Assessment of Land Ecological Security and Analysis of Influencing Factors in Chaohu Lake Basin, China from 1998–2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methodology
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
3. Methods
3.1. Land- Use Classification
3.2. Analysis of Land Use Change
3.2.1. Land Use Dynamic Degree Models
3.2.2. Characterizing Land Use Transition
3.3. Assessment of Land Ecological Security
3.3.1. Establishment of the LES Assessment Framework
3.3.2. Determination of the Assessment Unit
3.3.3. Standardization of the Assessment Index
3.3.4. Determination of Index Weight
3.3.5. Calculating Comprehensive LES Index
3.3.6. Definitions of LES Level
3.4. Geographical Detector Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Analysis of Land Use Change
4.1.1. Change in the Quantity of Land Use
4.1.2. Characterizing the Transfer Direction of Land Use
4.1.3. Land Use Change Spatial Map Analysis
4.2. Land Ecological Security Assessment
4.2.1. Overall Characteristics of LES in Municipal Areas
4.2.2. Characteristics of Spatial Structure of LES Based on Grid
4.3. Identification of Influencing Factors of LES
5. Discussion
5.1. Driving Forces of Land Use Change in CLB
5.2. Analysis of the LES Pattern in CLB
5.3. Analysis of Influencing Factors of LES
5.4. Limitations
6. Conclusions
- The significant expansion of urban land led to different degrees of reduction in other land use types. In addition, more significant land use change occurred from 2008 to 2018 compared to 1998–2008 in the CLB. The cropland was the main converted direction of other land use types and urban land was mainly converted from cropland, grassland, and forestland.
- In the CLB (administrative district scale), the LES levels varied throughout the study period. The LES improved significantly in five regions, namely Changfeng, Lujiang, Wuwei, Chaohu and Feixi. However, the LES in other six regions showed different degrees of decline, especially in Hexian and Urban Hefei. At the grid scale, the LES in CLB showed a gradual improvement trend.
- Anthropogenic factors, such as electricity consumption per cropland area, pesticide use per cropland area and anthropogenic disturbance index had stronger impacts on LES than natural factors (e.g., NDVI).
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Year | Sensor | Acquisition Date (Path/Row) |
---|---|---|
1998 | TM | 1998-4-19 (121/38), 1998-4-28 (120/38) |
2008 | TM | 2008-5-16 (121/38), 2009-4-26 (120/38) |
2018 | OLI | 2018-4-10 (121/38), 2018-4/19 (120/38) |
Index | Data Sources |
---|---|
Per capita cropland area | Socio-economic development Statistics Bulletins and land use data |
Pesticide use per cropland area | |
Fertilizer use per cropland area | |
Economic density | Statistical yearbook |
Land use intensity | Land use data |
Anthropogenic disturbance index | |
Grain yield per capita | Statistical yearbook |
Mechanization degree of the agricultural area | Socio-economic development Statistics Bulletins and land use data |
Electricity consumption per cropland area | |
Slope | DEM |
Proportion of water area | Land use data |
NDVI | Remote sensing images |
Per capita GDP | Statistical yearbook |
Proportion of tertiary industry | |
Per capita net income of farmers | |
Afforestation area |
Target Layer | Project Layer | Number | Index Layer | Unit | Index Attribute | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land Ecological Security (LES) | Pressure | X1 | Per capita cropland area | hm2/capita | + | [30,35] |
X2 | Pesticide use per cropland area | kg/hm2 | − | [59] | ||
X3 | Fertilizer use per cropland area | kg/hm2 | − | [30,59] | ||
X4 | Economic density | yuan/km2 | − | [59] | ||
X5 | Land use intensity | / | − | [61] | ||
X6 | Anthropogenic disturbance index | / | − | [36] | ||
State | X7 | Grain yield per capita | kg/capita | + | [26] | |
X8 | Mechanization degree of the agricultural area | Kw/hm2 | + | [62] | ||
X9 | Electricity consumption per cropland area | Kw h/hm2 | + | [63] | ||
X10 | Slope | / | − | [38,64] | ||
X11 | Proportion of water area | % | + | [36] | ||
X12 | NDVI | / | + | [30,36] | ||
Response | X13 | Per capita GDP | yuan | + | [34,36] | |
X14 | Proportion of tertiary industry | % | + | [35,36] | ||
X15 | Per capita net income of farmers | yuan | + | [59,64] | ||
X16 | Afforestation area | hm2 | + | [30,65] |
Project Layer | Index Layer | Weight | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1998 | 2008 | 2018 | ||
Pressure | Per capita cropland land area | 0.0672 | 0.0812 | 0.0848 |
The pesticide use per cropland area | 0.0666 | 0.0675 | 0.0529 | |
The fertilizer use per cropland area | 0.0505 | 0.0555 | 0.0681 | |
Economic density | 0.0148 | 0.0164 | 0.0162 | |
Land use intensity | 0.1172 | 0.1252 | 0.1213 | |
Anthropogenic disturbance index | 0.1169 | 0.1249 | 0.1210 | |
State | Grain yield per capita | 0.0159 | 0.0153 | 0.0144 |
Degree of agricultural mechanization | 0.0565 | 0.0807 | 0.0784 | |
Electricity consumption per cropland area | 0.0998 | 0.1109 | 0.0765 | |
Slope | 0.0172 | 0.0174 | 0.0174 | |
Proportion of water area | 0.0469 | 0.0498 | 0.0556 | |
NDVI | 0.0553 | 0.0575 | 0.0675 | |
Response | Per capita GDP | 0.1422 | 0.0728 | 0.0578 |
Proportion of tertiary industry | 0.0413 | 0.0317 | 0.0479 | |
Per capita net income of farmers | 0.0321 | 0.0331 | 0.0314 | |
Afforestation area | 0.0595 | 0.0600 | 0.0887 |
Levels of LES | 1998 | 2008 | 2018 | Features of the Ecosystem |
---|---|---|---|---|
Very secure | 0.545–0.748 | 0.529–0.690 | 0.539–0.697 | Quite stable ecosystem, relatively primitive and good environment, high vegetation coverage. |
Relatively secure | 0.441–0.545 | 0.460–0.529 | 0.484–0.539 | Relatively stable ecosystem, slight pollution, and high vegetation coverage. |
Middle | 0.386–0.441 | 0.413–0.460 | 0.436–0.484 | Stable ecosystem, medium vegetation, and serious pollution. |
Relatively insecure | 0.336–0.386 | 0.353–0.413 | 0.372–0.436 | Relatively unstable ecosystem, heavy pollution, and low vegetation coverage. |
Very insecure | 0.188–0.336 | 0.213–0.353 | 0.231–0.372 | Unstable ecosystem, high-density built-up area with serious pollution, and no vegetation coverage. |
Land Use Types | Area (km2) | Area of Change (km2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1998 | 2008 | 2018 | 1998–2008 | 2008–2018 | 1998–2018 | |
Cropland | 12,854.94 | 13,168.51 | 12,459.93 | 313.57 | −708.58 | −395.01 |
Grassland | 723.14 | 810.92 | 781.06 | 87.78 | −29.86 | 57.92 |
Forestland | 2963.52 | 2600.20 | 2864.26 | −363.32 | 264.06 | −99.26 |
Urban land | 2251.11 | 2543.08 | 2993.21 | 291.97 | 450.12 | 742.09 |
Water area | 1418.97 | 1165.55 | 1210.91 | −253.42 | 45.36 | −208.06 |
Other land-use | 179.05 | 102.48 | 81.37 | −76.57 | −21.11 | −97.68 |
Period | 1998–2008 | 2008–2018 | 1998–2018 |
---|---|---|---|
LC (%) | 1.31 | 1.42 | 0.78 |
1998 | 2018 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cropland | Grassland | Forestland | Urban Land | Other Land-Use | Water Area | |
Cropland | 9839.73 | 447.04 | 586.37 | 1222.81 | 111.56 | 252.42 |
Grassland | 478.23 | 88.27 | 140.77 | 51.06 | 21.32 | 1.41 |
Forestland | 605.60 | 91.33 | 2080.07 | 64.96 | 16.24 | 6.05 |
Urban land | 1813.51 | 87.27 | 141.37 | 892.55 | 27.86 | 30.65 |
Other land-use | 49.74 | 8.60 | 13.02 | 7.20 | 2.05 | 0.76 |
Water area | 68.13 | 0.63 | 1.92 | 12.53 | 0.01 | 1127.69 |
Level | Percentage (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
1998 | 2008 | 2018 | |
Very secure | 2.96 | 5.40 | 12.54 |
Relatively secure | 14.26 | 27.54 | 33.08 |
Middle | 27.80 | 21.11 | 28.62 |
Relatively insecure | 35.93 | 36.73 | 15.88 |
Very insecure | 19.05 | 9.22 | 9.87 |
Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
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Wen, M.; Zhang, T.; Li, L.; Chen, L.; Hu, S.; Wang, J.; Liu, W.; Zhang, Y.; Yuan, L. Assessment of Land Ecological Security and Analysis of Influencing Factors in Chaohu Lake Basin, China from 1998–2018. Sustainability 2021, 13, 358. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010358
Wen M, Zhang T, Li L, Chen L, Hu S, Wang J, Liu W, Zhang Y, Yuan L. Assessment of Land Ecological Security and Analysis of Influencing Factors in Chaohu Lake Basin, China from 1998–2018. Sustainability. 2021; 13(1):358. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010358
Chicago/Turabian StyleWen, Mingxin, Ting Zhang, Long Li, Longqian Chen, Sai Hu, Jia Wang, Weiqiang Liu, Yu Zhang, and Lina Yuan. 2021. "Assessment of Land Ecological Security and Analysis of Influencing Factors in Chaohu Lake Basin, China from 1998–2018" Sustainability 13, no. 1: 358. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010358
APA StyleWen, M., Zhang, T., Li, L., Chen, L., Hu, S., Wang, J., Liu, W., Zhang, Y., & Yuan, L. (2021). Assessment of Land Ecological Security and Analysis of Influencing Factors in Chaohu Lake Basin, China from 1998–2018. Sustainability, 13(1), 358. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010358