Architecture and Recreation as a Political Tool—Seaside Architectural Heritage of the Worker Holiday Fund (WHF) in the Era of the Polish People’s Republic (1949–1989)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- identification of the indicated facilities, i.e., searching by the original address and location, reported to WHF as a holiday house, which consisted of many buildings scattered around the town. The identification was difficult because the given WHF holiday center’s facilities inventoried under one name (e.g., Błyskawica I) as a result of subsequent commercialization and privatization of the WHF property were usually rebuilt many times with their name changed. Finally, 58 holiday houses were identified (facilities are listed in Appendix A and Appendix B), including 38 in the Międzyzdroje district and 20 in the Koszalin district. Archival photos were found for most of them;
- spotting WHF holiday center’s facilities in the spatial structure of a town;
- comparing the past and present architecture of the facilities on the basis of the collected iconographic documentation (historical photos and postcards) with the materials obtained during field studies;
- analyzing, describing and interpreting, resulting in a typology of WHF holiday center’s facilities. The typology was based on the genesis of the object, architectural features and the influence of politics.
3. Development and Organization of Worker Holidays in the Polish People’s Republic
4. Characterization and Typification of WHF Seaside Tourist Architecture in Western Pomerania
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
- adapted facilities: former villas and guesthouses
- new facilities: sanatoriums
- new facilities: pavilions
- new facilities: light, temporary (summer and camping houses).
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Międzyzdroje District | |||
---|---|---|---|
Locality | Number | Holiday House | Archive Photo/Address |
Międzyzdroje (76 buildings, 36 camping houses) | 1 | “Błyskawica” holiday house made up of 7 buildings:
| “Błyskawica” WHF’s holiday house. Pre-war photo. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 7 June 2021) Address: Książąt Pomorskich Street, no.17 |
2 | “Delfin” holiday house made up of 5 buildings:
| The view from the church tower in Międzyzdroje. In the foreground, “Delfin” holiday house, between 1960 and 1965. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 7 June 2021) Address: Zwycięzców Street, no. 13 | |
3 | “Energia” holiday house made up of 5 buildings:
| “Energia III” WHF’s holiday house, 1965. https://fotopolska.eu/(accessed on 7 June 2021) Address: M. Fornalskiej Street, no. 3 (present: Plażowa Street) | |
4 | “Fala” holiday house made up of 4 buildings:
| “Fala” WHF’s holiday house. Pre-war photo. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 19 March 2021) Address: Bohaterów Warszawy Street, no. 8 | |
5 | “Kasia” holiday house made up of 11 buildings:
| “Kasia” Holiday House. Wczasy Pracownicze FWP. Informator FWP. 1978. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy CRZZ, p. 175. Address: Ludowa Street, no. 1 | |
6 | “Korsarz” holiday house made up of 4 buildings:
| “Korsarz” WHF’s holiday house. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 19 March 2021) Address: Zwycięstwa Street, no. 33 | |
7 | “Latarnia Morska” holiday house made up of 5 buildings:
| “Latarnia Morska” WHF’s holiday house. Pre-war photo. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 19 March 2021) Address: Bohaterów Warszawy Street, no. 18 | |
8 | “Leśnik” holiday house made up of 36 camping houses:
| No archival photos available Address: Leśna Street, no. 15 | |
9 | “Mars” holiday house made up of 3 buildings:
| “Mars” WHF’s holiday house. Pre-war photo. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 19 March 2021) Address: 1000-lecia Państwa Polskiego, no. 3 | |
10 | “Mewa” holiday house made up of 4 buildings:
| No archival photos available Address: Pomorska Street, no. 9 | |
11 | “Minerwa” holiday house made up of 5 buildings:
| “Minerwa” WHF’s holiday house. Pre-war photo. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 7 July 2021) Address: Zdrojowa Street, no. 10 | |
12 | “Morskie Oko” holiday house made up of 4 buildings:
| No archival photos available Address: Lipowa Street, no. 3 | |
13 | “Patria” holiday house made up of 5 buildings:
| No archival photos available Address: Rybacka Street, no. 1 | |
14 | “Polonia” holiday house made up of 1 building:
| Międzyzdroje. “Polonia” WHF’s Holiday House, between 1965 and 1968. Photo J. Korpal. Postcard by RUCH. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 5 July 2021) Address: Bohaterów Warszawy Street, no. 30 | |
15 | “Posejdon” holiday house made up of 1 building:
| “Posejdon” holiday house, between 1970 and 1972. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 19 March 2021) Address: Bohaterów Warszawy Street, no. 23 | |
16 | “Rybitwa” holiday house made up of 4 buildings:
| “Rybitwa” holiday house, between 1934 and 1939. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 7 July 2021) Address: Bohaterów Warszawy Street, no. 4 | |
17 | “Sorrento” holiday house made up of 5 buildings:
| “Sorrento” holiday house. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 7 July 2021) Address: Traugutta Street, no. 1 | |
18 | “Warszawianka” holiday house made up of 4 buildings:
| No archival photos available Address: Ludowa Street, no. 9 | |
Niechorze (49 buildings) | 1 | “Błękitna” holiday house made up of 7 buildings:
| No archival photos available Address: East Street, no. 4 |
2 | “Liwia” holiday house made up of 2 buildings /administered by WHF/
| No archival photos available Address: Marchlewskiego Street, no. 16 (present: Amber Avenue) | |
3 | “Niechorzanka” holiday house made up of 2 buildings:
| “Niechorzanka” holiday house, currently the Museum of Maritime Fishery in Niechorze, between 1960 and 1970. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 3 May 2021) Address: Wolska Street, no. 8 | |
4 | “Rybak” holiday house made up of 6 buildings:
| No archival photos available Address: Morska Street, no. 8 | |
5 | “Syrena” holiday house made up of 11 buildings:
| No archival photos available Address: Szczecińska Street, no. 4 | |
6 | “Zacisze” holiday house made up of 10 buildings:
| The dining room of the “Zacisze” WHF’s Holiday House, between 1967 and 1977. Postcard by KAW. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 12 July 2021) Address: Marchlewskiego Street, no. 20 (present: Amber Avenue) | |
7 | “Zielona” holiday house made up of 12 buildings:
| “Zielona” holiday house—Mewa, 1939. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 8 July 2021) Address: Krakowska Street, no. 3 | |
Nowe Śliwno (8 buildings) | 1 | “Oaza” holiday house made up of 8 buildings:
| No archival photos available Address: Nowe Śliwno |
Pobierowo (337 summer houses,71 camping houses,2 pavilions) | 1 | “Bałtyk” holiday house made up of 34 houses:
| “Bałtyk” WHF’s Holiday House, between 1976 and 1977. Photo J. Tymiński. Postcard by KAW. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 3 May 2021) Address: Grunwaldzka Street, no. 25 |
2 | “Barbórka” holiday house made up of 57 houses:
| Pobierowo. One of the summer houses. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 8 July 2021) Address: Grunwaldzka Street, no. 7 | |
3 | “Bursztyn” holiday house made up of 56 houses:
| No archival photos available Address: Gdańska Street, no. 5 | |
4 | “Meduza” holiday house made up of 59 buildings:
| FWP Meduza. RSW Ruch, 1969. Photo W. Wojtkiewicz. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 3 May 2021) Address: Grunwaldzka Street, no. 51 | |
5 | “Muszla” holiday house made up of 60 buildings:
| Camping houses, between 1975–1980. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 8 July 2021) Address: Piastowska Street, no. 29 | |
6 | “Słoneczna” holiday house made up of 47 houses:
| Summer houses, between 1959–1960. Photo E. Czapliński i A. Stelmach. Postcard by RUCH. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 8 July 2021) Address: Pomorska Street, no. 1 | |
7 | “Wisła” holiday house made up of 24 houses:
| Address: Grunwaldzka Street, no. 4 | |
Rewal (31 buildings, 10 pavilions) | 1 | “Gwiazda” holiday house made up of 5 buildings:
| “Zdrój” holiday house in Rewal.Photo J. Tymiński. Postcard by KAW, 1970–1975. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 7 June 2021) Address: Saperska Street, no. 6 |
2 | “Idylla” holiday house made up of 5 buildings:
| “Idylla” Holiday House in Rewal, 1960–1970. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 7 June 2021) Address: Saperska Street, no. 13 | |
3 | “Maryla” holiday house made up of 6 buildings:
| “Maryla” holiday house in Rewal, 1960–1965. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 3 May 2021) Address: Mickiewicza Street, no. 1 | |
4 | “Radość” holiday house made up of 10 buildings:
| “Radość” Holiday House, 1959–1961. Postcard by Publ. House of Trade-unions CRZZ. Photo M. Holzman. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 3 May 2021) Address: Westerplatte Defenders Street, no. 12 | |
5 | “Strażnica” holiday house made up of 4 buildings:
| No archival photos available Address: Mickiewicza Street |
Appendix B
Koszalin District | |||
---|---|---|---|
Locality | Number | Holiday House | Archive Photo/Address |
Chłopy (4 buildings) | 1 | “Odra” holiday house made up of 4 buildings:
| The former “Strandschloss” hotel, later “Odra” holiday house. Postcard by Ruch Publishing Office. Between 1960 and 1965, https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 3 May 2021) Address: Sarbinowo, no. 96 |
Darłówek (7 buildings) | 1 | “Antena” holiday house made up of 7 buildings:
| “Antena” holiday house. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 11 June 2021) Address: Kąpielowa Street, no. 11 |
Jarosławiec (213 summer houses) | 1 | The “Baltic” holiday house made up of summer houses.
| WHF’s “Bałtyk” centre in Jarosławiec. Between 1970 and 1980. https://fotopolska.eu/(accessed on 3 May 2021) Address: n/a |
Kołobrzeg (2 buildings) | 1 | “Bałtyk” Sanatorium and Recreation Centre for Trade Unions, made up of 2 buildings:
| “Bałtyk” Sanatorium and Recreation Centre, 1976. Photo T. Zagoździński. Postcard by KAW. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 3 May 2021) Address: Rodziewiczówny Street, no. 1 |
Mielno (29 buildings) | 1 | “Bandera” holiday house made up of 9 buildings:
| “Bandera 7” WHF’s Holiday House, Between 1962 and 1964. Postcard by RUCH. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 5 June 2021) Address: Pionierów Street, no. 16 (building doesn’t exist) |
2 | “Dar Pomorza” holiday house made up of 6 buildings:
| “Dar Pomorza” holiday house in Mielno, between 1950 and 1960, https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 5 June 2021) Address: 1 Maja Street, no. 10 (building doesn’t exist) | |
3 | “Jantar” holiday house made up of 3 buildings:
| “Jantar I” WHF’s Holiday House, between 1958 and 1960. Postcard by RUCH. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 5 June 2021) Address: B. Chrobrego Street, no. 4 (building does not exist) | |
4 | “Perła” holiday house made up of 8 buildings:
| No archival photos available Address: B. Chrobrego Street, no. 43 | |
5 | “Jutrzenka” holiday house made up of 3 buildings:
| Address: Nadbrzeżna Street, no. 2 | |
Sarbinowo (13 buildings) | 1 | “Mewa” holiday house made up of 6 buildings:
| “Mewa II” WHF’s Holiday House, between 1962 and 1964, Postcard by RUCH. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 3 May 2021) Address: n/a |
2 | “Ślązaczka” holiday house made up of 7 buildings:
| No archival photos available Address: n/a | |
Ustka (9 buildings, 24 pavilions, 61 summer houses) | 2 | “Czarodziejka” holiday house made up of 5 buildings:
| “Czarodziejka” holiday house. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 11 June 2021) Address: Chopina Street, no. 6 |
3 | “Celwiskoza” holiday house made up of camping houses
| No archival photos available Address: Wczasowa Street | |
4 | “Przystań” holiday house made up of 4 buildings:
| “Przystań” WHF in Ustka, between 1960 and 1970. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 3 May 2021) Address: Limanowskiego Street, no. 4 | |
5 | “Włókniarz” holiday house made up of 24 pavilions:
| “Włókniarz” Holiday centre, 1968. Postcard by RUCH. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 3 May 2021) Address: Wczasowa Street | |
Ustronie Morskie (26 buildings, 5 pavilions, 22 camping houses) | 1 | “Bałtyk” holiday house made up of 5 buildings:
| “Bałtyk” holiday house in Ustronie Morskie. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 3 May 2021) Address: Kościuszki Street, no. 6 |
2 | “Fala” holiday house made up of 7 buildings:
| “Fala” holiday house in Ustronie Morskie, 1964-1966. Postcard RUCH. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 11 June 2021) Address: Bolesława Chrobrego Street, no. 76 | |
3 | “Lublinianka” holiday house made up of 4 buildings:
| WHF’s Holiday House “Lublinianka 2”, between 1965 and 1967. Postcard by RUCH. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 12 June 2021) Address: Spokojna Street, no. 1 | |
4 | “Marysin” holiday house made up of 5 buildings:
| WHF’s “Marysin” House in Ustronie Morskie, between 1955 and 1962. Photo E. Czapliński and A. Stelmach. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 3 May 2021) Address: Bolesława Chrobrego Street, no. 84 | |
5 | “Pomorzanka” holiday house made up of 5 buildings:
| Part of a housing estate, the Pomorzanka WHF’s holiday house is in the background, between 1967 and 1968. Photo A. Stelmach. Postcard by RUCH. https://fotopolska.eu/ (accessed on 3 May 2021) Address: Bolesława Chrobrego Street, no. 26 |
Appendix C
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Administrations of Seaside WHF Districts | Number of Holiday Towns | Number of WHF Holiday Houses | The Portion in % of Total Beds in WHF |
---|---|---|---|
Międzyzdroje | 5 | 43 | 16.2% |
Koszalin | 8 | 21 | 10.2% |
Danzig | 14 | 20 | 5.6% |
Total | 27 | 84 | 32.0% |
Types of Facilities | Years of Construction | Architectural Features | Political Importance |
---|---|---|---|
Adapted facilities: former villas and guesthouses | the end of the 19th century/early 20th century | representative buildings, inspiration by Renaissance and Classicism, | the manifestation of Polishness in the lands recovered by taking over the post-German property, manifestation of the new political system through extensive access to tourism for working masses |
villas with bay windows and finesse towers, | |||
“Swiss style”—synonymous with wooden summer architecture (late 19th century) | |||
New holiday facilities: sanatoriums | the 1960s and 1970s | Modem form, buildings with distinctive height and compact shape, facilities and rooms of common use (canteen, recreation room) numerous balconies and terraces along each storey | indoctrination by providing a new quality of rest in modern facilities tailored for the new citizen, indoctrination by using the space arrangement (e.g., common canteen) and form (moving away from traditional buildings representing the old order), Propaganda of equality |
New holiday facilities: pavilion-type development | the 1960s to the 1970s | modern form, horizontal shape, cubic forms, the strip-wise layout of balconies and terraces, common facilities and rooms (canteen, recreation room), functionalism, unified grade, repetition and typification, duplication of solutions | indoctrination by using the space arrangement (e.g., common canteen) and form (moving away from traditional buildings representing the old order), Propaganda of equality |
New holiday facilities: light temporary buildings—summer and camping homes | From the 1950s to the 1980s | complexes of small seasonal cabins, holiday homes and camping sites or terraced housing | propaganda stating that rest was easily accessible to every citizen |
wooden, cuboid or pyramid-shaped cottages topped with a lean-to or gabled roof |
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Bal, W.; Czałczyńska-Podolska, M. Architecture and Recreation as a Political Tool—Seaside Architectural Heritage of the Worker Holiday Fund (WHF) in the Era of the Polish People’s Republic (1949–1989). Sustainability 2022, 14, 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010171
Bal W, Czałczyńska-Podolska M. Architecture and Recreation as a Political Tool—Seaside Architectural Heritage of the Worker Holiday Fund (WHF) in the Era of the Polish People’s Republic (1949–1989). Sustainability. 2022; 14(1):171. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010171
Chicago/Turabian StyleBal, Wojciech, and Magdalena Czałczyńska-Podolska. 2022. "Architecture and Recreation as a Political Tool—Seaside Architectural Heritage of the Worker Holiday Fund (WHF) in the Era of the Polish People’s Republic (1949–1989)" Sustainability 14, no. 1: 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010171