Governance for Sustainability: Patterns of Regulation and Self-Regulation in the German Wine Industry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Achieving Sustainability through Governance
2.1. Theoretical Background
2.2. Sustainability Governance as an Interplay of Regulation and Self-Regulation
2.3. Research Gap and Research Questions
- RQ1: Which key actors constitute the organizational field of the German wine industry, and what is their understanding of sustainability?
- RQ2: Which governance patterns can be identified that impact on sustainability in the organizational field of the German wine industry?
- RQ3: What is the role of regulation and self-regulation by key actors for the implementation of sustainability in the organizational field of the German wine industry?
3. Sustainability in the Wine Industry
3.1. State of Research
… (a) global strategy on the scale of the grape production and processing systems, incorporating at the same time the economic sustainability of structures and territories, producing quality products, considering requirements of precision in sustainable viticulture, risks to the environment, product safety and consumer health and valuing of heritage, historical, cultural, ecological and aesthetic aspects.
3.2. The German Wine Industry
4. Methodology
4.1. Mixed Methods Approach
4.2. Structural Study
4.2.1. Data Collection
4.2.2. Data Analysis
4.3. Qualitative Study
4.3.1. Data Collection
4.3.2. Data Analysis
5. Findings
5.1. Central Actors in the Organizational Field
5.2. Understanding of Sustainability in the German Wine Industry
“For me personally, sustainability represents not only an ecological aspect but also the permanent crop linked to viticulture and usually long-standing businesses. Sustainability also means a view toward continuing generations, from both an ecological and an economical point of view. Therefore, environmental aspects shall not be neglected, and the production shall be brought under control, consistent with relevant laws. At the same time, businesses shall be developed in such a way that they remain economically stable. Thereby, businesses could be handed down to next generations.”(A4)
“In viticulture, sustainability is taken for granted, because the ones that do not maintain the soil will not be able to pass it on to the next generation.”(A6)
“Many experts are arguing for instance about the economic pillar, debating which perspective to use. Should one choose the microeconomic figures like debt ratio or debt burden of a company or something like that? Or should one rather consider the macroeconomic figures: What value does the economic activity of an actor add to society? If we do not use artificial fertilizer for example, we protect waters. Thereby we minimize the problems regarding sewage plants, and there we are at the keyword: drinking water and health. These are costs that one could offset and which play a tremendously important role for sustainability, definitely more important than a debt ratio in a company.”(OFA1)
“There are different projects that make it their priority to force sustainability, but we do not have a proper German-wide implementation concept in this sector. However, I already consider this as a key point. Thereby the individual institutions must work with each other much more intensively.”(TRI1)
5.3. Patterns of Regulation and Self-Regulation to Enhance Sustainability
5.4. Pattern of Regulation
“There is the Federal Committee for Wine Research, this Federal Committee is the direct link between the Federal Ministry and the representatives of the Laender, who are also involved, and the scientific community, which then says that we have to change this and that. We in Germany are already quite well positioned with this interaction, also via platforms, between practice, the profession and science and teaching or training institutions.”(TR1)
“In the EU, the use of pieces of oak wood for flavoring the wine was approved four, five years ago and we then influenced the approval in Germany with our experiments. That it is only approved for quality wines, but not for Prädikatswein [special quality wine].”(TRI4)
“Our managing director is of course active in various committees where such decisions are discussed. Let me say that the winegrowers’ association is the political body in the wine industry and we then of course coordinate and recouple this. But we are more advising, but not directly influencing.”(WM1)
“These are, of course, lengthy processes. For sure, we have influenced certain things. Our voices are heard, but you know what it is like then, until it is somehow implemented, years go by.”(WM1)
“For example, if we refer to the EU-ECO-Regulation in general, it is currently being discussed if it should be transformed completely. Keyword: “total revision.” Then it passes through various boards until there is finally some unofficial draft or concept. Someday, it is made public as a subject of discussion. If there are any umbrella associations, they take it in hand and analyze it … and look at the regulation, on how it should be realized or applicable according to the ideas of the makers in Brussels. Then the members like us receive the draft with the request to pick the part that is important for each one and to accordingly annotate it; in our case viticulture, oenology. We look at that part with our specialists, we annotate it, and send it back. They collect it from all other associations.… It makes sense, when the people realize it, which also understand it.… Then it is all being collected, annotated and sent back to Brussels. The German ministries are also involved in this process.”(OFA1)
“Yes, we have been able to influence some regulation; we managed to do so together with many other European producer countries in the field of viticulture. The original plan of the EU was to let the planting rules expire completely by the end of 2015. This means a complete deregulation of the wine market and an opening for replanting in Europe at every site, where viticulture is possible. This is not what we wanted, because we know exactly how the wine market works and which wine quantities are saleable in Europe. In addition, we managed: a complete abolition was not realized but rather a transformation into a new system.”(A4)
“Yes, we were involved in European directives regarding organic wine because of the expertise we have in this field or rather the expertise we have been having for decades. It is not wrong, if one consults people, which have a longstanding experience in the field.”(OFA1)
5.5. Pattern of Proactive Self-Regulation
“Building on the individual values of winegrowers for sustainability, their associations act as membership organizations who express these values and impose either proactive self-regulation for sustainability wine growing practices or create awareness for this topic”(A6)
“We have been actively involved in shaping the EC Eco-Regulation and are now proud that what is valid throughout Europe comes largely from us.”(OFA 1)
“The EU Organic Wine Directive considers ecological viticulture. And it is certainly the case that standards that the associations have set themselves have been adopted to a certain extent in this new EU directive.”(WM1)
5.6. Pattern of Reactive Self-Regulation
“The winemakers have tremendously transformed their production into organic forms, because the consumer—the cyclist or the hiker through the vineyards—constantly asks these kind of questions. The winemakers then must explain why they spray, what about insecticides, herbicides, and nitrogen in water. These are all social relevant subjects, which confront the winemaker in direct contacts with the consumer or the tourist.”(TRI2)
“The winemakers are open-minded, go to exhibitions, to wine tours and listen a lot and through this feedback from consumers there is a mature conception to think of a long-term and sustainable development.”(TRI2)
“So overall for me it is beyond any reasonable doubt that the winemaker profession made significant steps toward an ecological course. Sustainability wasn’t felt like a threat but more like a chance and this conception was pushed through consumers.”(TRI2)
“The winemakers are constantly confronted with sustainability. In many newspaper interviews they are asked how they deal with this topic.”(A6)
“We have just seen how our colleagues in Austria have thrown themselves into the matter with a great deal of verve—sustainability, sustainability, sustainability is all they have been saying in recent months. And that’s why we’re staying on top of the issue. It is important, and we also have a colleague here with us in the wine advertising in the circle of employees, who was also assigned in this area, because we have to take care of this topic ourselves with good people and to be able to give these impulses again and again into the region.”(WM3)
5.7. Importance of Regulation and Self-regulation
6. Discussion
6.1. Theoretical Implications
6.2. Practical Implications
7. Limitations and Further Research Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Name of your organization (please fill in here) | |||||
What is your position within your organization? | | ||||
How long have you held this position of your organization? | (please fill in here) | ||||
How often do you or employees of your organization have contact with the following organizations in the German wine industry? For example, by phone or email, in person, or via online networks. (Please tick as appropriate) | |||||
Training and education institutions | once a year contact | several times a year contact | several times a month contact | several times a week contact | daily contact |
Hochschule Rhein-Main Fachbereich Geisenheim (Rhine-Main University, Department Geisenheim) Von-Lade-Str. 1 65366 Geisenheim www.campus-geisenheim.de | | | | | |
Der duale Studiengang Weinbau und Oenologie Rheinland-Pfalz (The dual course of study Viticulture and Oenology Rhineland-Palatinate, University of Applied Science Ludwigshafen am Rhein) Fachhochschule Ludwigshafen am Rhein Ernst-Boehe-Straße 4 67059 Ludwigshafen http://web.fh-ludwigshafen.de/oenologie/weinbau.nsf | | | | | |
Appendix B. Interview Guide
- (Greeting and Introduction: Agreement with the Recording of the interview, Anonymization)
-
- Position of the interviewee
- ○
- How would you describe your position/function within the organization?
- ○
- How long have you been operating in that field?
- ○
- How would you describe the position of your organization within the wine industry?
-
- Do you exchange information with other actors within the wine industry?
-
- In which way are you connected with each other?
-
- What do you use your networks for?
-
- In which way do central actors influence the wine industry?
-
- Do you see yourself as a central actor or promoter? Do others see you as central actors or promoters?
-
- Compared to two years ago, what has changed within the network of the wine industry?
-
- How will the wine industry develop in the next five to ten years from your point of view?
-
- For non-regulators: To what extent do you see yourself and your organization confronted with public regulation (directives, prescriptions, restrictions, standardizations) within the organizational field?
-
- For regulators: To what extent do you see associations and winemakers confronted with state regulation (directives, prescriptions, restrictions, standardizations) within the organizational field?
-
- From whom does regulation generally emanate in your organizational field?
-
- For non-regulators: Which past EU regulations or federal government regulations could you as an association influence (change, strengthen, weaken)?
-
- For regulators: Which past EU regulations or federal government regulations could you as a regulator influence (change, strengthen, weaken)?
-
- For non-regulators: Which standards and procedures did you as an organization/association establish?
-
- For regulators: Which standards and procedures did you as a regulator establish?
-
- Which regulatory procedures could you not influence and why?
-
- For non-regulators: Would you appreciate more governmental regulation, and if so, why?
-
- For regulators: Would you like to regulate more?
-
- In which way can you have an effect with your organization within the wine industry?
-
- In which way can you personally have an effect within the wine industry?
-
- What does sustainability mean to you and your organization?
-
- [Ask further questions about our definition of sustainability: three dimensions]
- ○
- Economic: e.g., to make a living with wine; quality (growing less), handpicking (overlapping with social sustainability)
- ○
- Ecologic: e.g., biodiversity
- ○
- Social: e.g., family enterprise/generational change, responsible consumption of alcohol
-
- To what degree are you involved with the topic of sustainability?
- ○
- How is sustainability brought to your attention?
- ○
- By whom is sustainability brought to your attention?
-
- Can you give a concrete example of regulation which gave an impulse toward sustainability?
-
- From your point of view, to what extend can regulation strengthen sustainability in the wine industry?
-
- To what extend can self-imposed standards strengthen sustainability in the wine industry?
-
- To what extend can regulation and self-regulation strengthen sustainability in the wine industry?
- ○
- To what extend do central actors play a role in this context?
-
- Do you have any additional questions or comments?
-
- Are there aspects that have not been discussed enough yet?
References
- Bansal, P.; Roth, K. Why Companies Go Green: A Model of Ecological Responsiveness. Acad. Manag. J. 2000, 43, 717–736. [Google Scholar]
- Buehler, V.M.; Shetty, Y.K. Motivations for Corporate Social Action. Acad. Manag. J. 1974, 17, 767–771. [Google Scholar]
- Grabosky, P. Beyond Responsive Regulation: The Expanding Role of Non-State Actors in the Regulatory Process. Regul. Gov. 2013, 7, 114–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santini, C.; Cavicchi, A.; Casini, L. Sustainability in the Wine Industry: Key Questions and Research Trends. Agric. Food Econ. 2013, 1, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dingwerth, K.; Pattberg, P. World Politics and Organizational Fields: The Case of Transnational Sustainability Governance. Eur. J. Int. Relat. 2009, 15, 707–743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- DiMaggio, P.J.; Powell, W.W. The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields. Am. Sociol. Rev. 1983, 48, 147–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Walgenbach, P.; Meyer, R. Neoinstitutionalistische Organisationstheorie; W. Kohlhammer: Stuttgart, Germany, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Scott, W.R. Institutions and Organizations; Sage: London, UK, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Thornton, P.H.; Ocasio, W. Institutional Logics and the Historical Contingency of Power in Organizations: Executive Succession in the Higher Education Publishing Industry, 1958–1990. Am. J. Sociol. 1999, 105, 801–843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marshall, R.S.; Cordano, M.; Silverman, M. Exploring Individual and Institutional Drivers of Proactive Environmentalism in the US Wine Industry. Bus. Strategy Environ. 2005, 14, 92–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Friedland, R.; Alford, R.R. Bringing society back In: The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis; Powell, W.W., DiMaggio, P.J., Eds.; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 1991; pp. 232–267. [Google Scholar]
- Besharov, M.L.; Smith, W.K. Multiple Institutional Logics in Organizations: Explaining their Varied Nature and Implications. Acad. Manag. Rev. 2014, 39, 364–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Greenwood, R.; Raynard, M.; Kodeih, F.; Micelotta, E.R.; Lounsbury, M. Institutional Complexity and Organizational Responses. Acad. Manag. Ann. 2011, 5, 317–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoffman, A.J. Competitive Environmental Strategy: A Guide to the Changing Business Landscape; Island Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Sydow, J.; Schüßler, E.; Müller-Seitz, G. Managing Inter-Organizational Relations: Debates and Cases; Palgrave Macmillan: New York, NY, USA, 2016; ISBN 9781137370020. [Google Scholar]
- Lange, P.; Driessen, P.P.J.; Sauer, A.; Bornemann, B.; Burger, P. Governing Towards Sustainability-Conceptualizing Modes of Governance. J. Environ. Policy Plan. 2013, 15, 403–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elkington, J. Cannibals with Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business; Capstone: Oxford, UK, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Grunwald, A. Walking Towards Sustainable Development in the Face of Uncertainty and Incomplete Knowledge. In Governance for Sustainable Development: Coping with Ambivalence, Uncertainty and Distributed Power; Newig, J., Voß, J.-P., Monstadt, J., Eds.; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2008; pp. 53–142. [Google Scholar]
- Meadowcroft, J. Who is in Charge Here? Governance for Sustainable Development in a Complex World. J. Environ. Policy Plan. 2007, 9, 299–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kooiman, J. Governing as Governance; Sage: London, UK, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Pierre, J.; Peters, G.B. Governance, Politics and the State; Macmillan: London, UK, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Rhodes, R.A.W. Understanding Governance: Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability; Open University Press: Buckingham, UK, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Stoker, G. Governance as Theory: Five Propositions. Int. Soc. Sci. J. 1998, 50, 17–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adger, W.N.; Jordan, A. Governing Sustainability; Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Farrell, K.N.; Kemp, R.; Hinterberger, F.; Rammel, C. From *for* to Governance for Sustainable Development in Europe: What is at Stake for Further Research? Int. J. Sustain. Dev. 2005, 8, 127–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van Zeijl-Rozema, A.; Cörvers, R.; Kemp, R.; Martens, P. Governance for Sustainable Development: A Framework. Sustain. Dev. 2008, 16, 410–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stone, A. Regulation and Its Alternatives, 2nd ed.; Congressional Quarterly Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1982. [Google Scholar]
- Picot, A.; Burr, W. Regulierung der Deregulierung im Telekommunikationssektor. Z. Betr. Forsch. 1996, 48, 173–200. [Google Scholar]
- Cairncross, F. Costing the Earth: The Challenge for Governments, the Opportunities for Business; Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA, USA, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Lodge, M. Regulatory Capture Recaptured. Public Adm. Rev. 2014, 74, 539–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carpenter, D.; Moss, D.A. (Eds.) Preventing Regulatory Capture: Special Interest Influence and How to Limit It; Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Anastasiadis, S. Toward a View of Citizenship and Lobbying: Corporate Engagement in the Political Process. Bus. Soc. 2014, 53, 260–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonardi, J.-P.; Hillman, A.J.; Keim, G.D. The Attractiveness of Political Markets: Implications for Firm Strategy. Acad. Manag. Rev. 2005, 30, 397–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- King, A.A.; Toffel, M.W. Self-Regulatory institutions for solving environmental problems: Perspectives and contributions from the management literature. In Governing the Environment: Interdisciplinary Perspective; Delmas, M., Young, O., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2007; pp. 7–89. [Google Scholar]
- Ostrom, E. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK; New York, NY, USA, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Gunningham, N. Environment, Self-Regulation, and the Chemical Industry: Assessing Responsible Care. Law Policy 1995, 17, 57–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maitland, I. The Limits of Business Self-Regulation. Calif. Manag. Rev. 1985, 27, 132–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- King, A.A.; Lenox, M.J. Industry Self-regulation without Sanctions: The Chemical Industry’s Responsible Care Program. Acad. Manag. J. 2000, 43, 698–716. [Google Scholar]
- Pattberg, P. The Institutionalization of Private Governance: How Business and Nonprofit Organizations Agree on Transnational Rules. Governance 2005, 18, 589–610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoffman, A.J. Institutional Evolution and Change: Environmentalism and the US Chemical Industry. Acad. Manag. J. 1999, 42, 351–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jennings, P.D.; Zandbergen, P.A. Ecologically Sustainable Organizations: An Institutional Approach. Acad. Manag. Rev. 1995, 20, 1015–1052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Greif, A. Micro theory and recent developments in the study of economic institutions through economic history. In Advances in Economic Theory and Eonometrics; Kreps, D., Wallis, K., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1997; pp. 79–113. [Google Scholar]
- Lenox, M.J.; Nash, J. Industry Self-Regulation and Adverse Selection: A Comparison across Four Trade Association Programs. Bus. Strategy Environ. 2003, 12, 343–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kemp, R.; Parto, S.; Gibson, R.B. Governance for Sustainable Development: Moving from Theory to Practice. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. 2005, 8, 12–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yackee, S.W. Sweet-Talking the Fourth Branch: The Influence of Interest Group Comments on Federal Agency Rulemaking. J. Public Adm. Res. Theory 2006, 16, 103–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lahneman, B. In Vino Veritas: Understanding Sustainability With Environmental Certified Management Standards. Organ. Environ. 2015, 28, 160–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Charters, S.; Spielmann, N.; Babin, B.J. The Nature and Value of Terroir Products. Eur. J. Mark. 2017, 51, 748–771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aigrain, P.; Brugière, F.; Duchêne, E.; de Cortazar-Atauri, I.G.; Gautier, J.; Giraud-Héraud, E.; Hannin, H.; Ollat, N.; Touzard, J.-M. Work of prospective on the adaptation of the viticulture to climate change: Which series of events could support various adaptation strategies?/Travaux de prospective sur l’adaptation de la viticulture au changement climatique: Quelles séries d’événements pourraient favoriser différentes stratégies d’adaptation? In BIO Web Conferences; EDP Science: Les Ulis, France, 2016; Volume 7, p. 3016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gilinsky, A.; Newton, S.K.; Vega, R.F. Sustainability in the Global Wine Industry: Concepts and Cases. Agric. Agric. Sci. Procedia 2016, 8, 37–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Flores, S.S. What is Sustainability in the Wine World? A Cross-Country Analysis of Wine Sustainability Frameworks. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 172, 2301–2312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- International Organization of Vine and Wine. Resolution CST 1/2004: Development of Sustainable Vitiviniculture; International Organization of Vine and Wine: Paris, France, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- International Organization of Vine and Wine. OIV, 2016. Resolution CST 518/2016: OIV General Principles of Sustainable Vitiviniculture—Environmental—Social—Economic and—Cultural Aspects; International Organization of Vine and Wine: Bento Gonçalves, Brazil, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Broome, J.C.; Warner, K.D. Agro-Environmental Partnerships Facilitate Sustainable Wine-Grape Production and Assessment. Calif. Agric. 2008, 62, 133–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Delmas, M.A.; Grant, L.E. Eco-Labeling Strategies and Price-Premium: The Wine Industry Puzzle. Bus. Soc. 2014, 53, 6–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Forbes, S.L.; Cohen, D.A.; Cullen, R.; Wratten, S.D.; Fountain, J. Consumer Attitudes Regarding Environmentally Sustainable Wine: An Exploratory Study of the New Zealand Marketplace. J. Clean. Prod. 2009, 17, 1195–1199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Silverman, M.; Marshall, R.S.; Cordano, M. The Geening of the California Wine Industry: Implications for Regulators and Industry Associations. J. Wine Res. 2005, 16, 151–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gabzdylova, B.; Raffensperger, J.F.; Castka, P. Sustainability in the New Zealand Wine Industry: Drivers, Stakeholders and Practices. J. Clean. Prod. 2009, 17, 992–998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Signori, P.; Flint, D.J.; Golicic, S.L. Constrained Innovation on Sustainability in the Global Wine Industry. J. Wine Res. 2017, 28, 71–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hira, A.; Swartz, T. What makes Napa Napa? The Roots of Success in the Wine Industry. Wine Econ. Policy 2014, 3, 37–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ohmart, C. Green wine without green washing? Wines Vines 2008, 89, 77–79. [Google Scholar]
- Barbosa, F.S.; Scavarda, A.J.; Sellitto, M.A.; Lopes Marques, D.I. Sustainability in the Winemaking Industry: An Analysis of Southern Brazilian Companies Based on a Literature Review. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 192, 80–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boncinelli, F.; Dominici, A.; Gerini, F.; Marone, E. Insights into organic wine consumption: Behaviour, segmentation and attribute non-attendance. Agric. Econ. 2021, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- IWSR. The Global Organic Wine Market 2012–22. Available online: https://www.vinavisen.dk/vinavisen/website.nsf/pages/IWSR.pdf/$file/IWSR.pdf (accessed on 10 March 2021).
- Storm, S.-A. Das Europäische Weinbezeichnungsrecht: Die Möglichkeiten, Grenzen und die Kontrolle des Weinbezeichnungsrechts in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft; Nomos: Baden-Baden, Germany, 1990; ISBN 3-7890-2033-8. [Google Scholar]
- Hall, P.D. A Historical overview of philanthropy, voluntary associations, and nonprofit organizations in the United States, 1600–2000. In The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook; Powell, W.W., Steinberg, R., Eds.; Yale University Press: New Haven, CT, USA, 2006; pp. 32–65. [Google Scholar]
- Mahood, H.R. Pressure Groups in American Politics; Scribner: New York, NY, USA, 1967. [Google Scholar]
- Turner, H.A. How Pressure Groups Operate. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 1958, 319, 63–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berry, J.M. The Interest Group Society; Scott Foresman and Company: Glenview, IL, USA, 1989. [Google Scholar]
- Hendriks, C. Institutions of Deliberative Democratic Processes and Interest Groups: Roles, Tensions and Incentives. Aust. J. Public Adm. 2002, 61, 64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petracca, M.P. The Rediscovery of Interest Group Politics; Westview Press: Boulder, CO, USA, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Baumgartner, F.R.; Jones, B.D. Agendas and Instability in American Politics; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 1993; ISBN 0226039390. [Google Scholar]
- Gray, V.; Lowery, D. The Population Ecology of Interest Representation: Lobbying Communities in the American States; University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Heinz, J.P.; Laumann, E.O.; Nelson, R.L.; Salisbury, R.H. The Hollow Core; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Olson, M. The Logic of Collective Action; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1965. [Google Scholar]
- Salisbury, R.H. Interests and Institutions: Substance and Structure in American Politics; University of Pittsburgh Press: Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Schattschneider, E.E. The Semisovereign People; Dryden Press: Hinsdale, IL, USA, 1960. [Google Scholar]
- Truman, D.B. The Governmental Process; Alfred A. Knopf: New York, NY, USA, 1951. [Google Scholar]
- Creswell, J.W. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches; Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Bryman, A. June 1989 and Beyond: Julia Brannen’s Contribution to Mixed Methods Research. Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol. 2014, 17, 121–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Domínguez, S.; Hollstein, B. Mixed Methods Social Networks Research; Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Teddlie, C.; Tashakkori, A. A General Typology of Research Designs Featuring Mixed Methods. Res. Sch. 2006, 13, 284–294. [Google Scholar]
- Provan, K.G.; Fish, A.; Sydow, J. Interorganizational Networks at the Network Level: A Review of the Empirical Literature on Whole Networks. J. Manag. 2007, 33, 479–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Butts, C.T. Social Network Analysis: A Methodological Introduction. Asian J. Soc. Psychol. 2008, 11, 13–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Borgatti, S.P. NetDraw Software for Network Visualization; Analytic Technologies: Lexington, KY, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Jansen, D. Einführung in die Netzwerkanalyse: Grundlagen, Methoden, Forschungsbeispiele, 3rd ed.; VS Verlag: Wiesbaden, Germany, 2006; ISBN 3531150545. [Google Scholar]
- Marsden, P.V. Recent developments in network measurement. In Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis; Carrington, P.J., Scott, J., Wasserman, S., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2005; pp. 8–30. [Google Scholar]
- Edwards, G. Mixed-Method Approaches to Social Network Analysis; National Centre for Research Methods (NCRM): Manchester, UK, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Mitchell, J.C. The concept and use of social networks. In Social Networks in Urban Situations: Analyses of Personal Relationships in Central African Towns; Mitchell, J.C., Ed.; Manchester University Press: Manchester, UK, 1969; pp. 1–50. [Google Scholar]
- Sydow, J.; Windeler, A.; Krebs, M.; Loose, A.; van Well, B. Organisation von Netzwerken: Strukturationstheoretische Analysen der Vermittlungspraxis in Versicherungsnetzwerken; Westdeutscher Verlag: Opladen, Germany, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Bryman, A.; Bell, E. Business Research Methods; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Myers, M.D. Qualitative Research in Business and Management, 2nd ed.; Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- VERBI Software. MAXQDA 2020, Software Für Qualitative Datenanalyse; VERBI Software: Berlin, Germany, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Bryman, A. Social Research Methods; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Yin, R.K. Case Study Research: Design and Methods, 5th ed.; Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Gläser, J.; Laudel, G. Experteninterviews und Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse, 4th ed.; VS Verlag: Wiesbaden, Germany, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Wieser, M. Lobbying—Weißer Fleck an der Nahtstelle Zwischen Politik und Wirtschaft; TU München: München, Germany, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Owen-Smith, J.; Powell, W.W. Knowledge Networks as Channels and Conduits: The Effects of Spillovers in the Boston Biotechnology Community. Organ. Sci. 2004, 15, 5–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Prell, C. Social Network Analysis: History, Theory and Methodology; Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Freeman, L.C. Centrality in Social Networks: Conceptual Clarification. Soc. Netw. 1979, 1, 215–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wine in Moderation. Sustainable Culture of Wine. Available online: http://www.wineinmoderation.eu/ (accessed on 10 March 2021).
- Barnett, M.L.; King, A.A. Good Fences Make Good Neighbors: A Longitudinal Analysis of an Industry Self-Regulatory Institution. Acad. Manag. J. 2008, 51, 1150–1170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mazey, S.; Richardson, J. Interest groups and EU policy-making: Organizational logic and venue shopping. In European Union, Power and Policy-Making; Richardson, J., Ed.; Routledge: London, UK, 2006; pp. 217–237. [Google Scholar]
- Reutter, W. Deutschland. Verbände zwischen Pluralismus, Korporatismus und Lobbyismus. In Verbände und Verbändesysteme in Westeuropa; Reutter, W., Rütters, P., Eds.; Leske und Budrich: Opladen, Germany, 2001; pp. 75–101. [Google Scholar]
- Mahoney, C. Brussels Versus the Beltway: Advocacy in the United States and the European Union; Georgetown University Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Cropper, M.L.; Evans, W.N.; Berardi, S.J.; Ducla-Soares, M.M.; Portney, P.R. The Determinants of Pesticide Regulation: A Statistical Analysis of EPA Decision Making. J. Political Econ. 1992, 100, 175–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Magat, W.; Krupnick, A.J.; Harrington, W. Rules in the Making: A Statistical Analysis of Regulatory Agency Behavior; Routledge: New York, NY, USA; London, UK, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Nixon, D.C.; Howard, M.R.; DeWitt, J.R. With Friends like These: Rule-making Comment Submissions to the Securities and Exchange Commission. J. Public Adm. Res. Theory 2002, 12, 59–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Golden, M.M. Interest groups in the Rule-Making Process: Who Participates? Whose Voices Get Heard? J. Public Adm. Res. Theory 1998, 8, 245–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Marshall, R.S.; Akoorie, M.E.M.; Hamann, R.; Sinha, P. Environmental Practices in the Wine industry: An Empirical Application of the Theory of Reasoned Action and Stakeholder Theory in the United States and New Zealand. J. World Bus. 2010, 45, 405–414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonn, M.A.; Cronin, J.J.; Cho, M. Do Environmental Sustainable Practices of Organic Wine Suppliers Affect Consumers’ Behavioral Intentions? The Moderating Role of Trust. Cornell Hosp. Q. 2016, 57, 21–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bisson, L.F.; Waterhouse, A.L.; Ebeler, S.E.; Walker, M.A.; Lapsley, J.T. The Present and Future of the International Wine Industry. Nature 2002, 418, 696–699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tyler, B.B.; Lahneman, B.; Beukel, K.; Cerrato, D.; Minciullo, M.; Spielmann, N.; Discua Cruz, A. SME Managers’ Perceptions of Competitive Pressure and the Adoption of Environmental Practices in Fragmented Industries: A Multi-Country Study in the Wine Industry. Organ. Environ. 2018, 86, 108602661880372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ferrón Vilchez, V.; Darnall, N.; Aragón Correa, J.A. Stakeholder influences on the design of firms’ environmental practices. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 142, 3370–3381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berchicci, L.; King, A. Postcards from the Edge: A Review of the Business and Environment Literature. Acad. Manag. Ann. 2007, 1, 513–547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Europäische Kommission Vertretung in Deutschland. Klarstellung: Kommission plant keine Schockbilder auf alkoholischen Getränken—Deutschland—European Commission. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/germany/news/20210211-schockbilder-alkohol_de (accessed on 21 February 2021).
- Der Deutsche Weinbau. Alkohol im Visier. Available online: https://www.meininger.de/weinbau/politik-und-verbaende/alkohol-im-visier (accessed on 21 February 2021).
- Groser, M.; Sack, D.; Schroeder, W. Die Industrie- und Handelskammern im politischen System Deutschlands. In Handbuch Arbeitgeber- und Wirtschaftsverbände in Deutschland; Schroeder, W., Weßels, B., Eds.; VS Verlag: Wiesbaden, Germany, 2010; pp. 66–84. [Google Scholar]
- Linda, C.; Herrmann, G. The Institutionalisation of Skill in Britain and Germany: Examples from the Construction Sector. In The Skills that Matter; Warhurst, C., Grugulis, I., Keep, E., Eds.; Palgrave: New York, NY, USA, 2004; pp. 128–147. [Google Scholar]
- United Nations. Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2015; Available online: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld/publication (accessed on 5 April 2017).
- Pomarici, E.; Sardone, R. EU wine policy in the framework of the CAP: Post-2020 challenges. Agric. Econ. 2020, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Acronym | Type | Year of Foundation | Reply to Social Network Study | Betweenness Centrality |
---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | Association | 1874 | No | n.a. |
A2 | Association | 1913 | Yes | 49.433 |
A3 | Association | 1950 | Yes | 94.788 |
A4 | Association | 1911 | Yes | 117.333 |
A5 | Association | 1948 | Yes | 225.057 |
A6 | Association | 1910 | Yes | 145.684 |
OFA1 | Organic Farming Association | 1985 | Yes | 71.647 |
R1 | Regulator (Land/state level) | - | No | n.a. |
R2 | Regulator (Bund/federal level) | - | No | n.a. |
TRI1 | Research and Teaching Institution | 1971 (2013 re-founded) | Yes | 174.278 |
TRI1* | Research and Teaching Institution | 1872 | Yes | 268.644 |
TRI2 | Research and Teaching Institution | unknown | Yes | 150.896 |
TRI3 | Research and Teaching Institution | 1868 | Yes | 69.789 |
TRI4 | Research and Teaching Institution | 1920 | Yes | 115.326 |
WM1 | Wine Marketer | 1949 | Yes | 202.976 |
WM2 | Wine Marketer | 1961 | Yes | 116.663 |
Topic (T) | Category (C) | Content-Indicator (I) |
---|---|---|
T1. Organizational field | C1.1 Organization | I1.1.1. Function |
I1.1.2. Political influence | ||
I1.1.3. Networking activities | ||
I1.1.4. Key actor (self-perception) | ||
C1.2 Wine Industry | I1.2.1. General information | |
I1.2.2. Development of the last years | ||
I1.2.3. Forecast | ||
I1.2.4. History | ||
I1.2.5. Relevance of key actors | ||
T2. Regulation | C2.1. General | |
C2.2. History | ||
C2.3. Development in the last years | ||
C2.4. Forecast | ||
C2.5. Confrontation with regulation | ||
C2.6. Regulation is originating from… | ||
C2.7. Possibilities of influence | I2.7.1. General I2.7.2. Examples | |
C2.8. Relevance of key actors | I2.8.1. General I2.8.2. Sustainability | |
C2.9. Desired change in regulation | I2.9.1. Yes I2.9.2. No | |
C2.10. Sustainability trough regulation | I2.10.1. Rather possible I2.10.2. Rather not possible | |
C2.11. Examples of regulation | I2.11.1. Regulation in general I2.11.2. Impulse toward sustainability | |
T3. Self-Regulation | C3.1. General | |
C3.2. History | ||
C3.3. Development in the last years | ||
C3.4. Forecast | ||
C3.5. Relevance of key actors | ||
C3.6. Sustainability through self-regulation | I3.6.1. Rather possible I3.6.2. Rather not possible I3.11.1. Self-Regulation in general I3.11.2. Impulse toward sustainability | |
C3.7. Examples | ||
T4. Sustainability | C4.1. Understanding of sustainability | I4.1.1. General I4.1.2. Social Dimension I4.1.2.1. Generational change I4.1.2.2. Responsible consumption of alcohol I4.1.3. Ecological Dimension I4.1.3.1. Biological diversity I4.1.3.2. Use of herbicides I4.1.4. Economic Dimension I4.1.4.1. To make a living with wine I4.1.4.2. Quality (growing less) I4.2.1. External I4.3.1. Internal |
C4.2. Relation to sustainability | ||
C4.3. Development of the last years | ||
C4.4. Forecast |
Impact Mechanism | Sustainability Dimension | Sustainability-Related Outcomes | Exemplary Quotes |
---|---|---|---|
Formulation of regulations | Ecological | EG-Eco-Regulation | “The only pillar that was legitimately established in terms of sustainability is the ecological pillar, for example in form of EG-Eco-Regulation. There, we have reliable rules, which apply to all farmers. If they want to produce organically then they must adhere to the EG-Eco-Regulation.” (OFA1) |
Ecological | Water framework directive | “So let’s take the Water Framework Directive, shall we? That is another EU regulation. As you can see, we keep coming back to Brussels.” (A4) | |
Incentives for sustainability | Ecological | Organic wine growing | “I think the state can at best create incentives (…) But no winegrower will convert his business just because there are subsidies. The subsidies are good, however, in order to make a certain balance, and it might make it easier for one or the other to convert to organic viticulture.” (WM1) |
Ecological | Regulations on maximum yields per hectare | “In 1990, the regulation on maximum yields per hectare was introduced and this has led to an increase in quality, because the high quantities produce less quality. This has meant that yield fluctuations have been reduced, because if you let the yield run, there will be a great deal in one year and the vines will react naturally and then produce much less in the following year. And if you then reduce the naturally high yields, you will have the effect that in the next year the minus will not be so strong. So, through this legal limitation of quantities, the regulation on maximum yield per hectare, the yields have become more balanced.” (TRI4) | |
Ecological | National action plan for the sustainable use of plant protection products | “What other regulations do we have? The national plan of action for plant protection issued by the German government.” (TRI4) | |
Ecological | Pheromone mating disruption method | “Well, if I can just stick with this pheromone confusing method, with these biotechnical procedures. The federal state government is providing a grant of €100 per hectare, so that it can basically be said that Baden has been provided with this biotechnological measure throughout the state. And this is a novelty when compared with other wine-growing regions. Basically, these are impulses where we can provide incentives, where people say that these are not huge sums of money, yes, but where there is a broad effect of sustainability or ecologisation in the end.” (A2) | |
Economical | Wealth of winemakers | “I believe that regulation, the strong regulation we have in the wine industry through legislation and directives, has also contributed to the success of the wine industry. But this must also be seen in the light of the fact that producers are doing relatively well at the moment. If you go back 12 to 14 years, everyone has only had a third of their income.” (A5) |
Impact Mechanism | Sustainability Dimension | Sustainability-Related Outcomes | Exemplary Quotes |
---|---|---|---|
Individual values of winegrowers | Sustainability in general | Awareness of sustainability | “They were all convinced that they were doing the right thing, and the demand for sustainable production was not there yet. The demand has only been created by creating awareness.” (A6) |
Sustainability in general | Self-regulation going beyond regulation | “I don’t think regulation is a problem for our winegrowers, because our rules are much tighter than those set by the state. (…) Our self-regulation goes beyond that.” (A6) | |
Anticipation of regulation | Social | Moderate wine consumption (prevention program) | “[In] the EU-wide initiative “Wine in Moderation” we take the leading role from Germany for the entire EU which includes a Wine Information Council that informs people about the risks of wine consumption and releases wine brochures. This is a self-commitment of the wine and alcohol industry to prevent advertising prohibitions.” (WM1) “…and this will also become an important topic, self-promoting a moderate wine consumption as a company from the wine-growing sector. If we look at the developments regarding cigarettes and cigarettes advertising in Brussels in the last years, we can observe massive intervention from the political side. These could as well affect our general alcohol industry in the medium or long term or our wine sector in particular.” (A5) |
Self-regulation influences regulation | Ecological | Directive for organic wine production | “Since 1985, we have also had guidelines for the vinification facilities, which has only existed at EU level since the harvest in 2012. This means that before 2012 there was only wine made from organically produced grapes and since the harvest in 2012 there has actually been organic wine, which Ecovin has been producing since 1985.” (OFA1) |
Impact Mechanism | Sustainability Dimension | Sustainability-Related Outcomes | Exemplary Quotes |
---|---|---|---|
Incentives by State or EU | Ecological and social | Reduction of chemical insecticides | “Talking about the pheromone mating disruption method, the state government offers a subvention of 100 € per hectare…. These are stimuli that … evoke a sustainable or ecological effect across the country.” (A2) |
Resources provided by wine marketers | Ecological | Instruments enabling the documentation of sustainability-related outcomes | “We want to give the winegrowers an instrument to measure their progress in sustainability and at the same time fulfil their documentation obligations. To this end, we are currently cooperating with the Service Center, with the research institutes, with all those active in the fields.” (WM3) |
Enabling sustainability | Economical | Sustainability-related innovations | “This is what we have been doing for three years now. In conjunction with the service center, we also reward the innovations that make a major contribution to sustainable management.” (WM3) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Spraul, K.; Höfert, A. Governance for Sustainability: Patterns of Regulation and Self-Regulation in the German Wine Industry. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3140. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063140
Spraul K, Höfert A. Governance for Sustainability: Patterns of Regulation and Self-Regulation in the German Wine Industry. Sustainability. 2021; 13(6):3140. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063140
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpraul, Katharina, and Annegret Höfert. 2021. "Governance for Sustainability: Patterns of Regulation and Self-Regulation in the German Wine Industry" Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3140. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063140