Conceptualizing Inclusive Learning and Development: A Framework towards Entrepreneurial Competency Practices for Sustainability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Gaps to Entrepreneurial Competencies (EC) for Sustainability
2.1. The Teacher as a Coach and as an Interlocutor
2.2. Inclusive L&D
3. Methods
4. Meaning of Entrepreneurial Competencies
4.1. Conceptualization and Dimensions of Entrepreneurial Competencies
4.2. Assessment and Measurement of Entrepreneurial Competencies
4.3. Entrepreneurial Competency Policies
4.4. Entrepreneurial Competency and Sustainability
4.5. Entrepreneurial Competency Theories
4.5.1. Behaviorist
4.5.2. Constructivist
4.5.3. Cognitive
4.5.4. Humanist
4.6. Entrepreneurial Competency Delivery—Pedagogy (P), Andragogy (A), and Heutagogy (H)
5. Measurement of Entrepreneurial Competencies (EC)
6. An Inclusive L&D Framework of Entrepreneurial Competency Practices (IFECP) for Sustainability
7. An Inclusive Framework of Entrepreneurial Competency (IFECP)
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Topics Covered | Authors |
---|---|
a. Conceptualization and dimensions of entrepreneurial competencies | [14,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65] |
b. Assessment and measurement of entrepreneurial competencies | [57,62,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75] |
c. Entrepreneurial competency policies | [65,76,77,78] |
d. Entrepreneurial competency and sustainability | [56,68,79,80,81,82] |
e. Entrepreneurial competency approaches | [83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93] |
f. Entrepreneurial competency delivery | [94,95,96,97,98,99] |
Main Continuum | Cognitive Competencies | Non-Cognitive Competencies | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Theoretical Themes | Cognitive | Behaviorist | Humanist | |||||||||||
Attributes | Problem Solving | Baseline Knowledge | Personal Fit | Opportunity Recognition | Interpersonal | Risk Management | Leadership Skills | Resource Leverage | Conveying a Compelling Vision | Passion | Resilient | Innovativeness | Self-Efficacy | Tenacity (Perseverance) |
Authors | ||||||||||||||
Krueger and Brazeal (1994) [116] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||
Leitch and Harrison (1999) [117] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||
Man, Lau, and Chan (2002) [56] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||
Mojab, Zaefarian, and Azizi (2011) [118] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||
Sánchez (2011) [54] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||
Bagheri and Pihie (2011) [119] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||
Sánchez (2013) [120] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||
Cardon, Gregoire, Stevens, and Patel (2013) [121] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||
Rezaei-Zadeh, Hogan, O’Reilly, Cleary, and Murphy (2014) [122] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
Jena and Kumar Sahoo (2014) [123] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||
Lackéus and Middleton (2015) [124] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||
Kyndt and Baert (2015) [68] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||
Gümüsay and Bohné (2018) [125] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||
Stroe, Parida, and Wincent (2018) [126] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||
Newman, Obschonka, Schwarz, Cohen, and Nielsen (2019) [127] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||
Bellini, Favretto, Noveta, Gianesini, Ciabuschi, Leitao and Jain (2019) [128] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Learning Theories | | ||
Learning Delivery | Pedagogy | Andragogy | Heutagogy |
Role of Interlocutors | Designing the learning process, imposing the material; educators are assumed to know best | Enabler or facilitator, collaborative climate, respectful and openness | Develop learners’ capabilities. -Knowing how to learn, being creative, self-efficacy, skill application, collaborative |
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Chander, N.; Siow, M.L.; Ramachandran, S.; Kunasekaran, P.; Rathakrishnan, T. Conceptualizing Inclusive Learning and Development: A Framework towards Entrepreneurial Competency Practices for Sustainability. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6905. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176905
Chander N, Siow ML, Ramachandran S, Kunasekaran P, Rathakrishnan T. Conceptualizing Inclusive Learning and Development: A Framework towards Entrepreneurial Competency Practices for Sustainability. Sustainability. 2020; 12(17):6905. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176905
Chicago/Turabian StyleChander, Naidu, May Ling Siow, Sridar Ramachandran, Puvaneswaran Kunasekaran, and Thanuja Rathakrishnan. 2020. "Conceptualizing Inclusive Learning and Development: A Framework towards Entrepreneurial Competency Practices for Sustainability" Sustainability 12, no. 17: 6905. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176905