Analysis of Factors Influencing Plant–Microbe Combined Remediation of Soil Contaminated by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Research Background and Purpose of PAHs
1.2. Sources, Properties, and Hazards of PAHs
1.2.1. Sources of PAHs
1.2.2. Properties of PAHs
1.2.3. Hazards of PAHs
1.3. Status of PAHs Pollution in the Soil Environment
1.4. Remediation Technology for PAHs-Contaminated Soil
1.4.1. In Situ Thermal Absorption Method
1.4.2. Chemical Oxidation Method
1.4.3. The Status of Bioremediation Technology
Microbial Remediation
Phytoremediation
Repair Methods | Repair Process | References |
---|---|---|
Plant absorption method | Through the absorption of plant rhizosphere, the organic pollutants in the soil are concentrated in the plant body, which can decompose the pollutants. When the concentration of pollutants in the plant body exceeds the decomposition capacity of the plant, the organic pollutants will accumulate in the plant body. | [68] |
Plant fixation | Plant roots exude a series of secretions, which can change the soil environment around plant roots, such as soil moisture, soil hardness, pH, and other soil conditions. Plant root exudates can also interact with organic pollutants in the soil, reducing the biological activity of pollutants. | [69] |
Plant evaporation process | Through the absorption of plant rhizosphere, the organic pollutants in the soil are concentrated in the plant body, and the organic pollutants are discharged into the plant body through transpiration. | [70] |
Plant degradation | The organic pollutants in plants can be decomposed into nontoxic and harmless substances through the physiological activities of plants, and the root exudates of plants also have a certain ability to degrade the organic pollutants in soil. | [71] |
Rhizosphere action | Plant rhizosphere root exudates act on organic pollutants, and decomposed organic pollutants can become carbon sources for microorganisms in the soil, which is conducive to the reproduction of microorganisms in the soil and provide a good living environment for microorganisms in the surrounding soil of the rhizosphere. | [72] |
Phytomicrobial Remediation
1.5. Concentrations of PAHs in Farmland Crops
2. Factors Affecting the Remediation of PAHs-Contaminated Soil by Plants and Microorganisms
2.1. Influence of Structure and Physicochemical Properties of PAHs on the Phytomicrobial Remediation of Contaminated Soil
2.2. How Characteristics of Plants and Microbes Influence Their Remediation of PAHs-Contaminated Soil
2.3. Influence of External Factors on Phytomicrobial Remediation of PAHs-Contaminated Soil
3. Phytoremediation Mechanism of PAH Transformation in Contaminated Soil
4. Transformation Mechanism of Microbial Remediation of PAHs in Contaminated Soil
4.1. Transformation Mechanism of Anaerobic Bioremediation of PAHs in Contaminated Soil
4.2. Transformation Mechanism of Aerobic Bioremediation of PAHs in Contaminated Soil
4.3. Synergistic Remediation of PAHs-Contaminated Soil by Fungi and Bacteria
5. Conclusions and Future Prospect
- (1)
- A complete evaluation model for the potential risks of PAHs and their metabolites in the soil environment was further developed to provide a theoretical basis for additional management of the remediation of PAHs-contaminated soil.
- (2)
- The metabolic mechanism of PAHs in plants was further explored and improved.
- (3)
- The activity and PAH degradation potential of endophytic bacteria in the plant were further studied to develop a method to enhance the degradation of PAHs.
- (4)
- To provide the theoretical basis for the development of microbial remediation technologies to treat PAHs-contaminated soil, the effects of microbial synergism on PAH degradation were theoretically determined in terms of the conversion pathways, key degradation products, and the rate-limiting enzymes involved.
- (5)
- Most existing remediation technologies are aimed at the remediation of the same PAHs-contaminated soil, but, in reality, the pollutants in the contaminated site are more complex and diverse. Therefore, a new research direction was provided to strengthen the remediation effect of plants and microorganisms on PAHs-contaminated soil.
- (6)
- The feasibility of the optimized phytomicrobial remediation technology was compared with that of other remediation technologies to improve the remediation efficiency for contaminated sites.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PAHs | Number of Rings | Main Source | Physical Property | Persistence |
---|---|---|---|---|
LMW | 2–3 | Diagenetic origin; petroleum pollution | Volatile; easier to be degraded; low toxicity | Low |
HMW | 4–6 | Fossil fuel combustion | Hydrophobic; not volatile; low water solubility | High |
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Zhao, L.; Lyu, C.; Li, Y. Analysis of Factors Influencing Plant–Microbe Combined Remediation of Soil Contaminated by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Sustainability 2021, 13, 10695. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910695
Zhao L, Lyu C, Li Y. Analysis of Factors Influencing Plant–Microbe Combined Remediation of Soil Contaminated by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Sustainability. 2021; 13(19):10695. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910695
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Lei, Cong Lyu, and Yu Li. 2021. "Analysis of Factors Influencing Plant–Microbe Combined Remediation of Soil Contaminated by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons" Sustainability 13, no. 19: 10695. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910695