Analyzing the Basic Properties and Environmental Footprint Reduction Effects of Highly Sulfated Calcium Silicate Cement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Properties of HSCSC
2.1.1. General Properties of SSC
2.1.2. Composition of HSCSC
2.2. Evaluation of the Properties of HSCSC
2.3. Analysis of the Environmental Impacts of HSCSC
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Evaluation of the Properties of OPC, PBSC, and HSCSC Concrete
3.2. Evaluation of the Environmental Impacts of OPC, PBSC, and HSCSC Concretes
3.2.1. Environmental Footprint Analysis
3.2.2. Normalization and Weighting Analysis
3.2.3. Analysis of the Environmental Impacts of Major Impact Categories
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Main Constituents | Additional Constituents | ||
---|---|---|---|
Granulate Blast furnace slag | Calcium sulfate | Portland cement clinker | Other |
S | Cs | K | A |
S ≥ 75 | 5 ≤ Cs ≤ 20 | 0 ≤ K ≤ 5 | 0 ≤ A ≤ 5 |
Main Constituents | Additional Constituents | ||
---|---|---|---|
Granulate Blast furnace slag | Calcium sulfate | Portland cement | Other |
S | Cs | K | A |
80 | 15 | 2 | 3 |
Category | Properties |
---|---|
Granulate Blast furnace slag | Density: 2.91 g/cm3, Blain: 6471 cm2/g |
Calcium sulfate | Density: 2.90 g/cm3, Blain: 4344 cm2/g |
Portland cement | Density: 3.15 g/cm3, Blain: 3320 cm2/g |
Calcium hydroxide | Density: 2.24 g/cm3, Blain: 2778 cm2/g |
Category | Chemical Composition | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Granulate Blast furnace slag | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | SO3 | K2O |
39.22 | 34.1 | 14.94 | 0.55 | 6.84 | 2.2 | 0.61 | |
Calcium sulfate | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | SO3 | ||
41.64 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.39 | 54.9 | |||
Portland cement | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | SO3 | K2O |
63.21 | 21.91 | 5.2 | 3.64 | 2.02 | 2.21 | 1.04 | |
Calcium hydroxide | CaO | SiO2 | MgO | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | LOI | |
71.9 | 1.42 | 2.97 | 0.64 | 0.3 | 21.5 |
Cement | Density (g/cm3) | Blain (cm2/g) | Setting Time (min) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | Final | 3d | 7d | 28d | |||
OPC | 3.15 | 3320 | 200 | 310 | 20.3 | 33.1 | 44.9 |
PBSC | 3.04 | 4472 | 240 | 350 | 17.9 | 32.1 | 49.1 |
HSCSC | 2.93 | 6275 | 290 | 525 | 17.2 | 22.8 | 43.4 |
Division | Density (g/cm3) | Fineness Modulus (F.M) | Absorption Rate (%) | Unit Volume Weight (kg/cm3) | 0.08 mm Sieve Pass Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fine aggregate | 2.50 | 2.90 | 0.37 | 1470 | 0.41 |
Coarse aggregate | 2.64 | 7.07 | 0.56 | 1525 | 0.40 |
Specimen | W/B (%) | S/a (%) | Water (kg/m3) | Binder (kg/m3) | Aggregate (kg/m3) | Ad. (kg/m3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPC | PBSC | HSCSC | Sand | Gravel | Super Plasticizer | ||||
OPC concrete | 50 | 45 | 190 | 380 | - | - | 832 | 918 | 3.04 |
PBSC concrete | 50 | 45 | 190 | - | 380 | - | 772 | 912 | 3.04 |
HSCSC concrete | 50 | 45 | 190 | - | - | 380 | 766 | 905 | 3.04 |
Impact Category | Unit | OPC | PBSC | HSCSC | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value (1) | % | Value (2) | % (2/1) | Value (3) | % (3/1) | ||
Acidification | Mole of H+ eq. | 3.41 × 10−3 | 100.0 | 1.68 × 10−3 | 49.3 | 2.07 × 10−4 | 6.1 |
Climate change | kg CO₂ eq. | 1.20 × 101 | 100.0 | 5.26 × 10−1 | 43.8 | 6.89 × 10−2 | 5.7 |
Ecotoxicity | CTUe | 5.52 × 10−2 | 100.0 | 3.59 × 10−2 | 65.0 | 7.78 × 10−3 | 14.1 |
Eutrophication freshwater | kg P eq. | 1.06 × 10−6 | 100.0 | 4.47 × 10−7 | 42.2 | 1.64 × 10−6 | 154.7 |
Eutrophication marine | kg N eq. | 3.71 × 10−4 | 100.0 | 1.78 × 10−4 | 48.0 | 3.44 × 10−5 | 9.3 |
Eutrophication terrestrial | Mole of N eq. | 4.00 × 10−3 | 100.0 | 1.92 × 10−3 | 48.0 | 3.05 × 10−4 | 7.6 |
Human toxicity (cancer) | CTUh | 9.91 × 10−10 | 100.0 | 4.75 × 10−10 | 47.9 | 1.49 × 10−10 | 15.0 |
Human toxicity (non-cancer) | CTUh | 5.63 × 10−8 | 100.0 | 2.44 × 10−8 | 43.3 | 3.26 × 10−9 | 5.8 |
Ionizing radiation | kBq U235 eq. | 6.51 × 10−3 | 100.0 | 2.84 × 10−3 | 43.6 | 4.31 × 10−4 | 6.6 |
Land use | kg C deficit eq. | 2.28 × 10−2 | 100.0 | 9.57 × 10−3 | 42.0 | 2.29 × 10−3 | 10.0 |
Ozone depletion | kg CFC-11 eq. | 3.30 × 10−9 | 100.0 | 1.38 × 10−9 | 41.8 | 1.49 × 10−10 | 4.5 |
Particulate matter | kg PM2.5 eq. | 1.85 × 10−4 | 100.0 | 9.04 × 10−5 | 48.9 | 1.14 × 10−5 | 6.2 |
Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. | 1.18 × 10−3 | 100.0 | 5.67 × 10−4 | 48.1 | 8.51 × 10−5 | 7.2 |
Resource depletion (water) | m3 eq. | 2.34 × 10−3 | 100.0 | 1.07 × 10−3 | 45.7 | 4.27 × 10−4 | 18.2 |
Resource depletion (mineral) | kg Sb eq. | 3.86 × 10−7 | 100.0 | 2.62 × 10−7 | 67.9 | 2.05 × 10−9 | 0.5 |
Impact Category | Normalized Results (Per Capita) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normalized Reference | OPC | PBSC | HSCSC | ||||
Value | Ranking | Value | Ranking | Value | Ranking | ||
Human toxicity (non-cancer) | 2.34 × 10−4 | 2.41 × 10−4 | 1 | 1.04 × 10−4 | 1 | 1.39 × 10−5 | 1 |
Climate change | 8.04 × 103 | 1.49 × 10−4 | 2 | 6.54 × 10−5 | 2 | 8.57 × 10−6 | 2 |
Acidification | 5.56 × 10 | 6.13 × 10−5 | 3 | 3.02 × 10−5 | 3 | 3.72 × 10−6 | 4 |
Human toxicity (cancer) | 1.86 × 10−5 | 5.33 × 10−5 | 4 | 2.55 × 10−5 | 4 | 8.01 × 10−6 | 3 |
Ionizing radiation | 1.38 × 102 | 4.72 × 10−5 | 5 | 2.06 × 10−5 | 6 | 3.12 × 10−6 | 5 |
Particulate matter | 4.01 × 100 | 4.61 × 10−5 | 6 | 2.25 × 10−5 | 5 | 2.84 × 10−6 | 6 |
Photochemical ozone formation | 4.07 × 10 | 2.90 × 10−5 | 7 | 1.39 × 10−5 | 7 | 2.09 × 10−6 | 7 |
Eutrophication terrestrial | 1.77 × 102 | 2.26 × 10−5 | 8 | 1.08 × 10−5 | 8 | 1.72 × 10−6 | 9 |
Eutrophication marine | 1.95 × 10 | 1.90 × 10−5 | 9 | 9.13 × 10−6 | 9 | 1.76 × 10−6 | 8 |
Resource depletion (mineral, fossil) | 6.36 × 10−2 | 6.07 × 10−6 | 10 | 4.12 × 10−6 | 10 | 3.22 × 10−8 | 13 |
Ecotoxicity | 4.27 × 104 | 1.29 × 10−6 | 11 | 8.41 × 10−7 | 11 | 1.82 × 10−7 | 11 |
Eutrophication freshwater | 1.61 × 100 | 6.58 × 10−7 | 12 | 2.78 × 10−7 | 12 | 1.02 × 10−6 | 10 |
Land use | 7.48 × 104 | 3.05 × 10−7 | 13 | 1.28 × 10−7 | 13 | 3.06 × 10−8 | 14 |
Resource depletion (water) | 1.15 × 104 | 2.03 × 10−7 | 14 | 9.30 × 10−8 | 14 | 3.71 × 10−8 | 12 |
Ozone depletion | 4.84 × 10−2 | 6.82 × 10−8 | 15 | 2.85 × 10−8 | 15 | 3.08 × 10−9 | 15 |
Impact Category | Weighted Results (Per Capita) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weighting Factor | OPC | PBSC | HSCSC | ||||
Value | Ranking | Value | Ranking | Value | Ranking | ||
Climate Change | 2.11 × 10 | 3.14 × 10−3 | 1 | 1.38 × 10−3 | 1 | 1.80 × 10−4 | 1 |
Human toxicity (non-cancer) | 1.84 × 100 | 4.43 × 10−4 | 2 | 1.92 × 10−4 | 3 | 2.56 × 10−5 | 2 |
Particulate matter | 8.96 × 100 | 4.13 × 10−4 | 3 | 2.02 × 10−4 | 2 | 2.55 × 10−5 | 3 |
Acidification | 6.20 × 100 | 3.80 × 10−4 | 4 | 1.87 × 10−4 | 4 | 2.31 × 10−5 | 4 |
Ionizing radiation | 5.01 × 100 | 2.36 × 10−4 | 5 | 1.03 × 10−4 | 5 | 1.56 × 10−5 | 6 |
Photochemical ozone formation | 4.78 × 100 | 1.39 × 10−4 | 6 | 6.66 × 10−5 | 6 | 9.99 × 10−6 | 7 |
Human toxicity (cancer) | 2.13 × 100 | 1.13 × 10−4 | 7 | 5.44 × 10−5 | 7 | 1.71 × 10−5 | 5 |
Eutrophication terrestrial | 3.71 × 100 | 8.38 × 10−5 | 8 | 4.02 × 10−5 | 8 | 6.39 × 10−6 | 8 |
Eutrophication marine | 2.96 × 100 | 5.63 × 10−5 | 9 | 2.70 × 10−5 | 10 | 5.22 × 10−6 | 9 |
Resource depletion (mineral, fossil) | 7.55 × 100 | 4.58 × 10−5 | 10 | 3.11 × 10−5 | 9 | 2.43 × 10−7 | 14 |
Ecotoxicity | 1.92 × 100 | 2.48 × 10−6 | 11 | 1.61 × 10−6 | 11 | 3.50 × 10−7 | 11 |
Land use | 7.94 × 100 | 2.42 × 10−6 | 12 | 1.02 × 10−6 | 12 | 2.43 × 10−7 | 13 |
Eutrophication freshwater | 2.80 × 100 | 1.84 × 10−6 | 13 | 7.77 × 10−7 | 14 | 2.85 × 10−6 | 10 |
Resource depletion (water) | 8.51 × 100 | 1.73 × 10−6 | 14 | 7.92 × 10−7 | 13 | 3.16 × 10−7 | 12 |
Ozone depletion | 6.31 × 100 | 4.30 × 10−7 | 15 | 1.80 × 10−7 | 15 | 1.94 × 10−8 | 15 |
Eco-index | 5.06 × 10−3 (1618.7%) | 2.29 × 10−3 (732.0%) | 3.13 × 10−4 (100.0%) |
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Kim, H.-S.; Kim, I.; Yang, W.-h.; Moon, S.-Y.; Lee, J.-Y. Analyzing the Basic Properties and Environmental Footprint Reduction Effects of Highly Sulfated Calcium Silicate Cement. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7540. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147540
Kim H-S, Kim I, Yang W-h, Moon S-Y, Lee J-Y. Analyzing the Basic Properties and Environmental Footprint Reduction Effects of Highly Sulfated Calcium Silicate Cement. Sustainability. 2021; 13(14):7540. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147540
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Hyeon-Soo, Ik Kim, Wan-hee Yang, Soo-Young Moon, and Ji-Young Lee. 2021. "Analyzing the Basic Properties and Environmental Footprint Reduction Effects of Highly Sulfated Calcium Silicate Cement" Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7540. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147540