialized centers” OR “Religious communities” OR “Cultural communities” OR “Social support”) |
CINAHL (n = 117) | (“Coping” OR “Coping Strategy” OR “Coping” OR “Problem solving” OR “Coping Skills” OR “Effectiveness”) AND (“Family” OR “Caregivers” OR “Family dynamics” OR “Family communication” OR “Family relationship”) AND (“Adaptation” OR “Psychological” OR “Adaptation strategy” OR “Adaptive Behavior”) AND (Child OR Children OR Childhood OR Pediatric OR adolescent* OR adolescent* OR childhood cancer survivors) AND (oncology OR neoplasms* OR tumor* OR Cancer*) AND (“Family environment” OR “Home environment” OR “Hospital environment “ OR “Specialized centers” OR “Religious communities” OR “Cultural communities” OR “Social support”) |
SCOPUS (n = 109) | (“Coping” OR “Coping Strategy” OR “Coping” OR “Problem solving” OR “Coping Skills” OR “Effectiveness”) AND (“Family” OR “Caregivers” OR “Family dynamics” OR “Family communication” OR “Family relationship”) AND (“Adaptation” OR “Psychological” OR “Adaptation strategy” OR “Adaptive Behavior”) AND (Child OR Children OR Childhood OR Pediatric OR adolescent* OR adolescent* OR childhood cancer survivors) AND (oncology OR neoplasms* OR tumor* OR Cancer*) AND (“Family environment” OR “Home environment” OR “Hospital environment “ OR “Specialized centers” OR “Religious communities” OR “Cultural communities” OR “Social support”) |
Web of Science (n = 265) | (“Coping” OR “Coping Strategy” OR “Coping” OR “Problem solving” OR “Coping Skills” OR “Effectiveness”) AND (“Family” OR “Caregivers” OR “Family dynamics” OR “Family communication” OR “Family relationship”) AND (“Adaptation” OR “Psychological” OR “Adaptation strategy” OR “Adaptive Behavior”) AND (Child OR Children OR Childhood OR Pediatric OR adolescent* OR adolescent* OR childhood cancer survivors) AND (oncology OR neoplasms* OR tumor* OR Cancer*) AND (“Family environment” OR “Home environment” OR “Hospital environment “ OR “Specialized centers” OR “Religious communities” OR “Cultural communities” OR “Social support”) |
LILACS (n = 09) | (Criança OR Crianças OR Infância OR Pediátrico OR adolescente* OR adolescente* OR sobreviventes de câncer infantil OR Habilidades de enfrentamento OR Efetividade) AND (oncologia OR neoplasias* OR tumor* OR Câncer*))) AND (“Coping” OR “Estratégia de Coping” OR “Enfretamento” OR “Resolução de problemas” OR “Família” OR “Cuidadores” OR “Dinâmica familiar” OR “Diagnóstico” OR “Comunicação familiar” OR “Relação familiar”)) AND (“Ambiente familiar” OR “Ambiente doméstico” OR “Ambiente Hospitalar” OR “Centros especializados” OR “Comunidades religiosas” OR “Comunidades culturais” OR “Suporte social”) |
Code/Authorship/Year of Publication/Country of Study Publication/Journal | Methodological Design/Sample Size/Level of Evidence | Studies Objectives | Key Syntheses (Coping Strategies, Coping Skills, and Problem-Solving) |
---|---|---|---|
(E1)/Woźniak et al./2014/Poland/Menopause Review [31] | Qualitative Study/n = 10 families were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Describing the nature of coping skills developed by the family in caring for the cancer patient. | (1) Positive attitudes; (2) empowerment aimed at caring for the child with cancer; and (3) necessary communication skills related to health, to clarify the child’s condition. |
(E2)/Pei-Fan et al./2015/Taiwan/JBI Evidence Synthesis [32] | Qualitative study/n = 08 qualitative articles were included in the review/Level of Evidence (IV) | Understanding the experiences of family members during the year following the diagnosis of cancer in a child or adolescent in their family. | (1) Familial loss and the turmoil surrounding the cancer diagnosis; (2) a sense of courage and hope of mutual responsibility inspired by changes in circumstances; (3) increased family support enhancing the resilience of family members; (4) healthcare professional–patient communication; and (5) a positive attitude towards the illness and future planning. |
(E3)/Popp et al./2015/United States/Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing [33] | Qualitative study, through semi-structured interviews/n = 50 parents were included (n = 46 mothers and n = 04 fathers)/Level of Evidence (IV) | (1) Evaluate the experience of parents with a child diagnosed with cancer; (2) analyze parents’ hope, family functioning, and caregiving perceptions that distinguish parents who have adapted to the diagnosis versus those who have not. | (1) Acceptance of the diagnosis; (2) conflicting thoughts about the child’s diagnosis; (3) emotional distancing of parents from their children as a resilience behavior; (4) adaptation time to the diagnosis and treatment; and (5) effective communication with healthcare professionals. |
(E4)/Nóia et al./2015/Brazil/Investigación y Educación en Enfermería—Research and Education in Nursing [34] | Qualitative study, with descriptive-exploratory design/n = 10 families were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Analyzing how family members cope with the hospitalization scenario due to the diagnosis of childhood cancer. | (1) Family coping in the face of diagnosis; and (2) family coping in the face of hospitalization. |
(E5)/Van der Geest et al./2015/Netherlands/Journal of Palliative Medicine [35] | Qualitative study/n = 89 parents were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | (1) Explore the role of faith and hope as sources of coping; (2) analyze long-term parental adjustment as an indicator. | (1) Coping through faith; (2) coping through hope; and (3) feelings of possibility of cure. |
(E6)/He et al./2016/China/Cancer Nursing [36] | Qualitative study, with descriptive correlational approach/n = 95 parents were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | (1) Measure uncertainty, coping strategies, and growth through uncertainty (GTU); (2) explore the relationships among parents of children with acute leukemia in China; (3) explore factors related to parental uncertainty regarding coping skills. | (1) Reordering and reorganization of family priorities; (2) positive strategies (optimism) for coping with stress and unpredictability surrounding treatment. |
(E7)/Lakkis et al./2016/Lebanon/Psycho-Oncology [37] | Qualitative cross-sectional study/n = 114 parents were included (n = 85 mothers and n = 29 fathers)/Level of Evidence (IV) | (1) Determine the prevalence of psychological distress (PD) among parents of Lebanese children with cancer; (2) investigate associated stressors and coping strategies used by parents. | (1) Financial adjustment of families and parental job stability as a form of coping; (2) optimistic outlook regarding treatment; and (3) family integration. |
(E8)/Penner et al./2016/United States/Clinical Psychological Science [38] | Longitudinal study/n = 99 parents were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | (1) Examine variability: caregivers’ trends toward self-distancing when reflecting on their feelings about their children’s treatments; (2) measure caregivers’ anxiety levels at the study’s outset, anticipatory anxiety during treatment procedures, and caregivers’ psychological distress. | (1) Self-distancing as a coping strategy (self-distancing protected caregivers of children with cancer with more pronounced anxiety traits from short- and long-term distress, without promoting treatment avoidance). |
(E9)/Cox/2016/Australia/European Journal of Cancer Care [39] | Qualitative study through semi-structured interviews/n = 38 parents included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Examine parents’ experiences and coping strategies during their child’s cancer diagnosis. | (1) Family coping upon diagnosis; and (2) family coping during hospitalization. |
(E10)/Hendricks-Ferguson et al./2017/United States/Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Nursing [40] | Pilot study of multicenter, prospective, longitudinal single-group design/n = 11 families were included/Level of Evidence (II) | (1) To determine the feasibility, acceptability, and responses related to a communication intervention (coping) titled “Communication Plan: From Diagnosis to End of Life” for parents of children with brain tumors. | (1) Coping with decisions; (2) reframing hope; (3) reducing uncertainties related to treatment; and (4) effective horizontal communication with the multidisciplinary team. |
(E11)/Doumit et al./2017/Lebanon/Journal of Psychosocial Oncology [41] | Qualitative study, through semi-structured interviews/n = 11 families were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | To gain a deep understanding of the factors that facilitate and hinder coping methods for Lebanese parents with a child with cancer. | (1) Social and family support; (2) strong religious beliefs; (3) effective horizontal communication with the multidisciplinary team; and (4) sincere and open communication with family members. |
(E12)/Wiener et al./2017/United States/Psychooncology [42] | Qualitative, cross-sectional, multicenter study, through questionnaire application and semi-structured interviews/n = 192 parents included/Level of Evidence (IV) | (1) Explore how having a child with cancer affects the quality of family relationships; (2) identify factors that help couples remain emotionally engaged during childhood cancer treatment; (3) evaluate parents’ interest in counseling intervention. | (1) Coping through family counseling (family therapy); (2) emotional connection; and (3) family adjustment. |
(E13)/Abdoljabbari et al./2018/Somalia/Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention [43] | Qualitative study through semi-structured interviews/n = 15 parents were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Evaluate the spiritual state as a coping strategy of parents of children with cancer. | (1) Spiritual coping; (2) spiritual avoidance; and (3) spiritual growth during the treatment process. |
(E14)/Chivukula et al./2018/India/Indian Journal of Palliative Care [44] | Qualitative study, through semi-structured interviews/n = 100 parents included (n = 50 mothers and n = 50 fathers)/Level of Evidence (IV) | (1) Determine whether mothers and fathers of children suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) differ in coping and spirituality; (2) determine if there is a relationship between caregiver burden dimensions, coping, and spirituality among caregivers of children with ALL; (3) determine if coping and spirituality predict caregiver burden. | (1) Coping through religion; (2) acceptance of the child’s health condition; (3) use of instrumental support; (4) use of emotional support; and (5) coping through ecological awareness. |
(E15)/Cutillo et al./2018/Great Britain/Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics [45] | Qualitative study, through semi-structured interviews/n = 40 parents included/Level of Evidence (IV) | To determine which coping strategies caregivers employ to deal with the stress of a child recently undergoing surgical treatment for a newly diagnosed brain tumor. | (1) Active coping; (2) acceptance coping; (3) emotion-focused coping; (4) spiritual coping; (5) social support; and (6) post-traumatic growth. |
(E16)/Nikfarid et al./2018/Iran/Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Nursing [46] | Qualitative study, using purposive sampling/n = 08 mothers were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Explain the dimensions of religious coping in mothers of children with cancer in Iran. | (1) Coping through religion; (2) emotion regulation; (3) reframing uncertainties about treatment; and (4) establishing a new family dynamic. |
(E17)/Doumit et al./2019/Lebanon/European Journal of Oncology Nursing [47] | Qualitative study, through semi-structured interviews/n = 11 families were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | To understand the meaning of spirituality as a coping mechanism for parents of cancer patients in Lebanon. | (1) Coping through spirituality; (2) connection and closeness with other parents of children with cancer; (3) effective and transparent communication with the multidisciplinary team. |
(E18)/Clever et al./2019/Germany/Family Process [48] | Qualitative Study, Cross-Sectional/n = 108 Parents Included/Level of Evidence (IV) | (1) Investigate individual and dyadic coping strategies of mothers and fathers of children with hematologic cancer; (2) analyze how these strategies relate to Fear of Progression (FoP). | (1) Coping through family interaction; and (2) maintenance of psychological support. |
(E19)/Lyu et al./2019/China/Cancer Nursing [49] | Qualitative study, with mixed methods/n = 212 families were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Assess the perceived family impact and coping during the child’s hospitalization for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), treatment; (2) identify potential predictors of perceived family impact. | (1) Coping through psychological and therapeutic support strategies; (2) change in family dynamics; (3) social support from friends and family. |
(E20)/Paula et al./2019/Brazil/Revista Cuidarte [50] | Descriptive, cross-sectional study with a qualitative approach/n = 27 caregivers were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Understand how families cope with the diagnosis of childhood cancer. | (1) Optimistic approach to diagnosis and treatment; and (2) knowledge as a form of relief. |
(E21)/Díaz-Morales et al./2019/Mexico/Revista Cuidarte [51] | Correlational descriptive study/n = 31 family members were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Describe and analyze the relationship between symptoms of pain, nausea, and vomiting in children with cancer and describe family care strategies when faced with these symptoms. | (1) Coping through religious belief; and (2) music therapy. |
(E22)/Schoors et al./2019/Belgium/Frontiers of Psychology [52] | Qualitative, cross-sectional study/n = 123 parents were included (n = 70 mothers and n = 53 fathers)/Level of Evidence (IV) | (1) Explore the role of protective factors at the individual (parental psychological flexibility), intrafamily (dyadic coping), and contextual level (support network) in explaining family adjustment as a strategy perceived by parents of children with leukemia or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; (2) analyze whether protective factors could be predictive elements for the family later. | (1) Coping through psychological support; (2) network support; and (3) direction of interventions by the multidisciplinary team. |
(E23)/Lyu et al./2019/China/Journal of Pediatric Nursing [53] | Descriptive qualitative study/n = 24 parents were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Explore how Chinese families cope with children being hospitalized for cancer treatment. | (1) Coping through family interaction (emotional closeness); (2) optimistic thoughts; (3) external support; and (4) truthful information about your child’s health condition. |
(E24)/Salvador et al./2019/Portugal/Psycho-Oncology [54] | Qualitative, cross-sectional study/n = 205 parents were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Examine the contribution of individuals (positive reappraisal) and family factors (parental satisfaction, couple relationship, quality of life, and difficulties in family life) to the psychological well-being (PWB) of parents of children/adolescents diagnosed with cancer. | (1) Coping through the positive reappraisal strategy; and (2) change in family dynamics. |
(E25)/Liu et al./2020/China/Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Nursing [55] | Qualitative study, using in-depth face-to-face interviews/n = 10 parents were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | To describe parental experiences of having a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in China. | (1) Coping through parental resilience; (2) coping through perceived hope; (3) support services to strengthen families’ specific protective factors (i.e., family/community support) and positive coping; (4) effective communication with the healthcare team (through educational materials); and (5) coping through ongoing personalized interventions. |
(E26)/Padeniya et al./2020/India/Acta Oncologica [56] | Qualitative, cross-sectional study/n = 200 mothers were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | To evaluate maternal coping and strategies in response to their children with cancer in Sri Lanka. | (1) Coping through family integration; (2) cooperation between family members; (3) optimistic definition of your child’s healing; (4) horizontal communication with the multidisciplinary team; and (5) coping through religiosity. |
(E27)/Tan et al./2020/Singapore/Clinical Nursing Research [57] | Qualitative study, using semi-structured interviews/n = 10 mothers were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Explore caregiving stress, coping strategies, and support needs of mothers caring for children/adolescents with cancer during the active treatment phase. | (1) Coping through the support network (friends, family and healthcare team); and (2) coping through educational booklets on cancer treatment protocols. |
(E28)/Omari et al./2021/Oman/Cancer Nursing [58] | Qualitative study/n = 10 mothers were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Explore the lived experiences of Omani mothers caring for children with leukemia, using an interpretive phenomenological analysis design. | (1) Coping through viable support systems (other mothers, family members, and professional staff). |
(E29)/López et al./2021/Spanish/European Journal of Cancer Care [59] | Qualitative interpretative phenomenological analysis study (IPA)/n = 10 caregivers were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Explore the mediating role of emotional avoidance and acceptance in parents’ emotional adjustment throughout illness. | (1) Coping through acceptance of the oncological diagnosis; (2) parental emotional self-avoidance; and (3) change in family dynamics. |
(E30)/Koumarianou et al./2021/Greece/Palliative and Supportive Care [60] | Qualitative study, through an integrative literature review/n = 17 qualitative studies were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Evaluate the evidence on psychosocial interventions aimed at families during their children’s active lives in cancer treatment and make recommendations for the direction of future research. | (1) Coping through cognitive-behavioral therapy strategies; and (2) training in problem-solving skills aimed at maternal distress. |
(E31)/Yeung et al./2021/China/International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [61] | Qualitative study/n = 15 parents were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Describe stressors and psychosocial effects on adaptation experienced by Chinese parents of children with cancer or hematological disease disturbances in Hong Kong during the transition and survival phases. | (1) Coping by focusing on the problem; (2) seek information to alleviate your concern; (3) talk to other parents who deal with the same problem; (4) seek social support from NGOs; (5) positive mindset; (6) signifying illness through faith; (7) coping through work; and (8) coping through meditation. |
(E32)/Basile et al./2021/United States/Journal of Pediatric Psychology [62] | Pilot study without randomization/n = 238 caregivers were included/Level of Evidence (II) | To examine the roles of constructive and dysfunctional problem-solving strategies in the relationships between illness uncertainty and adjustment outcomes (i.e., anxious, depressive, and posttraumatic stress symptoms) in caregivers of children newly diagnosed with cancer. | (1) Coping through dysfunctional problem-solving strategies; and (2) adaptation to your child’s oncological diagnosis. |
(E33)/Miller et al./2022/United States/Cancer Medicine [63] | Qualitative study/n = 36 caregivers were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Understand how caregivers of children with brain tumors use social media as a coping strategy. | (1) Coping using social media such as Facebook, sharing information about your children’s diagnosis and ways of positive coping with other families with the same health condition. |
(E34)/Farinha et al./2022/Brazil/Revista Bioética [64] | Qualitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study/n = 30 informal caregivers were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | To identify the use of religious/spiritual coping in informal caregivers of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia through application of the brief religious/spiritual coping scale. | (1) Coping through religiosity and spirituality. |
(E35)/Wang et al./2022/China/Cancer Nursing [65] | Qualitative study, using semi-structured interviews/n = 32 caregivers were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | To study the psychological adaptation process of parents caring for pediatric patients with leukemia. | (1) Coping through hope; (2) family integration; and (3) psychological adaptation. |
(E36)/Eche et al./2022/United States/Cancer Nursing [66] | Qualitative study, through systematic review/n = 17 studies were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | To comprehensively describe the experiences of hope in parents of children with cancer. | (1) Coping through hope; (2) coping through religiosity and spirituality; and (3) coping through adequate communication with the multidisciplinary team. |
(E37)/Koutelekos et al./2023/Greece/Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology [16] | Qualitative study/n = 85 parents were included (n = 65 mothers and n = 20 fathers)/Level of Evidence (IV) | Explore the coping strategies used by Greek parents who have children with cancer. | (1) Coping through religiosity. |
(E38)/Mensah et al./2023/Ghana/BMC Psychology [21] | Qualitative, descriptive, phenomenological study, using semi-structured interviews/n = 20 caregivers were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Explore the tensions, resources, and coping strategies of families and caregivers of children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer in Ghana. | (1) Coping through religiosity; (2) self-motivation; (3) family cohesion; and (4) community support. |
(E39)/Chong et al./2023/Malaysia/Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health [67] | Qualitative, descriptive study/n = 13 parents were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Exploring spirituality among Malaysian Muslim caregivers of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | (1) Coping through hope; and (2) coping through spirituality. |
(E40)/Deribe et al./2023/Ethiopia/BMJ Open [68] | Qualitative, phenomenological study/n = 21 parents were included (n = 15 mothers and n = 06 fathers)/Level of Evidence (IV) | Explore sources of stress, conditions that help reduce stress levels, and coping strategies among parents of children with cancer. | (1) Addressing the child’s health condition through counseling by the multidisciplinary team; (2) social support; (3) acceptance of the child’s condition; (4) spirituality; and (5) communication with healthcare providers. |
(E41)/Ochoa-Dominguez et al./2023/United States/International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [69] | Qualitative study, using semi-structured interviews/n = 15 parents were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Describe the psychological health of Hispanic parents and explore their coping strategies. | (1) Problem-focused coping (self-efficacy, behavioral change and social support); (2) emotion-focused coping (religious practices and positive reframing); and (3) avoidant coping (denial and self-distraction). |
(E42)/Phiri et al./2023/China/Psycho-Oncology [70] | Qualitative study, through systematic review with meta-analysis/n = 14 studies were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Assess the evidence on the effectiveness of psychoeducational interventions (PEIs) in reducing anxiety and depressive symptoms, improving health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and coping skills in caregivers of children with cancer. | (1) Coping through psychoeducational interventions. |
(E43)/Bates et al./2023/United States/Journal of Pediatric Nursing [71] | Qualitative, cross-sectional study/n = 44 parents were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Gather caregivers’ perspectives on barriers and facilitators to adaptive family functioning during the early stages of cancer treatment, with a focus on family rules and routines. | (1) Coping through the support network; and (2) coping through routines and rules in the family nucleus. |
(E44)/Smith et al./2024/United States/Journal of Psychosocial Oncology [72] | Qualitative study, using semi-structured interviews/n = 183 parents were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Identify links between caregiver hope, caregiver coping behaviors, and caregiver training versus rejection of emotional socialization (ES) beliefs in a pediatric cancer sample. | (1) Coping through hope; and (2) emotional coaching. |
(E45)/Bates et al./2024/United States/Journal of Pediatric Psychology [73] | Cross-sectional qualitative study/n = 86 parents were included/Level of Evidence (IV) | Quantify family involvement during pediatric cancer treatment and associations with children’s emotional and behavioral health. | (1) Coping through routines and rules in the family nucleus. |
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Prates, P.E.G.; Correa-Júnior, A.J.S.; Russo, T.M.d.S.; Paraizo-Horvath, C.M.S.; Teles, A.A.d.S.; Sonobe, H.M. Effectiveness of Family Coping Interventions in Improving Problem-Solving Skills in the Care of Children and Adolescent Cancer Survivors during and after Treatment: A Scoping Review. Nurs. Rep. 2024, 14, 2153-2178. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14030161
Prates PEG, Correa-Júnior AJS, Russo TMdS, Paraizo-Horvath CMS, Teles AAdS, Sonobe HM. Effectiveness of Family Coping Interventions in Improving Problem-Solving Skills in the Care of Children and Adolescent Cancer Survivors during and after Treatment: A Scoping Review. Nursing Reports. 2024; 14(3):2153-2178. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14030161
Chicago/Turabian StylePrates, Pedro Emílio Gomes, Antonio Jorge Silva Correa-Júnior, Tatiana Mara da Silva Russo, Camila Maria Silva Paraizo-Horvath, André Aparecido da Silva Teles, and Helena Megumi Sonobe. 2024. "Effectiveness of Family Coping Interventions in Improving Problem-Solving Skills in the Care of Children and Adolescent Cancer Survivors during and after Treatment: A Scoping Review" Nursing Reports 14, no. 3: 2153-2178. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14030161