Job Insecurity According to the Mental Health of Workers in 25 Peruvian Cities during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Design and Population
2.2. Variables
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Ethical Aspects
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Sun, C.; Zhai, Z. The efficacy of social distance and ventilation effectiveness in preventing COVID-19 transmission. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2020, 62, 102390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vokó, Z.; Pitter, J.G. The effect of social distance measures on COVID-19 epidemics in Europe: An interrupted time series analysis. GeroScience 2020, 42, 1075–1082. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Olivera-La Rosa, A.; Chuquichambi, E.G.; Ingram, G.P.D. Keep your (social) distance: Pathogen concerns and social perception in the time of COVID-19. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2020, 166, 110200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hwang, T.-J.; Rabheru, K.; Peisah, C.; Reichman, W.; Ikeda, M. Loneliness and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int. Psychogeriatr. 2020, 32, 1217–1220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pietrabissa, G.; Simpson, S.G. Psychological Consequences of Social Isolation During COVID-19 Outbreak. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 2201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hamza, C.A.; Ewing, L.; Heath, N.L.; Goldstein, A.L. When social isolation is nothing new: A longitudinal study on psychological distress during COVID-19 among university students with and without preexisting mental health concerns. Can. Psychol. Psychol. Can. 2021, 62, 20–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leal Filho, W.; Wall, T.; Rayman-Bacchus, L.; Mifsud, M.; Pritchard, D.J.; Lovren, V.O.; Farinha, C.; Petrovic, D.S.; Balogun, A.-L. Impacts of COVID-19 and social isolation on academic staff and students at universities: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2021, 21, 1213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Report No.: Situation Report-1. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330760?locale-attribute=es& (accessed on 5 May 2022).
- Xiao, X.; Zhu, X.; Fu, S.; Hu, Y.; Li, X.; Xiao, J. Psychological impact of healthcare workers in China during COVID-19 pneumonia epidemic: A multi-center cross-sectional survey investigation. J. Affect. Disord. 2020, 274, 405–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kola, L.; Kohrt, B.A.; Hanlon, C.; Naslund, J.A.; Sikander, S.; Balaji, M.; Benjet, C.; Cheung, E.Y.L.; Eaton, J.; Gonsalves, P.; et al. COVID-19 mental health impact and responses in low-income and middle-income countries: Reimagining global mental health. Lancet Psychiatry 2021, 8, 535–550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panchal, U.; Salazar de Pablo, G.; Franco, M.; Moreno, C.; Parellada, M.; Arango, C.; Fusar-Poli, P. The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on child and adolescent mental health: Systematic review. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2021, 1–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, J.; Kim, S.; Zhang, S.X.; Foo, M.-D.; Alvarez-Risco, A.; Del-Aguila-Arcentales, S.; Yáñez, J.A. Hospitality workers’ COVID-19 risk perception and depression: A contingent model based on transactional theory of stress model. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 2021, 95, 102935. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gundogmus, I.; Bolu, A.; Unsal, C.; Alma, L.; Gundogmus, P.D.; Takmaz, T.; Okten, S.B.; Gunduz, A.; Aydin, M.S. Impact of the first, second and third peak of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety, depression and stress symptoms of healthcare workers. Bratisl Lek Listy 2022, 123, 833–839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bai, M.S.; Miao, C.Y.; Zhang, Y.; Xue, Y.; Jia, F.Y.; Du, L. COVID-19 and mental health disorders in children and adolescents (Review). Psychiatry Res. 2022, 317, 114881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fruehwirth, J.C.; Biswas, S.; Perreira, K.M. The COVID-19 pandemic and mental health of first-year college students: Examining the effect of COVID-19 stressors using longitudinal data. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0247999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, A.W.; Nyengerai, T.; Mendenhall, E. Evaluating the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic: Perceived risk of COVID-19 infection and childhood trauma predict adult depressive symptoms in urban South Africa. Psychol. Med. 2022, 52, 1587–1599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilbiks, J.M.P.; Best, L.A.; Law, M.A.; Roach, S.P. Evaluating the mental health and well-being of Canadian healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak. Healthc. Manag. Forum 2021, 34, 205–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Botha, F.; Butterworth, P.; Wilkins, R. Evaluating How Mental Health Changed in Australia through the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from the ‘Taking the Pulse of the Nation’ (TTPN) Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lugo-Marín, J.; Gisbert-Gustemps, L.; Setien-Ramos, I.; Español-Martín, G.; Ibañez-Jimenez, P.; Forner-Puntonet, M.; Arteaga-Henríquez, G.; Soriano-Día, A.; Duque-Yemail, J.D.; Ramos-Quiroga, J.A. COVID-19 pandemic effects in people with Autism Spectrum Disorder and their caregivers: Evaluation of social distancing and lockdown impact on mental health and general status. Res. Autism Spectr. Disord. 2021, 83, 101757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alnaeem, M.M.; Hamdan-Mansour, A.M.; Nashwan, A.J.; Abuatallah, A.; Al-Hussami, M. Healthcare providers’ intention to leave their jobs during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Health Sci. Rep. 2022, 5, e859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leider, J.P.; Shah, G.H.; Yeager, V.A.; Yin, J.; Madamala, K. Turnover, COVID-19, and Reasons for Leaving and Staying Within Governmental Public Health. J. Public Health Manag. Pract. 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gillani, A.; Dierst-Davies, R.; Lee, S.; Robin, L.; Li, J.; Glover-Kudon, R.; Baker, K.; Whitton, A. Teachers’ dissatisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic: Factors contributing to a desire to leave the profession. Front. Psychol. 2022, 13, 940718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Echeverría Ibazeta, R.R.; Sueyoshi Hernandez, J.H. Epidemiological situation of COVID-19 in South America. Rev. Fac. Med. Hum. 2020, 20, 521–523. [Google Scholar]
- Schwalb, A.; Armyra, E.; Méndez-Aranda, M.; Ugarte-Gil, C. COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean: Two years of the pandemic. J. Intern. Med. 2022, 292, 409–427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ramírez, J.D.; Sordillo, E.M.; Gotuzzo, E.; Zavaleta, C.; Caplivski, D.; Navarro, J.C.; Crainey, J.L.; Bessa Luz, S.L.; Noguera, L.A.D.; Schaub, R.; et al. SARS-CoV-2 in the Amazon region: A harbinger of doom for Amerindians. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2020, 14, e0008686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yáñez, J.A.; Alvarez-Risco, A.; Delgado-Zegarra, J. COVID-19 in Peru: From supervised walks for children to the first case of Kawasaki-like syndrome. BMJ Clin. Res. Ed 2020, 369, m2418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dubé, E.; MacDonald, S.E.; Manca, T.; Bettinger, J.A.; Driedger, S.M.; Graham, J.; Greyson, D.; MacDonald, N.E.; Meyer, S.; Roch, G.; et al. Understanding the Influence of Web-Based Information, Misinformation, Disinformation, and Reinformation on COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance: Protocol for a Multicomponent Study. JMIR Res. Protoc. 2022, 11, e41012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Erokhin, D.; Yosipof, A.; Komendantova, N. COVID-19 Conspiracy Theories Discussion on Twitter. Soc. Media Soc. 2022, 8, 20563051221126051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alvarez-Risco, A.; Del-Aguila-Arcentales, S.; Yáñez, J.A.; Rosen, M.A.; Mejia, C.R. Influence of Technostress on Academic Performance of University Medicine Students in Peru during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8949. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Fan, L. Media multitasking, depression, and anxiety of college students: Serial mediating effects of attention control and negative information attentional bias. Front. Psychiatry 2022, 13, 989201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ullah, F.; Harrigan, N.M. A natural experiment in social security as public health measure: Experiences of international students as temporary migrant workers during two Covid-19 lockdowns. Soc. Sci. Med. 1982 2022, 313, 115196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arigbede, O.M.; Aladeniyi, O.B.; Buxbaum, S.G.; Arigbede, O.J. The Use of Five Public Health Themes in Understanding the Roles of Misinformation and Education Toward Disparities in Racial and Ethnic Distribution of COVID-19. Cureus 2022, 14, e30008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Petrova, D.; Salamanca-Fernández, E.; Rodríguez Barranco, M.; Navarro Pérez, P.; Jiménez Moleón, J.J.; Sánchez, M.-J. La obesidad como factor de riesgo en personas con COVID-19: Posibles mecanismos e implicaciones. Aten. Primaria 2020, 52, 496–500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, Q.; Xu, L.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Huang, Y. Exploring the self-care practices of social workers in China under the COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Soc. Work Policy Rev. 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Caplan, A.L.; Waldstreicher, J.; Childers, K.; Maree, A. Drugs of unproven benefit for COVID-19: A pharma perspective on ethical allocation of available therapies. J. Clin. Investig. 2020, 130, 5622–5623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Villena-Tejada, M.; Vera-Ferchau, I.; Cardona-Rivero, A.; Zamalloa-Cornejo, R.; Quispe-Florez, M.; Frisancho-Triveño, Z.; Abarca-Meléndez, R.C.; Alvarez-Sucari, S.G.; Mejia, C.R.; Yañez, J.A. Use of medicinal plants for COVID-19 prevention and respiratory symptom treatment during the pandemic in Cusco, Peru: A cross-sectional survey. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0257165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chong, H.; Xi, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Wang, G. Protective effects of chlorogenic acid on isoflurane-induced cognitive impairment of aged mice. Food Sci. Nutr. 2022, 10, 3492–3500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yáñez, J.A.; Miranda, N.D.; Remsberg, C.M.; Ohgami, Y.; Davies, N.M. Stereospecific high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of eriodictyol in urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007, 43, 255–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vega-Villa, K.R.; Remsberg, C.M.; Ohgami, Y.; Yanez, J.A.; Takemoto, J.K.; Andrews, P.K.; Davies, N.M. Stereospecific high-performance liquid chromatography of taxifolin, applications in pharmacokinetics, and determination in tu fu ling (Rhizoma smilacis glabrae) and apple (Malus x domestica). Biomed. Chromatogr. 2009, 23, 638–646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramos-Escudero, F.; Santos-Buelga, C.; Pérez-Alonso, J.J.; Yáñez, J.A.; Dueñas, M. HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS identification of anthocyanins in Dioscorea trifida L. yam tubers (purple sachapapa). Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2010, 230, 745–752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roupe, K.A.; Helms, G.L.; Halls, S.C.; Yanez, J.A.; Davies, N.M. Preparative enzymatic synthesis and HPLC analysis of rhapontigenin: Applications to metabolism, pharmacokinetics and anti-cancer studies. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2005, 8, 374–386. [Google Scholar]
- Yáñez, J.A.; Remsberg, C.M.; Takemoto, J.K.; Vega-Villa, K.R.; Andrews, P.K.; Sayre, C.L.; Martinez, S.E.; Davies, N.M. Polyphenols and Flavonoids: An Overview. In Flavonoid Pharmacokinetics: Methods of Analysis, Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Toxicology; Davies, N.M., Yáñez, J.A., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2012; pp. 1–69. [Google Scholar]
- Bonin, A.M.; Yáñez, J.A.; Fukuda, C.; Teng, X.W.; Dillon, C.T.; Hambley, T.W.; Lay, P.A.; Davies, N.M. Inhibition of experimental colorectal cancer and reduction in renal and gastrointestinal toxicities by copper-indomethacin in rats. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2010, 66, 755–764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morais, R.A.; Teixeira, G.L.; Ferreira, S.R.S.; Cifuentes, A.; Block, J.M. Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Native Brazilian Fruits of the Arecaceae Family and Its Potential Applications for Health Promotion. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carsono, N.; Tumilaar, S.G.; Kurnia, D.; Latipudin, D.; Satari, M.H. A Review of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity Properties of Piper Species. Molecules 2022, 27, 6774. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiong, M.P.; Yáñez, J.A.; Kwon, G.S.; Davies, N.M.; Forrest, M.L. A cremophor-free formulation for tanespimycin (17-AAG) using PEO-b-PDLLA micelles: Characterization and pharmacokinetics in rats. J. Pharm. Sci. 2009, 98, 1577–1586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Garcia-Oliveira, P.; Carreira-Casais, A.; Pereira, E.; Dias, M.I.; Pereira, C.; Calhelha, R.C.; Stojković, D.; Sokovic, M.; Simal-Gandara, J.; Prieto, M.A.; et al. From Tradition to Health: Chemical and Bioactive Characterization of Five Traditional Plants. Molecules 2022, 27, 6495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abed, S.N.; Bibi, S.; Jan, M.; Talha, M.; Islam, N.U.; Zahoor, M.; Al-Joufi, F.A. Phytochemical Composition, Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potentials of Cydonia oblonga Bark. Molecules 2022, 27, 6360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martin, K.J.; Stanton, A.L.; Johnson, K.L. Current health care experiences, medical trust, and COVID-19 vaccination intention and uptake in Black and White Americans. Health Psychol. Off. J. Div. Health Psychol. Am. Psychol. Assoc. 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arrieta Vergara, K.M.; Díaz Cárdenas, S.; González Martínez, F. Síntomas de depresión y ansiedad en jóvenes universitarios: Prevalencia y factores relacionados. Rev. Clínica De Med. De Fam. 2014, 7, 14–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Balanza Galindo, S.; Morales Moreno, I.; Guerrero Muñoz, J. Prevalencia de Ansiedad y Depresión en una Población de Estudiantes Universitarios: Factores Académicos y Sociofamiliares Asociados. Clínica Y Salud 2009, 20, 177–187. [Google Scholar]
- Castillo Pimienta, C.; Chacón de la Cruz, T.; Díaz-Véliz, G. Ansiedad y fuentes de estrés académico en estudiantes de carreras de la salud. Investig. En Educ. Médica 2016, 5, 230–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pereyra-Elías, R.; Ocampo-Mascaró, J.; Silva-Salazar, V.; Vélez-Segovia, E.; da Costa-Bullón, A.D.; Toro-Polo, L.M.; Vicuña-Ortega, J. Prevalencia y factores asociados con síntomas depresivos en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud de una Universidad privada de Lima, Perú 2010. Rev. Peru. De Med. Exp. Y Salud Publica 2010, 27, 520–526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Romero, V.; Cruzado, J.A. Grief, anxiety and depression in relatives of patients in a palliative care unit two months after the loss [Duelo, ansiedad y depresión en familiares de pacientes en una unidad de cuidados paliativos a los dos meses de la pérdida]. Psicooncología 2016, 13, 23–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vedia Domingo, V. Pathological grief. Risk and protective factors [Duelo patológico. Factores de riesgo y protección]. Rev. Digit. De Med. Psicosomática Y Psicoter. 2016, 6, 12–34. [Google Scholar]
- Larrotta-Castillo, R.; Méndez-Ferreira, A.; Mora-Jaimes, C.; Córdoba-Castañeda, M.; Duque-Moreno, J. Loss, grief and mental health in times of pandemic [Pérdida, duelo y salud mental en tiempos de pandemia]. Salud UIS 2020, 52, 179–180. [Google Scholar]
- McDowell, C.P.; Herring, M.P.; Lansing, J.; Brower, C.S.; Meyer, J.D. Associations Between Employment Changes and Mental Health: US Data From During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 631510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Posel, D.; Oyenubi, A.; Kollamparambil, U. Job loss and mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown: Evidence from South Africa. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0249352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Terán-Pérez, G.; Portillo-Vásquez, A.; Arana-Lechuga, Y.; Sánchez-Escandón, O.; Mercadillo-Caballero, R.; González-Robles, R.O.; Velázquez-Moctezuma, J. Sleep and Mental Health Disturbances Due to Social Isolation during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mexico. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2804. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Suárez-González, A.; Rajagopalan, J.; Livingston, G.; Alladi, S. The effect of COVID-19 isolation measures on the cognition and mental health of people living with dementia: A rapid systematic review of one year of quantitative evidence. E Clinical Medicine 2021, 39, 101047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cosco, T.D.; Fortuna, K.; Wister, A.; Riadi, I.; Wagner, K.; Sixsmith, A. COVID-19, Social Isolation, and Mental Health Among Older Adults: A Digital Catch-22. J. Med. Internet Res. 2021, 23, e21864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pellicano, E.; Brett, S.; den Houting, J.; Heyworth, M.; Magiati, I.; Steward, R.; Urbanowicz, A.; Stears, M. COVID-19, social isolation and the mental health of autistic people and their families: A qualitative study. Autism 2021, 26, 914–927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilson, J.M.; Lee, J.; Fitzgerald, H.N.; Oosterhoff, B.; Sevi, B.; Shook, N.J. Job Insecurity and Financial Concern During the COVID-19 Pandemic Are Associated With Worse Mental Health. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2020, 62, 686–691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ganson, K.T.; Tsai, A.C.; Weiser, S.D.; Benabou, S.E.; Nagata, J.M. Job Insecurity and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression Among U.S. Young Adults During COVID-19. J. Adolesc. Health 2021, 68, 53–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abbas, M.; Malik, M.; Sarwat, N. Consequences of job insecurity for hospitality workers amid COVID-19 pandemic: Does social support help? J. Hosp. Mark. Manag. 2021, 30, 957–981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- OIT. OIT: El COVID-19 Destruye el Equivalente a 14 Millones de Empleos y Desafía a Buscar Medidas Para Enfrentar la Crisis en América Latina y el Caribe [ILO: COVID-19 Destroys the Equivalent of 14 Million Jobs and Challenges the Search for Measures to Face the Crisis in Latin America and the Caribbean]. Available online: http://www.ilo.org/americas/sala-de-prensa/WCMS_741222/lang--es/index.html (accessed on 8 August 2022).
- OIT. OIT: COVID-19 y el Mundo del Trabajo [ILO. COVID-19 and the World of Work]. Available online: https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/lang--es/index.html (accessed on 8 August 2022).
- Shafi, M.; Liu, J.; Ren, W. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on micro, small, and medium-sized Enterprises operating in Pakistan. Res. Glob. 2020, 2, 100018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soriano, V.; Corral, O. Keeping alive enterprises while embracing unprecedented COVID-19 restrictions. Adv. Infect Dis. 2020, 7, 1–2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beiderbeck, D.; Frevel, N.; von der Gracht, H.A.; Schmidt, S.L.; Schweitzer, V.M. The impact of COVID-19 on the European football ecosystem–A Delphi-based scenario analysis. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 2021, 165, 120577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cuc, L.D.; Feher, A.; Cuc, P.N.; Szentesi, S.G.; Rad, D.; Rad, G.; Pantea, M.F.; Joldes, C.S.R. A Parallel Mediation Analysis on the Effects of Pandemic Accentuated Occupational Stress on Hospitality Industry Staff Turnover Intentions in COVID-19 Context. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12050. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Teoh, B.E.W.; Wider, W.; Saad, A.; Sam, T.H.; Vasudevan, A.; Lajuma, S. The effects of transformational leadership dimensions on employee performance in the hospitality industry in Malaysia. Front. Psychol. 2022, 13, 913773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quinn, E.L.; Stover, B.; Otten, J.J.; Seixas, N. Early Care and Education Workers’ Experience and Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alvarez-Risco, A.; Del-Aguila-Arcentales, S.; Yanez, J.A. Telemedicine in Peru as a Result of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspective from a Country with Limited Internet Access. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2021, 105, 6–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shooshtarian, S.; Caldera, S.; Maqsood, T.; Ryley, T. Evaluating the COVID-19 impacts on the construction and demolition waste management and resource recovery industry: Experience from the Australian built environment sector. Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 2022, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saidani, M.; Cluzel, F.; Yannou, B.; Kim, H. Circular economy as a key for industrial value chain resilience in a post-COVID world: What do future engineers think? Procedia CIRP 2021, 103, 26–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Otrachshenko, V.; Popova, O.; Nikolova, M.; Tyurina, E. COVID-19 and entrepreneurship entry and exit: Opportunity amidst adversity. Technol. Soc. 2022, 71, 102093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chatterjee, S.; Chaudhuri, R.; Vrontis, D. Role of fake news and misinformation in supply chain disruption: Impact of technology competency as moderator. Ann. Oper. Res. 2022, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Evans, D.J.R. Has pedagogy, technology, and COVID-19 killed the face-to-face lecture? Anat. Sci. Educ. 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rondón, M.B. Salud mental: Un problema de salud pública en el Perú. Rev. Peru. De Med. Exp. Y Salud Publica 2006, 23, 237–238. [Google Scholar]
- WHO. Depression. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression (accessed on 3 March 2022).
- Reyes, A. Trastornos de Ansiedad Guía Práctica Para Diagnóstico y Tratamiento. Available online: http://www.bvs.hn/Honduras/pdf/TrastornoAnsiedad.pdf (accessed on 2 February 2022).
- WHO. Mental Disorders. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders (accessed on 1 March 2022).
- Ciminelli, G.; Garcia-Mandicó, S. COVID-19 in Italy: An Analysis of Death Registry Data. J. Public Health 2020, 42, 723–730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoseinpour Dehkordi, A.; Alizadeh, M.; Derakhshan, P.; Babazadeh, P.; Jahandideh, A. Understanding epidemic data and statistics: A case study of COVID-19. J. Med. Virol. 2020, 92, 868–882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Weinberger, D.M.; Chen, J.; Cohen, T.; Crawford, F.W.; Mostashari, F.; Olson, D.; Pitzer, V.E.; Reich, N.G.; Russi, M.; Simonsen, L.; et al. Estimation of Excess Deaths Associated With the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States, March to May 2020. JAMA Intern. Med. 2020, 180, 1336–1344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koh, H.K.; Geller, A.C.; VanderWeele, T.J. Deaths From COVID-19. JAMA 2021, 325, 133–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- CPI. Perú: Población 2022. Available online: https://cpi.pe/images/upload/paginaweb/archivo/23/poblacion%202022.pdf (accessed on 20 September 2022).
- González-Rivera, J.A.; Pagán-Torres, O.M.; Pérez-Torres, E.M. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21): Construct Validity Problem in Hispanics. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2020, 10, 375–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zanon, C.; Brenner, R.E.; Baptista, M.N.; Vogel, D.L.; Rubin, M.; Al-Darmaki, F.R.; Gonçalves, M.; Heath, P.J.; Liao, H.-Y.; Mackenzie, C.S.; et al. Examining the Dimensionality, Reliability, and Invariance of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale–21 (DASS-21) Across Eight Countries. Assessment 2020, 28, 1531–1544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lagos San Martín, N.; Ossa Cornejo, C.; Palma Luengo, M.; Arriagada Allaire, C. Autopercepción de desarrollo emocional de los estudiantes secundarios de la región de Ñuble, Chile [Self-perception of emotional development of high school students in the Ñuble region, Chile]. Rev. De Estud. Y Exp. En Educ. 2020, 19, 17–27. [Google Scholar]
- Sandoval, K.D.; Morote-Jayacc, P.V.; Moreno-Molina, M.; Taype-Rondan, A. Depresión, estrés y ansiedad en estudiantes de Medicina humana de Ayacucho (Perú) en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19 [Depression, stress and anxiety in human medicine students from Ayacucho (Peru) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic]. Rev. Colomb. De Psiquiatr. 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olarte-Durand, M.; Roque-Aycachi, J.B.; Rojas-Humpire, R.; Canaza-Apaza, J.F.; Laureano, S.; Rojas-Humpire, A.; Huancahuire-Vega, S. Mood and Sleep Quality in Peruvian Medical Students During COVID-19 Pandemic. Rev. Colomb. De Psiquiatr. 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davila-Torres, D.M.; Vilcas-Solís, G.E.; Rodríguez-Vásquez, M.; Calizaya-Milla, Y.E.; Saintila, J. Eating habits and mental health among rugby players of the Peruvian pre-selection during the second quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic. SAGE Open Med. 2021, 9, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mamani-Benito, Ó.; Apaza Tarqui, E.E.; Carranza Esteban, R.F.; Rodríguez-Alarcón, J.F.; Mejía, C.R. Inseguridad laboral en el empleo percibida ante el impacto del COVID-19: Validación de un instrumento en trabajadores peruanos (LABOR-PE-COVID-19) [Perceived job insecurity in employment due to the impact of COVID-19: Validation of an instrument in Peruvian workers (LABOR-PE-COVID-19)]. Rev. De La Asoc. Española De Espec. En Med. Del Trab. 2020, 29, 184–193. [Google Scholar]
- Owen, C.; Seddon, C.; Clarke, K.; Bysouth, T.; Johnson, D. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of dentists in Wales. Br. Dent. J. 2022, 232, 44–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moretti, A.; Menna, F.; Aulicino, M.; Paoletta, M.; Liguori, S.; Iolascon, G. Characterization of Home Working Population during COVID-19 Emergency: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castañeda Herrera, Y.; Betancur, J.; Salazar Jiménez, N.L.; Mora Martínez, A. Bienestar laboral y salud mental en las organizaciones [Work well-being and mental health in organizations]. Rev. Electrónica Psyconex 2017, 9, 1–13. [Google Scholar]
- De La Cruz Saavedra, D.S.; Gonzales Centurión, L.R. Nivel de Satisfacción Laboral ante el COVID-19 en el Supermercado Plaza vea La Molina. 2020 [Level of Job Satisfaction in the Face of COVID-19 in the Supermarket Plaza See La Molina. 2020]; Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola: La Molina, Peru, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Guillen Vidarte, H.L. Percepción de Riesgo al COVID-19 y Salud Mental en Trabajadores de salud del Hospital de Chancay en el periodo Julio a Agosto del 2020 en Lima, Perú [Perception of risk to COVID-19 and Mental Health in Health Workers of the Chancay Hospital in the Period July to August 2020 in Lima, Peru]; Universidad Ricardo Palma: Santiago de Surco, Peru, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Oteir, A.O.; Nazzal, M.S.; Jaber, A.F.; Alwidyan, M.T.; Raffee, L.A. Depression, anxiety and insomnia among frontline healthcare workers amid the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Jordan: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2022, 12, e050078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Song, L.; Wang, Y.; Li, Z.; Yang, Y.; Li, H. Mental Health and Work Attitudes among People Resuming Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5059. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Castro Méndez, N.P. Riesgos psicosociales y salud laboral en centros de salud [Psychosocial risks and occupational health in health centers]. Cienc. Trab. 2018, 20, 155–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lovón Cueva, M.A.; Chegne Cortez, D.A. Repercusión del aislamiento social por COVID-19 en la salud mental en la población de Perú: Síntomas en el discurso del ciberespacio [Impact of social isolation by COVID-19 on mental health in the population of Peru: Symptoms in cyberspace discourse]. Discurso Soc. 2021, 1, 215–243. [Google Scholar]
- Aldazabal Puma, Y. Estrés durante la pandemia en enfermeros que laboran primera línea en un hospital COVID-19 en Lima [Stress during the pandemic in nurses who work on the front line in a COVID-19 hospital in Lima]. Rev. Científica Ágora 2020, 7, 107–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Román Cruz, R.Y. Impacto de la Pandemia COVID-19 en la Sobrecarga Laboral del Personal de Salud: Revisión Sistemática [Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Work Overload of Health Personnel: A Systematic Review]; Universidad Cesar Vallejo: Trujillo, Peru, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Rodriguez Zambrano, J.E. Impacto de la Pandemia COVID-19 en la Salud Mental de la Población y del Personal Sanitario: Revisión Sistemática [Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of the Population and Health Personnel: Systematic Review]; Universidad Cesar Vallejo: Trujillo, Peru, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Acuña Huaringa, A. Daños a Los Funcionarios Públicos Frente a la Seguridad Laboral en Tiempos de COVID-19. Municipalidad Distrital del Rímac 2020 [Damages to Public Officials in the Face of Job Security in Times of COVID-19. District Municipality of Rímac 2020]; Universidad Cesar Vallejo: Trujillo, Peru, 2020. [Google Scholar]
Variable | N | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Labor category | ||
Miner | 152 | 8.2% |
Municipality | 213 | 11.5% |
Police officer | 115 | 6.2% |
Military | 111 | 6.0% |
Primary school teacher | 188 | 10.1% |
High school teacher | 139 | 7.5% |
Store | 206 | 11.1% |
Street vendor | 86 | 4.6% |
Transportation | 75 | 4.1% |
Guard | 98 | 5.3% |
Legal | 108 | 5.8% |
Doctor | 78 | 4.2% |
Nurse | 136 | 7.3% |
Other healthcare professional | 150 | 8.1% |
Gender | ||
Male | 1051 | 56.7% |
Female | 804 | 43.3% |
Age (years) | ||
Mean and standard deviation | 35.9 | 11.2 |
Median and interquartile range | 34 | 27–44 |
Work during the pandemic | ||
I always had | 1407 | 75.8% |
I got fired | 129 | 7.0% |
I had it for moments | 319 | 17.2% |
Type of job | ||
In person | 1008 | 54.4% |
Remote | 275 | 14.8% |
Hybrid | 572 | 30.8% |
Type of work you do | ||
Administrative | 792 | 42.7% |
Operator | 1063 | 57.3% |
Variable | Moderate or Severe Depression | Prevalence Ratio (IC 95%) p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No, N (%) | Yes, N (%) | Raw (Bivariate) | Adjusted (Multivariate) | |
Job insecurity | ||||
No | 1087 (87.6) | 154 (12.4) | Comparison category | Comparison category |
Yes | 478 (77.8) | 136 (22.2) | 1.78 (1.56–2.04) < 0.001 | 1.71 (1.51–1.94) < 0.001 |
Labor category | ||||
Miner | 143 (94.1) | 9 (5.9) | Comparison category | Comparison category |
Municipality | 180 (84.5) | 33 (15.5) | 2.62 (1.02–6.68) 0.044 | 2.59 (1.15–5.86) 0.022 |
Police officer | 103 (89.6) | 12 (10.4) | 1.76 (0.42–7.38) 0.438 | 2.15 (0.47–9.84) 0.322 |
Military | 102 (91.9) | 9 (8.1) | 1.37 (0.48–3.95) 0.561 | 1.73 (0.69–4.35) 0.245 |
Primary school teacher | 149 (79.3) | 39 (20.7) | 3.50 (1.18–10.39) 0.024 | 4.26 (1.48–12.21) 0.007 |
High school teacher | 113 (81.3) | 26 (18.7) | 3.16 (0.77–12.03) 0.112 | 3.47 (0.87–13.95) 0.079 |
Store | 178 (86.4) | 28 (13.6) | 2.30 (0.99–5.34) 0.054 | 2.33 (0.99–5.48) 0.052 |
Street vendor | 66 (76.7) | 20 (23.3) | 3.93 (1.62–9.51) 0.002 | 3.11 (1.33–7.32) 0.009 |
Transportation | 58 (77.3) | 17 (22.7) | 3.83 (1.52–9.62) 0.004 | 3.28 (1.35–7.97) 0.009 |
Guard | 80 (81.6) | 18 (18.4) | 3.10 (1.50–6.42) 0.002 | 2.84 (1.47–5.49) 0.002 |
Legal | 92 (85.2) | 16 (14.8) | 2.50 (0.95–6.46) 0.058 | 2.90 (1.05–7.96) 0.039 |
Doctor | 68 (87.2) | 10 (12.8) | 2.17 (0.81–5.73) 0.121 | 2.65 (0.96–7.29) 0.060 |
Nurse | 107 (78.7) | 29 (21.3) | 3.60 (1.56–8.30) 0.003 | 3.85 (1.59–9.31) 0.003 |
Other healthcare professionals | 126 (84.0) | 24 (16.0) | 2.70 (1.19–6.15) 0.018 | 2.92 (1.29–6.59) 0.010 |
Sex | ||||
Female | 908 (86.4) | 143 (13.6) | Comparison category | Comparison category |
Male | 657 (81.7) | 147 (18.3) | 1.34 (1.07–1.69) 0.012 | 1.18 (0.99–1.39) 0.061 |
Age (years) | 33 (27–43) | 35 (26–46) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) 0.583 | Did not enter the model |
Work during the pandemic | ||||
I always had | 1206 (85.7) | 201 (14.3) | Comparison category | Comparison category |
I got fired | 98 (76.0) | 31 (24.0) | 1.68 (1.21–2.35) 0.002 | 1.63 (1.17–2.28) 0.004 |
I had it for moments | 261 (81.8) | 58 (18.2) | 1.27 (0.85–1.90) 0.237 | 1.20 (0.72–2.09) 0.479 |
Type of job | ||||
In person | 851 (84.4) | 157 (15.6) | Comparison category | Did not enter the model |
Remote | 229 (83.3) | 46 (16.7) | 1.07 (0.70–1.64) 0.743 | Did not enter the model |
Hybrid | 485 (84.8) | 87 (15.2) | 0.98 (0.69–1.39) 0.894 | Did not enter the model |
Type of work you do | ||||
Administrative | 659 (83.2) | 133 (16.8) | Comparison category | Did not enter the model |
Operator | 906 (85.2) | 157 (14.8) | 0.88 (0.67–1.15) 0.349 | Did not enter the model |
Variable | Presence of Moderate or Severe Anxiety | Prevalence Ratio (IC 95%) p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No, N (%) | Yes, N (%) | Raw (Bivariate) | Adjusted (Multivariate) | |
Job insecurity | ||||
No | 928 (74.8) | 313 (25.2) | Comparison category | Comparison category |
Yes | 375 (61.1) | 239 (38.9) | 1.54 (1.30–1.83) < 0.001 | 1.43 (1.25–1.64) < 0.001 |
Labor category | ||||
Miner | 117 (77.0) | 35 (23.0) | Comparison category | Comparison category |
Municipality | 144 (67.6) | 69 (32.4) | 1.41 (0.69–2.87) 0.349 | 1.30 (0.73–2.34) 0.377 |
Police officer | 93 (80.9) | 22 (19.1) | 0.83 (0.37–1.88) 0.657 | 0.90 (0.41–1.97) 0.791 |
Military | 89 (80.2) | 22 (19.8) | 0.86 (0.45–1.66) 0.654 | 1.01 (0.55–1.85) 0.975 |
Primary school teacher | 135 (71.8) | 53 (28.2) | 1.22 (0.63–2.40) 0.554 | 1.32 (0.68–2.56) 0.408 |
High school teacher | 81 (58.3) | 58 (41.7) | 1.81 (0.75–4.39) 0.188 | 1.83 (0.79–4.24) 0.157 |
Store | 156 (75.7) | 50 (24.3) | 1.05 (0.57–1.93) 0.865 | 0.96 (0.50–1.82) 0.897 |
Street vendor | 58 (67.4) | 28 (32.6) | 1.41 (0.92–2.18) 0.118 | 1.02 (0.66–1.58) 0.929 |
Transportation | 50 (66.7) | 25 (33.3) | 1.45 (0.65–3.22) 0.365 | 1.24 (0.56–2.76) 0.591 |
Guard | 59 (60.2) | 39 (39.8) | 1.73 (0.94–3.18) 0.079 | 1.57 (0.86–2.87) 0.141 |
Legal | 78 (72.2) | 30 (27.8) | 1.21 (0.64–2.29) 0.565 | 1.25 (0.66–2.40) 0.483 |
Doctor | 62 (79.5) | 16 (20.5) | 0.89 (0.50–1.58) 0.694 | 0.97 (0.55–1.72) 0.921 |
Nurse | 80 (58.8) | 56 (41.2) | 1.79 (1.03–3.11) 0.039 | 1.65 (0.93–2.92) 0.086 |
Other healthcare professional | 101 (67.3) | 49 (32.7) | 1.42 (0.77–2.61) 0.261 | 1.36 (0.76–2.43) 0.298 |
Sex | ||||
Female | 786 (74.8) | 265 (25.2) | Comparison category | Comparison category |
Male | 517 (64.3) | 287 (35.7) | 1.42 (1.17–1.72) < 0.001 | 1.38 (1.23–1.55) < 0.001 |
Age (years) | 34 (27–44) | 34 (27–43) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) 0.583 | Did not enter the model |
Work during the pandemic | ||||
I always had | 1020 (72.5) | 387 (27.5) | Comparison category | Comparison category |
I got fired | 72 (55.8) | 57 (44.2) | 1.61 (1.20–2.15) 0.001 | 1.58 (1.27–1.98) < 0.001 |
I had it for moments | 211 (66.1) | 108 (33.9) | 1.23 (0.96–1.57) 0.094 | 1.15 (0.79–1.69) 0.471 |
Type of job | ||||
In person | 700 (69.4) | 308 (30.6) | Comparison category | Did not enter the model |
Remote | 196 (71.3) | 79 (28.7) | 0.94 (0.62–1.42) 0.770 | Did not enter the model |
Hybrid | 407 (71.2) | 165 (28.8) | 0.94 (0.74–1.21) 0.648 | Did not enter the model |
Type of work you do | ||||
Administrative | 543 (68.6) | 249 (31.4) | Comparison category | Did not enter the model |
Operator | 760 (71.5) | 303 (28.5) | 0.91 (0.75–1.10) 0.322 | Did not enter the model |
Variable | Presence of Moderate or Severe Stress | Prevalence Ratio (IC 95%) p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No, N (%) | Yes, N (%) | Raw (Bivariate) | Adjusted (Multivariate) | |
Job insecurity | ||||
No | 1098 (88.5) | 143 (11.5) | Comparison category | Comparison category |
Yes | 499 (81.3) | 115 (18.7) | 1.63 (1.26–2.10) < 0.001 | 1.77 (1.41–2.22) <0.001 |
Labor category | ||||
Miner | 138 (90.8) | 14 (9.2) | Comparison category | Comparison category |
Municipality | 193 (90.6) | 20 (9.4) | 1.02 (0.54–1.93) 0.953 | 0.90 (0.53–1.53) 0.693 |
Police officer | 105 (91.3) | 10 (8.7) | 0.94 (0.26–3.43) 0.930 | 1.01 (0.29–3.44) 0.990 |
Military | 103 (92.8) | 8 (7.2) | 0.78 (0.44–1.39) 0.405 | 0.87 (0.50–1.50) 0.606 |
Primary school teacher | 158 (84.0) | 30 (16.0) | 1.73 (0.72–4.16) 0.219 | 1.80 (0.79–4.10) 0.160 |
High school teacher | 105 (75.5) | 43 (24.5) | 2.66 (1.22–5.80) 0.014 | 2.61 (1.27–5.36) 0.009 |
Store | 180 (87.4) | 26 (12.6) | 1.37 (0.71–2.63) 0.344 | 1.23 (0.66–2.27) 0.513 |
Street vendor | 74 (86.1) | 12 (14.9) | 1.51 (0.91–2.53) 0.112 | 1.24 (0.73–2.10) 0.435 |
Transportation | 68 (90.7) | 7 (9.3) | 1.01 (0.61–1.68) 0.959 | 0.91 (0.53–1.56) 0.725 |
Guard | 83 (84.7) | 15 (15.3) | 1.66 (0.85–3.25) 0.138 | 1.38 (0.68–2.83) 0.373 |
Legal | 90 (83.3) | 18 (16.7) | 1.81 (0.86–3.80) 0.117 | 1.83 (0.90–3.70) 0.094 |
Doctor | 59 (75.6) | 19 (24.4) | 2.64 (1.46–4.78) 0.001 | 2.78 (1.64–4.70) < 0.001 |
Nurse | 106 (77.9) | 30 (22.1) | 2.39 (1.47–3.91) < 0.001 | 2.32 (1.44–3.72) 0.001 |
Other healthcare professional | 135 (90.0) | 15 (10.0) | 1.09 (0.70–1.68) 0.713 | 1.03 (0.62–1.69) 0.923 |
Sex | ||||
Female | 921 (87.6) | 130 (13.4) | Comparison category | Comparison category |
Male | 676 (84.1) | 128 (15.9) | 1.29 (1.02–1.63) 0.034 | 1.18 (1.00–1.40) 0.051 |
Age (years) | 34 (27–44) | 34 (27–44) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) 0.921 | Did not enter the model |
Work during the pandemic | ||||
I always had | 1221 (86.8) | 186 (13.2) | Comparison category | Did not enter the model |
I got fired | 105 (81.4) | 24 (18.6) | 1.41 (0.77–2.56) 0.262 | Did not enter the model |
I had it for moments | 271 (85.0) | 48 (15.0) | 1.14 (0.76–1.70) 0.528 | Did not enter the model |
Type of job | ||||
In person | 880 (87.3) | 128 (12.7) | Comparison category | Did not enter the model |
Remote | 226 (82.2) | 49 (17.8) | 1.40 (0.82–2.40) 0.214 | Did not enter the model |
Hybrid | 491 (85.8) | 81 (14.2) | 1.12 (0.78–1.59) 0.546 | Did not enter the model |
Type of work you do | ||||
Administrative | 676 (85.4) | 116 (14.6) | Comparison category | Did not enter the model |
Operator | 921 (86.6) | 142 (13.4) | 0.91 (0.78–1.08) 0.263 | Did not enter the model |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Palomino-Ruiz, N.; Alvarez-Risco, A.; Guzman-Loayza, J.; Mamani-Benito, O.; Vilela-Estrada, M.A.; Serna-Alarcón, V.; Del-Aguila-Arcentales, S.; Yáñez, J.A.; Mejia, C.R. Job Insecurity According to the Mental Health of Workers in 25 Peruvian Cities during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability 2022, 14, 14799. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214799
Palomino-Ruiz N, Alvarez-Risco A, Guzman-Loayza J, Mamani-Benito O, Vilela-Estrada MA, Serna-Alarcón V, Del-Aguila-Arcentales S, Yáñez JA, Mejia CR. Job Insecurity According to the Mental Health of Workers in 25 Peruvian Cities during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability. 2022; 14(22):14799. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214799
Chicago/Turabian StylePalomino-Ruiz, Nataly, Aldo Alvarez-Risco, Jeanet Guzman-Loayza, Oscar Mamani-Benito, Martín A. Vilela-Estrada, Víctor Serna-Alarcón, Shyla Del-Aguila-Arcentales, Jaime A. Yáñez, and Christian R. Mejia. 2022. "Job Insecurity According to the Mental Health of Workers in 25 Peruvian Cities during the COVID-19 Pandemic" Sustainability 14, no. 22: 14799. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214799