The Mechanism for Matching the Supply Content and Policy Instruments of Resistive Public Policy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Raising Questions
3. Fundamental Concepts and an Analysis of Theoretical Relevance
3.1. Policy Supply Content
3.2. Behavioral Policy Tools
3.3. Behavior Modification of the Policy Impact
3.4. Policy of Reception versus Policy of Resistance
4. Research Hypothesis
5. Research Design
5.1. Research Methods and Samples
5.2. Design and Procedure
In a recent interview, the Minister of Human Resources and Social Security stated that college graduates are crucial to the revitalization of rural talent. In order to promote college graduate employment in rural communities, the state has also issued a number of support policies. H Province responded actively to the national appeal by launching a series of rural grassroots employment talent training projects and providing financial assistance. W City and J City proposed that graduates who have completed their rural grassroots employment service within the past three years should apply for a master’s degree. Under the same conditions, graduate students can receive additional points on the preliminary examination and preferential admission.
5.3. Variable Measurement
5.4. Balance Test
6. Research Results
6.1. Descriptive Statistics of the Research Variables
6.2. Regression Analysis of the Policy Behavior Effect
7. Conclusion and Discussion
7.1. What Kind of Policies Are the Nudging Policy Tools Effective for?
7.2. How to Match Nudging Policy Tools to Give Full Play to Their Advantages
8. Countermeasures and Suggestions
8.1. The Matching of Policy Tools Should Pay Attention to the Distinction of Policy Attributes
8.2. The Matching of Policy Tools Should Pay Attention to the Stages of the Policy
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Rothwell, R.; Zegveld, W. An Assessment of Government Innovation Policies. Rev. Policy Res. 1984, 3, 436–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, X.; Zhang, J.; Lu, C. Evaluation of the effectiveness of health industry policy making under the goal of “revitalizing Northeast China”. Health Econ. Res. 2022, 33, 5–14. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, L.; Jia, T.; Ma, F.; He, G.; Ma, G. Quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness of China’s medical care integration policy from the perspective of policy tools. Chin. J. Health Serv. Manag. 2020, 39, 331–389. [Google Scholar]
- Tang, Y.; Chen, H.; Ye, F.; Luo, P. Research on China’s hospice care policy under the framework of two-dimensional policy tools. Soc. Work Manag. 2010, 21, 89–98. [Google Scholar]
- Thaler, R.H.; Sunstein, C.R. Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth and Happiness; Yale University Press: New Haven, CT, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Thaler, R.H.; Sunstein, C. Rnudging: How to Make the Best Decisions about Health, Wealth and Happiness; Liu, N., Translator; CITIC Press: Beijing, China, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Maya, S. Designing Federal Programs with the American People in Mind [EB/OL]. 15 September 2015. Available online: https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2015/09/15/designing-federal-programs-american-people-mind (accessed on 15 December 2020).
- Vandenbroele, J.; Slabbinck, H.; Kerckhove, A.V.; Vermeir, I. Mock Meat in the Butchery: Nudging Consumers toward Meat Substitutes. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 2019, 163, 105–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ju, H. Boost Theory and Government Purchase Public Service Policy Innovation. J. Southwest Univ. 2017, 43, 74–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiang, F.; Huang, B. The Mystery of the Driving Force of Community Public Affairs Governance: An Investigation Based on the Installation of Elevators in Old Communities. Leadersh. Sci. Forum 2019, 3, 52–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S.; Zhang, T. Research on Interaction Design of Knowledge Paid Application. Pop. Lit. Art 2019, 9, 119–120. [Google Scholar]
- Tong, L.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Y. Research on the Optimization of China’s Social Moral System Based on Boost Theory. China Collect. Econ. 2019, 11, 107–108. [Google Scholar]
- Shi, L.; Xue, S.; Chen, X. Analysis of the causes and coping strategies of violence in medical and health institutions based on behavioral economics-boost theory. Guangxi Med. 2022, 44, 574–576. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, J. Survey and Analysis of College Students’ Career Choice and Employment Intention. Beijing Educ. (Moral Educ.) 2016, 12, 57–61. [Google Scholar]
- Li, T.; Sun, Y.; Wu, Z. How has the employment situation of fresh graduates of Chinese universities changed under the background of the epidemic in 2021?—An empirical study based on national survey data in 2021 and 2020. J. East China Norm. Univ. (Educ. Sci. Ed.) 2022, 40, 100–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhan, Y. Effective Policy Supply: A Study on the Effect of Huinong Policy Implementation: A Survey of Seven Counties (Districts) in Guanzhong as an Example. J. Northwest AF Univ. 2020, 20, 135–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bemelmans, V.; Marie, L.; Ray, C.R.; Evert, V. (Eds.) Carrots, Sticks and Sermons: Policy Instruments and Their Evaluation; Transaction Publishers: New Brunswick, NJ, USA, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Cheng, Z.; Liang, Q.; Lu, Y. Entrepreneurship Policy for College Students in Rural Revitalization: Supply Content, Realization Mechanism and Behavior Effect: Based on the Perspective of Behavioral Public Policy. J. Guangxi Norm. Univ. 2021, 57, 62–78. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, H.; Wang, Z. Comparison and Selection of Environmental Governance Policy Tools: A Case Study of PM2.5 Governance in Beijing. China Adm. 2016, 8, 126–131. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, H. Comparison and Selection of Environmental Regulation Policy Tools in China: An Empirical Study Based on Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) Method. Chin. Resour. Environ. 2016, 26, 132–138. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, X.; Liu, X.; Luo, X.; Fu, H.; Wang, M.; Li, L. Impact of Different Policy Instruments on Diffusing Energy Consumption Monitoring Technology in Public Buildings: Evidence from Xi’ an, China. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 251, 119693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leisha, D.-D. Creating Effective Rules in Public Sector Organizations; Georetown University Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Lars, T. Public Policy and Behavior Change. Public Adm. Rev. 2019, 6, 925–930. [Google Scholar]
- Yue, X. On the nature and characteristics of policy. Theor. Discuss. 1988, 4, 68–70. [Google Scholar]
- Duflo, E.; Kremer, M.; Robinson, J. Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya. Am. Econ. Rev. 2009, 101, 2350–2390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, S.; Li, Y.; Zhao, Y. Research on broadening the channels of rural grass-roots employment for college graduates. Sch. Party Constr. Ideol. Educ. 2014, 2, 56–57. [Google Scholar]
- Li, Y.; Su, Y.; Zhu, C. A review of research on citizen policy compliance: A dual perspective based on “policy situation” and “behavior characteristics”. Public Adm. Rev. 2021, 14, 175–195, 200. [Google Scholar]
- Ding, M. Study on College Students’ willingness to return home and start a business and its influencing factors under the background of “Rural Revitalization”. China Adult Educ. 2019, 15, 88–89. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, L.; Zeng, X. Study on rural employment intention of agricultural college students. Explor. High. Educ. 2021, 6, 121–128. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, G.; Shao, Y. On College Students’ rural employment behavior under the background of new rural construction. Res. Contin. Educ. 2016, 4, 96–98. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, L.; Chen, Z. Research on the current situation of College Students’ Rural Employment under the background of Rural Revitalization in the new era. Employ. Chin. Coll. Stud. 2021, 13, 40–43. [Google Scholar]
- Bao, Z. Policy Research on rural grass-roots employment of College Students under the background of Rural Revitalization Strategy. Labor Secur. World 2020, 12, 15–16. [Google Scholar]
- Jing, R.; Zhang, X.; Fan, R. Research on the construction of rural grass-roots employment guidance mechanism for local college graduates. Coop. Econ. Technol. 2019, 2, 122–123. [Google Scholar]
- Dai, M. Research on the influencing factors of Chinese college students’ willingness to participate in grass-roots employment projects. China Youth Res. 2020, 7, 105–111. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, C.; Wang, Z. Thoughts on promoting rural grass-roots employment of College Students under the background of revitalizing rural economic development. Marketing 2021, 26, 163–164. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, J.; Zhao, X. Research and Discussion on College Students’ grass-roots employment under the background of Rural Revitalization. Chin. Youth 2020, 17, 117–118. [Google Scholar]
Policy Content | Concrete Content |
---|---|
Personal development level | Provide ability and quality training as well as the necessary time and financial support for the employment of college students at the grassroots level; Post training and talent development plan, establish a reserve personnel selection system at the grassroots level, and prioritize the selection of cadres and talents by superior organizations and institutions, the promotion of posts (grades) of units at the same level, and the evaluation and employment of professional and technical posts (grades); College students working in entry-level positions receive “additional points” or “priority admission under the same terms” when applying to become graduate students or civil servants. |
Salary and welfare level | Provide assistance with housing, medical treatment, children’s education, settlement, and professional title declaration and give priority to college graduates who have served at the grassroots level for an extended period of time, are devoted to their jobs, and have demonstrated exceptional performance. |
Environmental facility level | Together with relevant departments, the department of human resources and social security shall establish a grassroots growth contact service mechanism for college graduates and conduct regular or irregular discussions, visits, condolences, and other activities. Education, health, agriculture, and other industry departments assist in resolving practical problems for college graduates in this industry. |
Nature of Policy Instruments | Policy Tools | Secondary Tools | Detailed Explanation |
---|---|---|---|
Explicit policy tools | Regulatory tools | Define a specific type of behavior as illegal and criminal. | Reduce the behaviors of policy objects that are inconsistent with policy expectations through enforcement and prohibition. |
Incentive tool | Provide convenience policies for housing, medical treatment, children’s education, settlement, and professional title declaration; provide personal long-term development assistance, etc. | Material and spiritual incentives to reinforce policy implementation | |
Didactic tool | Education, publicity, etc. | Publicity entails subtly influencing the behavior and selection of policy objects. | |
Potential policy tools | Nudging tool | Job matching according to employment willingness, personality, ability, etc. | Use less obvious economic or administrative means to alter the choice structure and direct the behavior of policy objects, based on the premise of ensuring individual freedom of choice. |
Statistical Variables | Number of Samples | Percentage | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | male | 315 | 48.6% |
female | 333 | 51.4% | |
Age | 18–21 years old | 273 | 42.1% |
22–25 years old | 198 | 30.6% | |
26 years or older | 177 | 27.3% | |
Major | Philosophy | 53 | 8.2% |
Economics | 85 | 12.7% | |
Law | 42 | 6.5% | |
Education | 64 | 9.9% | |
Literature | 76 | 11.7% | |
History | 98 | 15.1% | |
Neo Confucianism | 86 | 13.3% | |
Engineering | 31 | 4.8% | |
Agronomy | 16 | 2.5% | |
Medical Science | 18 | 2.8% | |
Management | 65 | 10% | |
Art Studies | 14 | 2.2% |
Policy Content | Experimental Material Design |
---|---|
Personal development level | Post training and talent development plan, establish a grassroots reserve personnel selection system and give priority to the selection of cadres and talents by superior organizations and institutions, the promotion of posts (grades) of units at the same level, and the evaluation and employment of professional and technical posts (grades). |
Salary and welfare level | Provide support in housing, medical treatment, and other aspects, select “the most accomplished grassroots college graduates”, and publicize their excellent deeds as typical examples. |
Environmental facility level | Establish a contact service mechanism for the growth of college graduates at the grassroots level and conduct regular or irregular discussions and visits and provide support to help college students employed at the grassroots level to solve practical difficulties. |
Nature of Policy Instruments | Behavioral Policy Tools | Experimental Material Design |
---|---|---|
Explicit policy tools | Incentive tool | Ensure sufficient funds for training programs and gradually increase and optimize all-round subsidies for grassroots rural employment. |
Didactic tool | All localities and cities are required to hold at least one publicity and mobilization meeting on the grassroots employment policy for college students every month and to focus on the grassroots employment guidance of college graduates in the graduation season. | |
Potential policy tools | Nudging tool | Launch the post test platform for college students and conduct post matching according to employment intention and personal ability. |
Experimental Group | Sample Size | Gender (M ± SD) | Age (M ± SD) | Major (M ± SD) | Employment Guidance and Education (M ± SD) | Social Practice or Internship Employment Experience (M ± SD) | Realistic Policy Cognition (M ± SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group H1 | 72 | 1.61 ± 0.49 | 1.61 ± 0.49 | 5.33 ± 3.41 | 3.69 ± 1.15 | 3.56 ± 1.31 | 2.17 ± 0.99 |
Group H2 | 72 | 1.53 ± 0.50 | 1.53 ± 0.50 | 5.14 ± 3.01 | 3.72 ± 1.12 | 3.50 ± 1.15 | 2.25 ± 1.21 |
Group H3 | 72 | 1.42 ± 0.49 | 1.56 ± 0.50 | 5.89 ± 2.97 | 3.50 ± 1.19 | 3.58 ± 1.17 | 2.47 ± 1.12 |
Group H4 | 70 | 1.40 ± 0.49 | 1.57 ± 0.49 | 4.94 ± 2.83 | 3.71 ± 1.11 | 3.77 ± 1.05 | 2.29 ± 1.03 |
Group H5 | 72 | 1.69 ± 0.46 | 1.83 ± 0.37 | 5.08 ± 2.37 | 3.75 ± 1.19 | 4.00 ± 0.97 | 2.33 ± 1.03 |
Group H6 | 72 | 1.43 ± 0.49 | 1.51 ± 0.50 | 5.90 ± 3.03 | 3.51 ± 1.17 | 3.82 ± 1.13 | 2.29 ± 0.95 |
Group H7 | 72 | 1.47 ± 0.50 | 1.53 ± 0.50 | 6.56 ± 3.08 | 3.53 ± 1.04 | 3.47 ± 1.39 | 2.58 ± 1.07 |
Group H8 | 74 | 1.54 ± 0.50 | 1.59 ± 0.49 | 6.11 ± 3.21 | 3.49 ± 1.03 | 3.73 ± 1.23 | 2.32 ± 1.04 |
Group H9 | 72 | 1.53 ± 0.50 | 1.58 ± 0.49 | 5.81 ± 3.36 | 3.39 ± 1.09 | 3.39 ± 1.24 | 2.44 ± 1.26 |
F | 2.71 | 2.84 | 2.22 | 0.98 | 1.95 | 0.99 | |
p | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.24 | 0.45 | 0.05 | 0.44 |
Index | Question Options | Item Mean | Dimension Mean |
---|---|---|---|
Realistic policy cognition | I know more about rural employment policies | 2.35 | 9.39 |
I am very familiar with the rural employment policy for college students. | 2.33 | ||
I think the government has formulated many policies to attract college students to rural employment. | 2.32 | ||
The school has given guidance on rural employment. | 2.39 |
Index | Question Options | Item Mean | Dimension Mean |
---|---|---|---|
Realistic policy cognition | Support for grassroots employment is provided by the policies in the materials. | 2.38 | 5.93 |
Based on the policies in the materials, I will consider becoming a rural grassroots worker. | 3.55 |
Model (1) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Policy Behavior Effect | |||
Beta | t | ||
Experimental intervention | Behavioral policy tools (reference group: Incentive Tools) | ||
Didactic tool | 0.226 | 5.078 *** | |
Nudging tool | 0.012 | 0.281 | |
Pre-test of rural grassroots employment willingness | 0.072 | 1.829 ** | |
_cons | 7.555 | ||
0.004 | |||
N | 648 |
Model (1) | Model (2) | Model (3) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Policy Behavior Effect | Support for Grassroots Employment Provided by the Policies in the Materials | Based on the Policies in the Materials, I Will Consider Becoming a Rural Grassroots Worker | |||||
Experimental intervention | Beta | t | Beta | t | Beta | t | |
Interaction item (Reference: incentive tool) | |||||||
Personal development level and didactic tools | 0.337 | 4.529 *** | 0.186 | 2.387 ** | 0.282 | 3.823 *** | |
Personal development level and nudging tools | 0.002 | 0.018 | 0.143 | 1.836 * | −0.123 | −1.167 * | |
Compensation and benefits and didactic tools | 0.208 | 2.671 *** | 0.169 | 2.139 ** | 0.152 | 1.937 * | |
Compensation and benefit level and nudging tool | 0.001 | 0.10 | 0.078 | 0.697 | −0.058 | −0.520 | |
Environmental facilities and didactic tools | 0.126 | 1.602 | 0.156 | 2.004 ** | 0.054 | 0.688 | |
Environmental facility level and nudging tool | 0.042 | 0.540 | 0.187 | 2.402 ** | −0.062 | −0.790 | |
Pre-test of rural grassroots employment willingness | 0.072 | 1.829 ** | 0.148 | 3.817 *** | −0.020 | −0.501 | |
_cons | 7.555 | 4.032 | 3.523 | ||||
0.004 | 0.020 | 0.001 | |||||
N | 648 | 648 | 648 |
Policy Content and Policy Tools | Collocation Effect |
---|---|
Personal development and didactic policy tools | Policy behavior effect, policy identity, professional identity |
Salary and welfare level and didactic policy tool | Policy behavior effect, policy identity, professional identity |
Environmental facility level and nudging policy tools | Policy identity |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Luo, H.; Zhang, H. The Mechanism for Matching the Supply Content and Policy Instruments of Resistive Public Policy. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9236. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159236
Luo H, Zhang H. The Mechanism for Matching the Supply Content and Policy Instruments of Resistive Public Policy. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):9236. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159236
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuo, Hui, and He Zhang. 2022. "The Mechanism for Matching the Supply Content and Policy Instruments of Resistive Public Policy" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 9236. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159236