University Incubator Support and Entrepreneurial Intention among Tourism Graduates: Mediating Role of Personal Attitude
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background and Hypothesis Development
2.1. Theory of Planned Behavior
2.2. Defining the Study Constructs
2.3. Network Support, Attitude, and Entrepreneurial Intention
2.4. Financial Support, Attitude, and Entrepreneurial Intention
2.5. Training Support, Attitude, and Entrepreneurial Intention
2.6. Attitude and Entrepreneurial Intention
2.7. The Mediating Impact of Personal Attitudes
3. Methods
3.1. Operationalization of the Study Constructs
3.2. Data Collection Procedures
3.3. Data Analysis Techniques
4. Results
4.1. The Respondents’ Characteristics
4.2. Psychometric Properties of the Employed Measures
4.3. The Tested Structural Model
4.4. Hypotheses Evaluation
5. Discussions
6. Conclusions and Further Research Opportunities
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Profile | N | Frequencies | Percent | |
---|---|---|---|---|
University | King Faisal University | 750 | 162 | 21.6% |
King Saud University | 141 | 18.8% | ||
King Abdulaziz University | 135 | 18% | ||
Umm Al Qura University | 138 | 18.4% | ||
University of Tabuk | 99 | 13.2% | ||
Jazan University | 75 | 10% | ||
Gender | Male | 750 | 407 | 54.3% |
Female | 343 | 45.7% | ||
Age | Below 21 years | 750 | 84 | 11.2% |
21– 25 years | 496 | 66.1% | ||
25 years and above | 170 | 22.7% |
Factors and Items | Standardized Factor Loading | T-Value | M | S. D | Skewness | Kurtosis | Psychometric Properties |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal Attitude (Ajzen, 2011) [58] | a = 0.969, CR = 0.979, AVE = 0.904, MSV = 0.089 | ||||||
PA_1 | 0.960 | b* | 3.66 | 1.284 | −0.553 | −0.855 | |
PA_2 | 0.962 | 65.698 | 3.65 | 1.281 | 0.536 | 0.863 | |
PA_3 | 0.944 | 59.121 | 3.62 | 1.299 | 0.505 | 0.932 | |
PA_4 | 0.944 | 59.191 | 3.62 | 1.311 | −0.524 | −0.913 | |
PA_5 | 0.944 | 58.926 | 3.62 | 1.340 | 0.551 | 0.938 | |
Entrepreneurship intention (Chen et al.,1998; Liñán& Chen, 2009) [49,50] | a = 0.956, CR = 0.955, AVE = 0.781, MSV = 0.007 | ||||||
EI_1 | 0.774 | b | 3.39 | 1.006 | −0.551 | −0.043 | |
EI_2 | 0.848 | 26.140 | 3.29 | 1.137 | 0.465 | 0.288 | |
EI_3 | 0.814 | 24.782 | 3.23 | 1.140 | −0.336 | −0.544 | |
EI_4 | 0.960 | 30.879 | 3.16 | 1.209 | 0.343 | −0.586 | |
EI_5 | 0.941 | 30.050 | 3.05 | 1.242 | −0.316 | −0.760 | |
EI_6 | 0.948 | 30.384 | 3.06 | 1.243 | 0.348 | 0.734 | |
Networking support (Njau et al., 2019) [30] | a = 0.935, CR = 0.983, AVE = 0.905, MSV = 0.250 | ||||||
NS_1 | 0.944 | b | 3.78 | 1.288 | −0.934 | −0.188 | |
NS_2 | 0.969 | 62.363 | 3.71 | 1.286 | −0.858 | −0.333 | |
NS_3 | 0.969 | 62.399 | 3.71 | 1.285 | 0.858 | 0.284 | |
NS_4 | 0.939 | 53.450 | 3.72 | 1.291 | −0.900 | −0.247 | |
NS_5 | 0.942 | 54.289 | 3.69 | 1.301 | −0.838 | −0.361 | |
Financial Support (Gozali et al., 2015) [32] | a = 0.947, CR = 0.979, AVE = 0.919, MSV = 0.089 | ||||||
FS_1 | 0.983 | b | 3.63 | 1.218 | −0.510 | −0.863 | |
FS_2 | 0.929 | 61.308 | 3.60 | 1.233 | 0.511 | 0.860 | |
FS_3 | 0.942 | 66.878 | 3.64 | 1.215 | −0.516 | −0.854 | |
FS_4 | 0.980 | 95.708 | 3.60 | 1.240 | 0.522 | 0.847 | |
Training support (Lukes et al., 2019) [76] | a = 0.901, CR = 0.986, AVE = 0.934, MSV = 0.081 | ||||||
TS_1 | 0.963 | b | 3.84 | 1.156 | −0.777 | −0.259 | |
TS_2 | 0.967 | 70.779 | 3.85 | 1.157 | 0.786 | 0.250 | |
TS_3 | 0.967 | 70.766 | 3.85 | 1.157 | −0.786 | −0.250 | |
TS_4 | 0.965 | 69.265 | 3.84 | 1.157 | 0.774 | 0.268 | |
TS_5 | 0.970 | 72.134 | 3.85 | 1.159 | −0.779 | −0.268 |
Factors | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-Attitude | 0.951 | ||||
2-Networking support | 0.401 | 0.951 | |||
3-Financial support | 0.298 | 0.159 | 0.959 | ||
4-Training support | 0.180 | 0.278 | 0.285 | 0.966 | |
5-Entrepreneurship intentions | 0.33 | 0.053 | 0.083 | 0.491 | 0.884 |
Hypotheses | Results | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(β) | (T-Value) | SMC | Hypotheses Results | ||
H1 | Network Support ⟶ Attitude | 0.43 *** | 9.587 | Supported | |
H2 | Network Support ⟶ Entrepreneurship ⟶ intention | 0.29 *** | 2.689 | Supported | |
H3 | Financial Support ⟶ Attitude | 0.35 *** | 6.541 | Supported | |
H4 | Financial Support ⟶ Entrepreneurship intention | 0.10 | 1.610 | Not Supported | |
H5 | Training support ⟶ Attitude | 0.33 *** | 5.878 | Supported | |
H6 | Training support ⟶ Entrepreneurship intention | 0.09 | 1.291 | Not Supported | |
H7 | Attitude ⟶ Entrepreneurship intention | 0.52 *** | 12.278 | ||
H8 | Network Support ⟶ Attitude ⟶ Entrepreneurship intention | Path 1: β = 0.34 *** t-value = 9.587 Path 2: β = 0.52 *** t-value = 12.278 | Supported | ||
H9 | Financial Support ⟶ Attitude ⟶ Entrepreneurship intention | Path 1: β = 0.35 *** t-value = 6.541 Path 2: β = 0.52 *** t-value = 12.278 | Supported | ||
H10 | Training Support ⟶ Attitude ⟶ Entrepreneurship intention | Path 1: β = 0.33 *** t-value = 5.878 Path 2: β = 0.52 *** t-value = 12.278 | Supported | ||
Attitude | 0.42 | ||||
Entrepreneurship intention | 0.38 |
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Ayad, T.; Sobaih, A.E.E.; Elshaer, I.A. University Incubator Support and Entrepreneurial Intention among Tourism Graduates: Mediating Role of Personal Attitude. Sustainability 2022, 14, 16045. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316045
Ayad T, Sobaih AEE, Elshaer IA. University Incubator Support and Entrepreneurial Intention among Tourism Graduates: Mediating Role of Personal Attitude. Sustainability. 2022; 14(23):16045. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316045
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyad, Tamer, Abu Elnasr E. Sobaih, and Ibrahim A. Elshaer. 2022. "University Incubator Support and Entrepreneurial Intention among Tourism Graduates: Mediating Role of Personal Attitude" Sustainability 14, no. 23: 16045. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316045