Techno-Economic Analysis and Optimisation of Campus Grid-Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy System Using HOMER Grid
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
- (a)
- Location specification.
- (b)
- The modelling data require:
- (i)
- average electric load demand;
- (ii)
- daily radiation and clearness index at the location;
- (iii)
- daily temperature at the location.
- (c)
- System architecture.
2.1. Location Specification
2.2. Modelling Data
2.2.1. Average Electric Load Demand
2.2.2. Radiation, Clearness Index, Temperature and Wind Speed
2.3. Proposed System Architecture
2.3.1. Photovoltaic
2.3.2. Wind Turbine
2.3.3. Battery
2.3.4. Converter
2.4. Economic Analysis
2.4.1. Interest Rate
2.4.2. Levelised Cost of Energy
2.4.3. Net Present Cost (NPC)
2.4.4. Salvage Value
2.4.5. Internal Rate of Return
2.4.6. Return on Investment
2.4.7. Simple Payback
2.4.8. Total Annualised Cost
2.4.9. Emissions Reduction
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Optimisation Results
3.2. Electricity Generation and Consumption
3.3. Economic Evaluation Results
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Cann,tot | total annualised cost [$/year] |
Ccap | capital cost of the current system [$] |
Ccap,ref | capital cost of the reference system [$] |
Ci,ref | nominal annual cash flow for reference system [$] |
Ci | nominal annual cash flow for current system [$] |
CNPC,tot | total net present cost [$] |
CoE | levelised cost of energy [$/kWh] |
CRF | capital recovery factor |
Crep | component replacement cost [$] |
Crep,batt | storage bank replacement cost [$] |
Eprim,AC | AC primary load served [kWh/year] |
Eprim,DC | DC primary load served [kWh/year] |
Egrid,sales | total grid sales [kWh/year] |
f | yearly inflation rate [%] |
fPV | derating factor [%] |
i | nominal interest rate [%] |
i0 | rate at which you may acquire a loan [%] |
IT | solar irradiation [kW/m2] |
Is | standard amount of radiation [kW/m2] |
IRR | internal rate of return [%] |
N | lifetime of the system [year] |
Nbatt | storage bank number of batteries |
PWTG | wind turbine power output [kW] |
PWTG,STP | wind turbine power output at standard temperature and pressure [kW] |
RF | renewable energy fraction [%] |
Qlifetime | single storage lifetime throughput [kWh] |
Qthrpt | storage throughput annually [kWh/year] |
Rbatt | life of storage bank [year] |
Rbatt,f | storage float life [year] |
Rcomp | component lifetime [year] |
ROI | return on investment [%] |
Rproj | project lifetime [year] |
Rrem | component remaining life [year] |
S | salvage value [$] |
Uanem | wind speed at anemometer height [m/s] |
Uhub | wind speed at the wind turbine hub height [m] |
YPV | total installed capacity of the PV panel [kW] |
Zhub | wind turbine hub height [m] |
Zanem | anemometer height [m] |
α | power-law exponent |
ρ | actual air density [kg/m3] |
ρo | air density at standard temperature and pressure (1.225 kg/m3) |
ηrt | storage roundtrip efficiency [%] |
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Consumption (kWh) | Bill (Rp) | Rp/kWh | Hour | Load (kW) | kWh/Day |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
814,040 | 663,756,828 | 815 | 744 | 1094 | 26,259 |
759,024 | 608,413,263 | 802 | 672 | 1130 | 27,108 |
766,541 | 619,772,327 | 809 | 696 | 1101 | 26,432 |
631,388 | 510,497,303 | 809 | 744 | 849 | 20,367 |
987,853 | 815,653,733 | 826 | 720 | 1372 | 32,928 |
906,319 | 737,186,032 | 813 | 744 | 1218 | 29,236 |
629,529 | 510,497,303 | 811 | 720 | 874 | 20,984 |
901,153 | 732,984,301 | 813 | 744 | 1211 | 29,069 |
1,000,082 | 833,579,199 | 834 | 744 | 1344 | 32,261 |
1,137,827 | 949,824,712 | 835 | 720 | 1580 | 37,928 |
1,049,616 | 884,629,528 | 843 | 744 | 1411 | 33,859 |
1,024,345 | 862,610,534 | 842 | 720 | 1423 | 34,145 |
Tot: 10,607,717 | Tot: 8,729,405,063 | Ave: 823 | Tot: 8760 | Ave: 1211 | Ave: 29,062 |
Component | Name | Capital Cost ($) | Replacement Cost $ | O&M Cost ($) | Lifetime | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PV | Flat-plate PV | 1073/kW | 1073/kW | 10/year | 25 year | [23] |
Storage | 1 kWh Lead Acid | 300/kW | 2100/kW | 25/year | 10 year | [18] |
Wind turbine | GT [100 kW] | 210,000 | 210,000 | 3500/year | 25 year | [24] |
Converter | System Converter | 700/kW | 300/kW | 0 | 15 year | [18] |
Utility | Simple Tariff | 0.06/kWh | - | - | - | [19] |
Capacity (kW) | Capital ($) | Replacement ($) | O&M ($/Year) |
---|---|---|---|
5 | 5365 | 5365 | 100 |
10 | 9979 | 9979 | 180 |
1000 | 708,180 | 708,180 | 1500 |
2000 | 1,158,840 | 1,158,840 | 3000 |
Capacity (kW) | Capital ($) | Replacement ($) | O&M ($/Year) |
---|---|---|---|
5 | 3500 | 3500 | 0 |
10 | 7000 | 7000 | 0 |
200 | 110,000 | 110,000 | 1800 |
2000 | 850,000 | 850,000 | 16,000 |
8000 | 3,200,000 | 3,200,000 | 64,000 |
16,000 | 6,000,000 | 6,000,000 | 112,000 |
Description | Value | Unit | References |
---|---|---|---|
Currency | US$1 | Rp 14,000 | [26] |
Nominal discount rate | 6.6 | % | [27] |
Expected inflation rate | 2.0 | % | [28] |
Project lifetime | 25 | year | [29] |
Emissions | Quantity (g/kWh) | References |
---|---|---|
Carbon dioxide | 632 | [18] |
Sulphur dioxide | 2.74 | [18] |
Nitrogen oxides | 1.34 | [18] |
Component | Name | Size | Electricity Prod (kWh/Year) |
---|---|---|---|
Solar PV | Generic flat-plate PV | 682 kW | 833,813 |
Wind Turbine | GT100 (1 Unit) | 100 kW | 371.859 |
Utility | Simple Tariff | $0.06/kWh | 226,981 |
System converter | System Converter | 431 kW | - |
Description | Value |
---|---|
Internal Rate of Return | 4.00% |
Return on Investment | 2.41% |
Simple Payback | 16.9 year |
Annualised Utility Bill Savings | −$8693/year |
Net Present Value | −$43,239 |
Annualised Savings | $53,667 |
Carbon Dioxide | 143,452 kg/year |
Sulphur Dioxide | 622 kg/year |
Nitrogen Oxides | 304 kg/year |
Description | Reference System | Proposed System |
---|---|---|
Net Present Cost | $786,452 | $829,692 |
CAPEX | $0.00 | $838,217 |
OPEX | $53,091 | −$575.51 |
Annual Energy Charge | $53,091 | −$8693 |
LCoE (per kWh) | $0.0600 | $0.0446 |
CO2 Emitted (kg/year) | 559,226 | 143,452 |
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Riayatsyah, T.M.I.; Geumpana, T.A.; Fattah, I.M.R.; Rizal, S.; Mahlia, T.M.I. Techno-Economic Analysis and Optimisation of Campus Grid-Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy System Using HOMER Grid. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7735. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137735
Riayatsyah TMI, Geumpana TA, Fattah IMR, Rizal S, Mahlia TMI. Techno-Economic Analysis and Optimisation of Campus Grid-Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy System Using HOMER Grid. Sustainability. 2022; 14(13):7735. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137735
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiayatsyah, T. M. I., T. A. Geumpana, I. M. Rizwanul Fattah, Samsul Rizal, and T. M. Indra Mahlia. 2022. "Techno-Economic Analysis and Optimisation of Campus Grid-Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy System Using HOMER Grid" Sustainability 14, no. 13: 7735. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137735