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Article

Exposure to Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) Affects the Antioxidant Response and Gene Expression of Procambarus clarkii

by
Md Muzammel Hossain
1,2,3,
Yuan Yuan
1,
Hengliang Huang
1,
Ziwei Wang
1,
Mohammad Abdul Baki
3,
Zhihua Dai
1,4,
Muhammad Rizwan
1,5,
Shuanglian Xiong
1,
Menghua Cao
1 and
Shuxin Tu
1,2,*
1
College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
2
Hubei Research Centre for Soil Remediation Engineering, Wuhan 430070, China
3
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life and Earth Science, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
4
College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
5
Institute of Soil Science, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2021, 13(6), 3495; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063495
Submission received: 17 February 2021 / Revised: 14 March 2021 / Accepted: 16 March 2021 / Published: 22 March 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Environmental Hazards)
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Abstract

:
Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) is widely used daily in the chemical industry and exists in the environment; however, its eco-toxicity is not well documented. A hydroponic experiment was performed to investigate the effects of D6 exposure (10–1000 mg L−1) on oxidative stress induction and gene expression changes in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). The results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was enhanced by 20–32% at low D6 exposure (10 mg L−1) in muscle but reduced in gill tissue at high D6 exposure (1000 mg L−1). High D6 (1000 mg L−1) also increased catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities in muscle tissue by 14–37% and 14–45%, respectively, and the same trend was observed in the carapace and gill tissue of crayfish. The Malondialdehyde (MDA), ascorbate (AsA), and glutathione (GSH) contents were increased by 16–31%, 19–31%, and 21–28% in the muscle of crayfish under D6 exposure. Additionally, silicon (Si) content increased in three organs (gill, carapace, and muscle) of crayfish. Related genes involved in enzyme and nonenzyme activities were detected, and when crayfish was exposed to D6, genes such as Sod3, Cat3, Pod3, and Gsh3 were up-regulated, while Asa3 and Oxido3 were significantly down-regulated in the muscle. The research results help us to understand the toxicity of D6 in crayfish and provide a basis for further research on the mechanism of D6-induced stress in crayfish and other aquatic organisms.

1. Introduction

Silicone products are artificially manufactured in different forms, including liquids, solids, semiviscous pastes, greases, oils, and rubber, and are widely used in different industrial sectors such as construction, textiles, mechanical, carpeting, paper, architectural coatings, sealants, ink, paint, fluids and medical devices [1]. Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) is a cyclic volatile methylsiloxane colorless liquid with a molecular formula of C12H36O6Si6 [2]. It is mostly used as a raw material to produce silicone gel, rubber, and resin and assess environmental risks [3]. The US Environmental Production Agency and the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) categorize D6 as a high production volume chemical [4,5,6]. Although America and Europe produce silicone, China is the biggest manufacturer and consumer of silicones and polysiloxanes in the world, with a yearly consumption of approximately 270,000 and 430,000 tons, respectively [7]. About 470,000 tons and 800,000 tons of silicone are produced annually in the US and China, respectively [8]. In 2002, the annual produced or imported amount of D6 was about USD 13 to 69 million in the United States [9]. It is estimated that the yearly growth rate of silicones is 6% due to the worldwide demand caused by the growing end-use market [10].
The mass utilization of D6 has resulted in excess D6 accumulation in the environment [11,12]. Industrial activity, sewage treatments, and landfills were found to increase D6 concentration in the environment [13,14]. About 90% of D6 is used in product materials for personal care [15,16], which then accumulate in the atmosphere, wastewater [17,18,19,20], and sediments in Nordic countries (Iceland, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and the Faroe Islands) [21]. In addition, silicone can easily be mixed in agricultural water and soil due to its physicochemical properties, and it is considered a high priority for assessing ecological risk, bioaccumulation, human health, and inherent toxicity to aquatic organisms [22,23].
Exposure to silicone may have a harmful effect on organisms. Siloxane concentrations are minimal in aquatic animals. D6 concentration has been recorded in fish samples from Spanish supermarkets [24], rainbow trout fish [25], guppies (Poecilia reticulata), goldfish (Carassius auratus) [26], fathead minnows (Pimephales Promelas), and invertebrates (Daphnia magna) [27]. In a long-term study, the mortality rate of freshwater fish (fathead minnows) was shown to be 12% in the 4.4 μg L−1 D6 treatment group [28]. The liver of mice and rats was also injured [29,30], and recently, Onnekink et al. [31] reported that cell death occurs in cultured cells due to D6 exposure.
However, D6 exposure in aquatic animals has rarely been studied for antioxidant response and gene expression. Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is recognized as a vulnerable species in the aquatic ecosystem [32]. Among invertebrates, this species is usually used as a test organism for biomonitoring studies due to its sensitivity to toxicity, importance in freshwater ecology, and high bioaccumulation ability in the environment [33]. D6 in agriculture through irrigated water, river water, and wastewater may have a harmful effect on crayfish. Thus, we hypothesize that D6 affects the antioxidant system, the production of reactive oxygen species, and breathing chain-related gene functions in the crayfish species. Thus, in this study, our objectives were to examine antioxidant enzyme activity and related gene expression in crayfish tissues under D6 stress.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Resources for the Experiment

In this experiment, crayfish (P. clarkii Girard, 1852) was cultured in an aqua black box with natural water (temperature: 22–23 °C, pH 7.24 ± 0.2, electric conductivity: 375 ± 1.4 µS/cm, hardness: 162.0 ± 3.0 mg L−1). Different doses of D6 were used as chemical stress in the culture water with crayfish.

2.2. Experimental Procedure

In the study, the hydroponic experiment was designed with crayfish and a total of 12 experiment black box (47.0 cm × 34.0 cm × 15.5 cm) ponds containing 3 L of dechlorinated natural water. Four treatments were designed as the control (CK), 10, 100, and 1000 mg L−1 D6. Then, freshwater crayfish were cultured in each experiment black box pond. Three replications were performed, and each treatment took six crayfish, and a total of 72 crayfish were encaged for the treatment. During the study period, the liquid silicone chemical D6 (0, 10, 100, and 1000 mg L−1) was mixed with water in the experimental box pond. The photoperiod time was 12 h light and 12 h dark.

2.3. Preparation of Samples and Analysis

Adult crayfish samples were randomly harvested after 72 h and washed with pure water. During the sampling process, vessels and dissecting tools were washed with HNO3 (Merck Suprapur®) for the operation of crayfish and then bathed with deionized water (Milli-Q) to reduce the chance of contamination. The crayfish samples were anesthetized on ice for 15 min, and 0.5 g carapace, 0.5 g gill, and 0.5 g muscle samples were collected. All samples for assay were stored at −80 °C. The crayfish organ samples (gill, carapace, and muscle) were homogenized (1:10 w/v) in an ice-cold buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4) to estimate the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT. To determine MDA, AsA, and GSH content, single organs (muscle) of crayfish were homogenized (1:10 w/v) in 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA). After grinding, the solutions of all samples were shifted to a centrifugation tube (10 mL). Then, all homogenate samples were centrifuged (Model 5810 R) at 10,000 rpm for 15 min at 4 °C. To determine enzyme and nonenzyme activities, all supernatant samples were collected and immediately preserved at −20 °C. For Si determination, three organs (gill, carapace, and muscle) of crayfish were collected and dehydrated at 70 °C for 96 h. The conical flax was washed with 95% alcohol and deionized water. The conical cover was rinsed by an ultrasonic cleaning machine with pure water (5.57 µS cm−1) for 5 min, washed with deionized H2O, and then dried at 45 °C for 24 h.

2.4. Determination of Enzyme and Nonenzyme Activities

The supernatants of crayfish organ samples (gill, carapace, and muscle) were used to determine SOD activity referring to the technique of Dhindsa et al. [34]. SOD activity was assayed as a U mg−1 protein, where U was the inhibited photochemical reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), and the absorbance was recorded at 560 nm. CAT activity was monitored by the disappearance of H2O2 at ΔOD240 protocols following the method of Aebi [35]. POD activity was exhibited by a U mg−1 protein, where 1 U was assayed as ΔOD470 min−1 according to Huang et al. [36]. The amount of MDA for estimating the lipid peroxidation was according to the method of Heath and Packer [37] and assayed on 96-well plates as ΔOD532, ΔOD600, and ΔOD450. MDA content was recorded as μmol g−1 fresh weight (FW). AsA content was measured as mg AsA g−1 FW and defined as ΔOD525 by the spectrophotometer technique of Guo et al. [38]. GSH content was reported as mg g−1 FW and estimated by the absorption of a spectrophotometer at 412 nm within 30 s of response followed the method of Han et al. [39].

2.5. Determination of Si Content

Three organs (muscles, gill, and carapace) of crayfish tissue samples were digested and assayed by the method of Huang et al. [40]. Concisely, 0.2 g of dry tissue was weighed and saturated in 10 mL of mixed solution(HNO3:HClO4 = 9:1, v/v) in Teflon beakers for 12 h (overnight), and 5 mL of H2O2 was added when the solutions became reddish-brown. Then, on the hotplate compartment (Lab Tech EH35B), the mixed solution was heated at 180 °C until the volume reached 1 or 2 mL. A 15 mL volume of DI water was added after the solutions showed colloidal precipitate, and then the solution became sunlit yellow. A 3 mL volume of 50% NaOH solution was added in the solution and covered for 60 min at 180 °C. Then, the solution was shifted to a sample container and made up to 25.0 g after refrigerating at room temperature. At last, the colorimetric molybdenum blue technique method followed to measure the Si content.

2.6. RNA Isolation, Preparation, and qRT-PCR

After treating with D6, crayfish muscle samples were collected according to the manufacturer’s procedures using a Tri reagent to extract total RNA for the analysis of RNA-seq. RNA Nano 6000 Assay Kit (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) was used to evaluate the RNA. Unigene’s SSR and primers were verified for each SSR [41]. Unigene was confirmed by MISA (v1.0), and the primer design was completed with Primer3 (version 2.2.2) [42]. All primer sets for the genes are noted in Table S1 (Supplementary Materials). The mRNA was supported to build the cDNA library that was collected from the treated samples. The relative abundance of mRNA was determined by the method of RT-qPCR. The NanoDropTM 2000 UV spectrophotometer was used to quantify the RNA (Thermo-Scientific, USA). We verified the RT-PCR product quality by electrophoresis on 1.5% agar gel. qRT-PCR was led in a 20 μL reaction volume covered with 10 μL of 2 × SybrGreen qPCR Master Mix, 2 μL of cDNA, 0.4 μL of reverse and forward primers, and 7.2 μL ddH2O. The conditions of 95 °C for 3 min, 45 cycles at 95 °C for 3 s, and 60 °C for 30 s followed for the PCR amplification. Target genes of specific primers are listed in Table S1 (Supplementary Materials). According to the 2−△△Ct method, the relative genes were analyzed [43]. The RNA-seq data quality was perfect and reliably evaluated via qRT-PCR analysis.

2.7. Data Analysis

Experimental data were analyzed using STAR (version 2.0.1) with R language [44]. STAR is a statistical computing and graphics software developed by IRRI. Independent three replicates (n = 3) data were performed for each treatment. Data were normally distributed and tested by the Shapiro–Wilk test. The groups’ differences were estimated by a one-way ANOVA test, LSD test, and DMRT test. Statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level was indicated by different small letters. Graphs were developed by Microsoft Excel 2016, Sigmaplot version 12.0, and Microsoft Power Point 2016.

3. Results

3.1. Effect of D6 on the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes

SOD, CAT, and POD activities in different organs (gill, carapace, and muscle) of crayfish under D6 stress in this study are shown in Figure 1. All the antioxidant enzymes contributed to the enzyme regulation system and related to the active oxygen species scavengers.

3.1.1. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity

In comparison with the control (CK), D6 exposure in crayfish significantly (p < 0.05) improved SOD activity in tissue samples by 17–38% in carapace, 26–30% in gill, and 20–32% in muscle at a low concentration (10 mg L−1), while at a high concentration level (1000 mg L−1), it decreased by 38–21% in carapace, 30–17% in gill, and 32–21% in muscle, respectively, as shown in Figure 1A. The average ranges of SOD activity were 61.46 ± 4.54 to 109.18 ± 5.71 U g−1 FW in gill, 33.07 ± 3.017 to 71.41 ± 2.09 U g−1 FW in carapace, and 40.48 ± 1.37 to 64.55 ± 5.02 U g−1 FW in muscle samples, respectively. The trend of the highest SOD activity in the three tissues can be expressed as gill > carapace > muscle.

3.1.2. Peroxidase (POD) Activity

The highest POD activity was found at the maximum concentration level (1000 mg L−1) of D6 in gill, carapace, and muscle tissue, as shown in Figure 1B. The POD activity increased by 10–49% in carapace, 9–52% in gill, and 14–45% in muscle, respectively, and the POD activity trend can be expressed as gill > carapace > muscle for D6 treatment. The average ranges of POD activity were 1.17 ± 0.09 to 6.90 ± 0.47 U g−1 min−1 FW in gill, 0.55 ± 0.05 to 2.83 ± 0.31 U g−1 min−1 FW in carapace, and 0.58 ± 0.07 to 1.92 ± 0.26 U g−1 min−1 FW in muscle samples, respectively.

3.1.3. Catalase (CAT) Activity

Changes in CAT activity with different D6 concentration levels followed a similar trend to that observed in POD, and the maximum CAT activity was shown at high concentration levels (1000 mg L−1) of D6 (Figure 1C). Compared with CK, CAT activity was improved significantly (p < 0.05) in the three organ samples of gill, carapace, and muscle by 8–34%, 9–35%, and 14–37%, respectively. Due to D6 stress, the CAT activity in the organ samples followed a downward trend in the order muscle > gill > carapace. The average CAT activity ranges were 0.02 ± 0.0003 to 0.07 ± 0.005 U g−1 min−1 FW in carapace samples, 0.02 ± 0.0002 to 0.09 ± 0.003 U g−1 min−1 FW in gill samples, and 0.08 ± 0.006 to 0.22 ± 0.03 U g−1 min−1 FW in muscle samples, respectively.

3.2. Effect of D6 on the Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant

3.2.1. Determination of Malondialdehyde (MDA) Content

In crayfish muscle, MDA content was increased significantly (p < 0.05) by 16–31% under the treatment of D6, indicating toxicity in crayfish (Figure 2). Compared with CK, the highest MDA content level after D6 treatment was found 0.33-fold higher than those of the control.

3.2.2. Determination of Ascorbate (AsA) and Glutathione (GSH) Contents

Compared with CK, the nonenzymatic AsA and GSH contents were significantly (p < 0.05) improved with the increase of D6 concentrations, as presented in Figure 2. AsA and GSH contents were increased by 19–31% and 21–28% in muscle tissue. AsA and GSH contents at 100 mg L−1 D6 exposure were a maximum of 3.29-fold and 8.4-fold higher than the control.

3.3. Silicon (Si) Content and Survival Rate of Crayfish

Si content was estimated in the different organs (gill, carapace, and muscle) of crayfish after treatment with D6 (Figure 3). Compared with CK, the highest Si content was found in the muscle tissue of crayfish and the organ of crayfish Si content followed a downward trend in the order muscle > gill > carapace. Si content was 2.98 ± 0.08 g kg−1 in muscle tissue, 0.47 ± 0.05 g kg−1 in gill tissue, and 0.04 ± 0.007 g kg−1 in carapace tissue, respectively.
Increasing the concentration of D6 decreased the survival rate due to the loss of crayfish. In this experiment, 17% of dead crayfish were found, whereas all crayfish were alive in the control treatment, as shown in Figure 3.

3.4. Effects of D6 on Gene Expression in Muscle

In this study, qRT-PCR was analyzed for the relative gene expression of antioxidant systems, which determined mRNA for target gene expression in the muscle tissue of crayfish. After treatment with different levels of D6, genes related to enzymatic and nonenzymatic activities were expressed as a molecular function of crayfish muscle.
The FPKM values of genes were verified, which was in charge of the individual gene expression under D6 stress. The gene expression level of each sample was different, and the identified gene results were significantly different in the muscles of crayfish (p < 0.05). We identified six genes related to antioxidant and nonenzyme activities in crayfish abdominal muscles treated with D6, as shown in Figure 4. Among all genes, individual Sod3, Cat3, Pod3, AsA3, Gsh3, and Oxido3 genes were expressed significantly (p < 0.05). The relative expression of Sod3 was higher at the low D6 concentration (10 mg L−1) than that of the high D6 level (1000 mg L−1). The relative expression of Sod3 was in charge of superoxide dismutase activity and its metabolic process, and the ion-binding activity was significantly amplified 4.06-fold with 10 mg L−1 D6 treatment compared with CK. The relative expression of Cat3 was responsible for hydrolase activity and catalytic activity in the muscle of crayfish.
Compared with CK, the relative expression of Cat3 was at its maximum at a D6 concentration of 10 mg L−1 and 1000 mg L−1, whereas Pod3 was highly expressed at a D6 concentration of 100 mg L−1. The relative expression of Pod3 was upregulated and responsible for cell adhesion, response to binding, oxidative stress, and peroxidase activity in the muscle tissue. The relative expression of Gsh3 related to nonenzymatic GSH content was highly expressed as upregulated, whereas the relative expression of Sod3, Cat3, and Pod3 was upregulated. The relative expression of Gsh3 was in charge of glutamate-ammonia ligase activity, the process of nitrogen compound and glutamine biosynthesis, and the necessity of ATP in the muscle. The relative expression of Asa3 and Oxido3 related to AsA content and oxidoreductase activities and expression was downregulated. The relative expression of Asa3 was responsible for glutathione transferase activity and dehydrogenase (ascorbate) activity in crayfish muscle tissue.

4. Discussion

We investigated enzyme and nonenzyme activities in crayfish tissues and analyzed the relative expression of the genes in muscle tissue after D6 treatment. The research aimed to verify how the crustaceans at biochemical, physiological, and molecular stages respond to various levels of D6.
With D6 treatment, SOD activity was decreased, while POD and CAT activities were increased, as shown in Figure 5. After the biochemical assay, MDA content was increased due to D6 exposure in muscle tissue, as shown in Figure 2, which has been recognized as toxicity and led to oxidative cell damage. Some studies have also reported MDA content was improved in crustacean species due to water pollution by industrial chemicals [45]. Increased MDA content has occurred in crayfish with silicone stress by way of a signal for the risk of tissue damage, resulting in crayfish mortality [46,47,48]. Oxidized lipid breakdown occurred through a large MDA content, which can play a role in the proteins. Carbonyl proteins perform through subordinate functions that cause free radical reactions by lipids [49,50]. In gill tissues, cell damage can affect gill function or metabolic rate and reduce the ability of ATP, which obstructs the role of the respiratory system in crayfish.
Oxidative stress imbalances ROS production and antioxidant defenses, which leads to damaged organs or organisms in the aquatic toxicology [51]. Lipid peroxidation is considered a major pathway to indicate damage in various tissues. Biomolecules may be extremely deleterious and connected due to ROS-induced oxidative damage [52]. A different organ of crayfish exposed to D6 and ROS, especially superoxide and H2O2, was produced, which may influence protection by regulating the activities of SOD and CAT [53]. In this study, compared with CK, the highest activities of SOD and CAT were assessed in the organs (gill and muscle), as shown in Figure 1. SOD activity may provide support as protection against active oxygen species. Change of CAT activity in the organs (carapace, gill, and muscle) of crayfish indicated higher peroxide concentrations [54]. SOD and CAT activities may treat superoxide anions and H2O2, which is established as the first protection route against oxidative stress [55,56].
Some studies also found similar activities of SOD and CAT in the organs of P. clarkii, A. leptodactylus, and A. astacus [46,57,58]. In three organs (gill, carapace, and muscle) of crayfish, POD activity was increased significantly (p < 0.05) after D6 exposure. SOD and POD are essential enzymes supporting the clear superoxide radicals and stopping damage to cells in various organs and tissue [59]. In crustacean species, SOD activity can play a vital immune role when crayfish are infected from stress, such as tiger prawn species [60], and POD can also act as an index enzyme to evaluate the immune function of crustaceans [61]. In the glutathione–ascorbate cycle of nonenzymatic agents, GSH and AsA contents were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the muscle organ, which supported the antioxidant defense and decreased the damage of reactive oxygen species.
Authors also found similar results of GSH content in crustacean species of A. leptodactylus [62]. Increased GSH contents in aquatic organisms indicate the function regulated for protection [63]. Recently, transcriptome has become a very useful tool. Gene expression variance encodes proteins of antioxidants to evaluate the biological toxicity or the effects of pollutants [64,65]. Different numbers of genes are associated with the response of oxidative stress and are recognized in the muscle tissue of red swamp crayfish, as discussed in similar studies on zebra fish [66,67]. ROS levels were increased due to oxidative stress by D6. This study also detected relative expression genes of oxidoreductase activity after 1000 mg L−1 D6 exposure in crayfish, as shown in Figure 4. Electrons are transferred from the reductant to the oxidant that is maintained by the oxidoreductase enzyme catalase. Trans-2-enoyl-CoA and NADPH transpired in the muscle. The relative expression of Oxido3 is responsible for oxidoreductase activity as it is downregulated in the muscle of crayfish under D6 treatment. Superoxide dismutase, ion binding, and 2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase activity are actively regulated through downregulated encoding genes. During protection, NADH or NAD+ and NADPH or NADP+ are active by enabling oxidative stress and the stability of GSH redox in crayfish [68]. Exposure to heavy metals in crustacean species also expresses redox- and detoxification-related genes [69]. Zhang et al. [70] also exhibited crayfish exposed to heavy metal, and the expressions of related genes were changed in the oxidation and reduction system in the immune function of crayfish.

5. Conclusions

In this study, D6 exposure significantly altered SOD, CAT, and POD activity in carapace, gill, and muscle tissue samples. MDA, GSH, and AsA contents were increased in the muscle tissues, suggesting that D6 exposure in crayfish promotes a stress response. Furthermore, enzyme-activity-related genes (Sod3, Cat3, and Pod3) were performed by upregulation, while nonenzyme related genes (AsA3 and Oxido3) were activated by down-regulation. Furthermore, more Si content was accumulated in crayfish tissue when treated with D6. These findings reveal the effect of D6 on enzyme activity and related gene expression of crayfish and hint at the possible impact of silicone on lobsters and other aquatic organisms.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/6/3495/s1, Table S1: Primer sequence list to determine mRNA for target genes expression in abdominal muscle of crayfish.

Author Contributions

For this research Investigation, Visualization, Resources, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Writing—original draft, M.M.H.; Investigation, review and editing, H.H.; Investigation, Resources, Y.Y.; Resources, review and editing, Z.D.; Review and editing, M.A.B.; Resources, Z.W.; Review and editing, M.R.; Review and editing, M.C.; Review and editing, S.X.; Conceptualization, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Project direction, Writing, review and editing, S.T. All authors have read and agreed for the publication. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

National Key Research and Development Program (2018YFC1800305), Hubei Special Project for Technique Innovation (2017ABA154), and Guangxi Major Special Project of Science and Technique (AA17202026-3) supported this research.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data reported statistically in this study and data will be available on request from the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Estimated antioxidant enzymes: (A) superoxide dismutase (SOD), (B) peroxidase (POD), and (C) catalase (CAT) activities in the carapace, gill, and muscle tissue of crayfish under D6 (mg L−1) treatment. Bars denote SD for the means (n = 3). Different small letters show significant differences among the treatments at p < 0.05.
Figure 1. Estimated antioxidant enzymes: (A) superoxide dismutase (SOD), (B) peroxidase (POD), and (C) catalase (CAT) activities in the carapace, gill, and muscle tissue of crayfish under D6 (mg L−1) treatment. Bars denote SD for the means (n = 3). Different small letters show significant differences among the treatments at p < 0.05.
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Figure 2. Estimated contents malondialdehyde (MDA), ascorbate (AsA), and glutathione (GSH) in the abdominal muscle of crayfish under different concentration levels of D6 (mg L−1) stress. Bars represent SD for the means (n = 3). Different small letters represent significant differences among the treatments at p < 0.05.
Figure 2. Estimated contents malondialdehyde (MDA), ascorbate (AsA), and glutathione (GSH) in the abdominal muscle of crayfish under different concentration levels of D6 (mg L−1) stress. Bars represent SD for the means (n = 3). Different small letters represent significant differences among the treatments at p < 0.05.
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Figure 3. Estimated Si contents in the different organs (carapace, gill, and muscle) of crayfish and the percentage (%) of dead and alive crayfish treated with D6.
Figure 3. Estimated Si contents in the different organs (carapace, gill, and muscle) of crayfish and the percentage (%) of dead and alive crayfish treated with D6.
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Figure 4. Effects of D6 on the relative gene expression of Sod3, Cat3, Pod3, AsA3, Gsh3, and Oxido3 in the muscle tissue of crayfish treated at different levels of D6. Different small letters represent significant differences among the treatments at p < 0.05.
Figure 4. Effects of D6 on the relative gene expression of Sod3, Cat3, Pod3, AsA3, Gsh3, and Oxido3 in the muscle tissue of crayfish treated at different levels of D6. Different small letters represent significant differences among the treatments at p < 0.05.
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Figure 5. A proposed primary model for showing the effect of D6 (mg L−1) in the different organs of crayfish. The green, blue, and red arrows pointing upward represent an improved factor, and the arrows pointing downward represent a reduced factor.
Figure 5. A proposed primary model for showing the effect of D6 (mg L−1) in the different organs of crayfish. The green, blue, and red arrows pointing upward represent an improved factor, and the arrows pointing downward represent a reduced factor.
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Hossain, M.M.; Yuan, Y.; Huang, H.; Wang, Z.; Baki, M.A.; Dai, Z.; Rizwan, M.; Xiong, S.; Cao, M.; Tu, S. Exposure to Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) Affects the Antioxidant Response and Gene Expression of Procambarus clarkii. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3495. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063495

AMA Style

Hossain MM, Yuan Y, Huang H, Wang Z, Baki MA, Dai Z, Rizwan M, Xiong S, Cao M, Tu S. Exposure to Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) Affects the Antioxidant Response and Gene Expression of Procambarus clarkii. Sustainability. 2021; 13(6):3495. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063495

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hossain, Md Muzammel, Yuan Yuan, Hengliang Huang, Ziwei Wang, Mohammad Abdul Baki, Zhihua Dai, Muhammad Rizwan, Shuanglian Xiong, Menghua Cao, and Shuxin Tu. 2021. "Exposure to Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) Affects the Antioxidant Response and Gene Expression of Procambarus clarkii" Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3495. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063495

APA Style

Hossain, M. M., Yuan, Y., Huang, H., Wang, Z., Baki, M. A., Dai, Z., Rizwan, M., Xiong, S., Cao, M., & Tu, S. (2021). Exposure to Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) Affects the Antioxidant Response and Gene Expression of Procambarus clarkii. Sustainability, 13(6), 3495. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063495

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