Morphological Characteristics of Informal Settlements and Strategic Suggestions for Urban Sustainable Development in Tanzania: Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and Kigoma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Tanzania’s Informal Settlements
2.2. Case Area Selection and Description
2.2.1. Chamazi
2.2.2. Buhongwa
2.2.3. Gungu
2.3. Data Collection and Processing
2.3.1. Field Survey Data
2.3.2. GIS and Remote Sensing Data
2.4. Morphological Analysis
2.4.1. Building Form
2.4.2. Road Connectivity
3. Results
3.1. The Densification Process of Informal Settlements
3.1.1. Change in Building Area
3.1.2. Differences in Building Unit Density
3.1.3. Change in Vegetation Coverage
3.1.4. Changes in Building Landscape
3.2. Morphological Characteristics of Informal Settlements
3.2.1. Block Texture
3.2.2. Road Network Structure and Accessibility
3.2.3. Distribution Characteristics of Building Density
- (1)
- With the increase in the road network density, building density tended to increase (Figure 9). Convenient transportation can promote economic development within settlements since the main economic activities are conducted along the main roads. Buildings were also found to be concentrated around the roads. In informal settlements, buildings tend to be established first, with roads formed around them. The road network was complex and irregular with poor road conditions, which reduce residents’ quality of life and limit the economic development potential of the settlements.
- (2)
- The results showed that building density decreased with increases in slope (Figure 10). Many of the buildings in informal settlements were constructed ignoring slope conditions. The total area and average number of buildings with a slope of more than 15 degrees were largest in Chamazi, followed by Buhongwa and Gungu. Floods and landslides are significant environmental problems in these settlements. The demolition and reconstruction of residential areas have also caused difficulties.
- (3)
- With the increase in the ENN distance, building density tended to decrease (Figure 11). We found that the average distance between buildings was about 10 m, which gradually decreased over time. Many buildings are very close together and have a disordered orientation.
- (4)
- With an increase in the average building area, building density increased (Figure 12). The average building area was about 85 m2 in Dar es Salaam, and about 75 m2 in Mwanza and Kigoma. Most of the newly built houses have a large area, with more permanent building materials used. The newly built houses (mostly with courtyard walls) and old smaller houses (mostly semi-open) were both separated and intermixed. There was an obvious social gap between the residents of these two building types.
- (5)
- With increasing building density, building quality tended to worsen (Figure 13). In 2013, the building densities of Chamazi and Gungu were 6.712% and 23.237%, respectively; in 2016, the building density of Buhongwa was only 1.615%. New, good quality housing in Chamazi and Gungu was mostly distributed in newly developed areas with a lower building density, low population, and poor infrastructure conditions. Settlements mainly expanded horizontally, with building quality and density showing a negative correlation. In most areas of Buhongwa, building density remained low over time, with newly added houses interspersed with old houses. Building construction was mainly in the process of densification. Therefore, the relationship between building quality and building density was not obvious.
3.3. Functional Development of Informal Settlements
3.3.1. Number and Composition of Residents
3.3.2. Infrastructure Development
3.3.3. Living Environment and Health
4. Discussion
4.1. Building Density Control
4.2. Environmental Protection
4.3. Road Planning
4.4. Local Autonomy
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Evaluating Indicator | Observation | Score |
---|---|---|
Courtyard | 30% and below have a courtyard | 1 |
30–70% have a courtyard | 3 | |
70% and above have a courtyard | 5 | |
Roofing materials | 30% and below are concrete, ceramic tile, or high quality iron sheet | 1 |
30–70% are concrete, ceramic tile, or high quality iron sheet | 3 | |
70% and above are concrete, ceramic tile, or high quality iron sheet | 5 | |
Wall materials | 30% and below are permanent materials such as bricks or cement | 1 |
30–70% are permanent materials such as bricks or cement | 3 | |
70% and above are permanent materials such as bricks or cement | 5 | |
Degree of mixed land use | Mainly used for living | 1 |
Mix of residence and agriculture | 3 | |
Mix of residence, industry, and commerce | 5 |
Parameter | Chamazi | Buhongwa | Gungu | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005 | 2010 | 2013 | 2004 | 2010 | 2016 | 2003 | 2010 | 2013 | |
Smallest building area (m2) | 8 | 7 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 5 |
Average building area (m2) | 87 | 86 | 85 | 53 | 63 | 76 | 74 | 75 | 75 |
Largest building area (m2) | 840 | 2151 | 2151 | 380 | 460 | 1630 | 1474 | 1474 | 1474 |
Total building area (m2) | 116,324 | 468,453 | 1,008,774 | 51,859 | 142,183 | 522,199 | 177,597 | 315,130 | 1,008,774 |
Standard deviation | 63.067 | 75.726 | 68.649 | 43.513 | 50.000 | 69.032 | 66.768 | 67.676 | 67.203 |
Number of buildings (unit) | 1334 | 5429 | 11844 | 977 | 2246 | 6871 | 2382 | 4225 | 4920 |
Building unit density (unit/ha) | 0.9 | 3.6 | 7.9 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 5.0 | 8.9 | 10.4 |
Building coverage (%) | 0.774 | 3.117 | 6.712 | 0.16 | 0.44 | 1.615 | 3.739 | 6.634 | 21.237 |
Chamazi | Buhongwa | Gungu | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005 | 2010 | 2013 | 2004 | 2010 | 2016 | 2003 | 2010 | 2013 | |
Vegetation area (km2) | 6.492 | 4.538 | 2.482 | 8.366 | 7.664 | 6.259 | 1.557 | 1.264 | 1.195 |
Vegetation coverage (%) | 43.2 | 30.2 | 16.5 | 25.9 | 23.7 | 19.4 | 32.8 | 26.6 | 25.2 |
Index | Chamazi | Buhongwa | Gungu | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005 | 2010 | 2013 | 2004 | 2010 | 2016 | 2003 | 2010 | 2013 | |
SEI | 0.9731 | 0.9724 | 0.9760 | 0.9646 | 0.9671 | 0.9673 | 0.9699 | 0.9703 | 0.9704 |
MSI | 1.192 | 1.197 | 1.193 | 1.206 | 1.218 | 1.218 | 1.228 | 1.231 | 1.230 |
SD of MSI | 0.0924 | 0.0898 | 0.0828 | 0.0810 | 0.1020 | 0.1021 | 0.1165 | 0.1152 | 0.1138 |
SDI | 6.9951 | 8.3619 | 9.1538 | 6.6349 | 7.4603 | 8.5458 | 7.5388 | 8.1009 | 8.2484 |
ENN(m) | 15.81 | 10.96 | 9.82 | 10.59 | 10.71 | 11.17 | 11.29 | 10.31 | 10.28 |
Ward | L | N | α | β | γ | Overall Road Network Density (km/km2) | Main Road Network Density (km/km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chamazi | 578 | 346 | 0.3392 | 1.6705 | 0.5601 | 6.5863 | 0.6811 |
Buhongwa | 527 | 319 | 0.3302 | 1.6520 | 0.5542 | 3.1533 | 0.1765 |
Gungu | 336 | 184 | 0.4215 | 1.8261 | 0.6154 | 8.6643 | 1.0499 |
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Zhang, J.; Shuang Chen, S.; Gao, Q.; Shen, Q.; Kimirei, I.A.; Mapunda, D.W. Morphological Characteristics of Informal Settlements and Strategic Suggestions for Urban Sustainable Development in Tanzania: Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and Kigoma. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3807. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093807
Zhang J, Shuang Chen S, Gao Q, Shen Q, Kimirei IA, Mapunda DW. Morphological Characteristics of Informal Settlements and Strategic Suggestions for Urban Sustainable Development in Tanzania: Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and Kigoma. Sustainability. 2020; 12(9):3807. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093807
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Jiaqi, Sophia Shuang Chen, Qun Gao, Qiushi Shen, Ismael Aaron Kimirei, and Damas William Mapunda. 2020. "Morphological Characteristics of Informal Settlements and Strategic Suggestions for Urban Sustainable Development in Tanzania: Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and Kigoma" Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3807. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093807
APA StyleZhang, J., Shuang Chen, S., Gao, Q., Shen, Q., Kimirei, I. A., & Mapunda, D. W. (2020). Morphological Characteristics of Informal Settlements and Strategic Suggestions for Urban Sustainable Development in Tanzania: Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and Kigoma. Sustainability, 12(9), 3807. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093807