3.2. Mapping and Classifying Stakeholders in Developing Organic Farming in Bogor, Indonesia
The assessment results of stakeholders’ level of interest and influence on developing organic farming in Bogor, Indonesia, are based on five questions/main elements and scores that have been prepared previously. The magnitude of interest is assessed based on the involvement of stakeholders in developing organic farming, the benefits of developing organic farming for stakeholders, the authority of stakeholders in developing organic farming, the priority scale of stakeholders in developing organic farming, and the level of dependence of stakeholders in developing organic farming. Additional questions during the field interviews were used for discussion. The results of the compilation of the assessment of the level of interest and influence of stakeholders in developing organic farming are presented in
Table 5.
There are three stakeholder groups, including key stakeholders, main stakeholders, and supporting stakeholders [
34]. Based on the results of the mapping of stakeholders in developing organic farming in Bogor, Indonesia, it can be seen that there are differences in key, main, and supporting stakeholders. This is closely related to each stakeholder’s degree of interest and influence. Stakeholders generally have a low or high level of influence and interest because they usually do not have a direct relationship and are not interested in resources (organic agricultural land). However, in some instances, stakeholders who are not primarily related to resources may have a strong influence, such as the private sector/organic product entrepreneur. This happens if stakeholders are invited to cooperate with other parties who have direct links with the resources while the capacity stakeholder is sufficient. In this case, the stakeholders can determine the success of the main stakeholders related to organic products, especially in providing organic product seeds and marketing.
The main stakeholders, usually local communities or groups of people in general, have a lower or relatively high level of influence, but the level of importance is very high. In this case, people in the Bogor region who work as farmers of organic products depend on their lives through the added value of organic farming cultivation. Especially in well-organized community groups such as farmer groups, their dependence on organic agricultural resources is higher because they have a more complete access to the outside world when compared to the general public. However, although these organic farming communities are highly dependent on the sustainability of organic farming, they need a more substantial influence on maintaining the sustainability of organic farming resource management. This is often a source of obstacles in managing organic agriculture in the Bogor region of West Java.
The stakeholders generally have a very high level of influence and interest in developing organic farming. However, sometimes both the importance and the strong influence do not positively impact the sustainability of the resource. This usually occurs when stakeholders’ main tasks and functions are not directly related to the resource, or their main tasks and functions are related but in less of a practical sense. In this case, the Food and Agriculture Department (DKPP), as the main organization in charge of organic agriculture management, has very high importance and influence because its primary duties and responsibilities are directly related to organic agriculture, and its primary functions are carried out consistently. In contrast to Bappeda, the existence of which does not have high importance and influence, though it is responsible for land use planning and budgeting, because its primary duties and functions are not directly related to organic agriculture, its existence does not have high importance and influence. The results of the calculation of the level of influence and interest of each stakeholder are presented in
Table 6.
Based on the calculation of the value of the stakeholders’ influence and interests, the position and role of each stakeholder in the organic farming management program in the Bogor area at this time can be described. The picture below describes an existing stakeholder interacting with organic farming management efforts. In total, the results of the mapping of stakeholders in organic farming management based on their level of influence and importance can be seen in
Figure 3. Based on
Figure 3, all stakeholders involved in organic agriculture management in the Bogor area of West Java are classified into four groups: key player, subject, context setter, and crowd.
Stakeholders in developing organic farming included in Quadrant 1 (Key Players) are the Department of Agriculture and the Indonesian Organic Alliance (AOI). The Department of Agriculture has the authority to draft regulations and plan and implement developing organic farming programs in Bogor, Indonesia. The Department of Agriculture has the main task of optimizing organic farming resources in its area. The Indonesian Organic Alliance (AOI) is a civil society organization incorporated as an association, non-profit and independent. The Indonesian Organic Alliance has a program focused on strengthening the institutional quality and smallholder production to gain better market access, advancing organic agriculture and the fair trade movement, and strengthening national and international advocacy and networks. This institution in the Bogor area has provided assistance, education, and advocacy to organic farmers concerning the development of organic agriculture. For this reason, the AOI institution is included as the key player (Quadrant 1).
Key players are stakeholders in management because they have a strong influence and interest in developing a project [
23]. Stakeholders in key players are the most critical group because they have important values and a significant influence on the success of management [
35]. In every natural resource management activity, the manager with legal power always occupies a position as the main stakeholder [
36,
37].
The Bogor region (town and district) is part of the potential area to be used as a developing organic farming area. Therefore, in its primary duties and responsibilities, the Department of Agriculture has a great interest and responsibility to develop the area to improve the community’s welfare and increase the APBD. To simplify and synergize organic agriculture management as a source of food security in the Bogor area of West Java, the Department of Agriculture must cooperate with the Indonesian Organic Alliance (AOI) institution and other parties interested in developing organic farming in the Bogor area.
Stakeholders with significant influence and high interest (key players) must be fully involved in all stages of the management program to give them confidence that the program’s success is due to their support [
38]. Thus, efforts are needed to equalize the perception of all stakeholders on the importance of sustainable organic farming management in the Bogor area of West Java.
- b.
Subject (Quadrant 2)
The subject has high importance but a low level of influence. A stakeholder is supportive and has little capacity to change the situation. However, they can influence others if they form alliances with stakeholders and vice versa may be influenced by stakeholders [
23]. Stakeholders included in Quadrant 2 (subject) are farmer groups and communities.
Farmer groups and communities are highly interested in developing organic farming, which is currently one of the sources of people’s income, for some even their primary source of income. They are highly dependent on the existence of organic farming land to fulfill their daily needs. Farmer groups and communities utilize their agricultural land by cultivating various commodities such as rice, vegetables, and fruits, which are managed in an environmentally friendly (organic) manner. Organic products have a high economic value compared to other agricultural products, so some people jointly carry out organic farming activities and make various efforts for their development through collaboration with other parties.
Stakeholders with little influence but very high interest need special efforts and strategies to have confidence that their needs align with management objectives and that their involvement is significant [
38]. Stakeholders who fall into the subject category are involved through empowerment and can include at every stage of management [
35]. Therefore, people who own organic agricultural land need to be involved in formulating policies related to organic farming management to have a high sense of responsibility for their agricultural land resources. The community’s belief in a government (in this case, the Department of Agriculture) program that aligns with the community’s needs in various aspects will increase.
Organic product farmers in the Bogor area of West Java together form a farmer group based on the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture no. 82/Permentan/OT.140/8/2013, concerning Guidelines for the Establishment of Farmer Groups and Farmer Group Associations, and Minister of Agriculture No. 67/Permentan/SM.050/12/2016 concerning Farmer Institutional Development. The farmer group was established to increase community participation in developing organic agriculture. In this study, farmer groups have a role as local government partners in developing organic farming management. Farmer groups, together with other parties who care about organic products, are trying to invite people to switch to consuming organic products that are healthy and environmentally friendly. Therefore, stakeholders who fall into the subject (Quadrant 2) must cooperate with other parties to achieve the desired results and resolve various problems encountered.
- c.
Context Setters (Quadrant 3)
Stakeholders in the context setter have a significant influence but little importance. Stakeholders who play a role in context setters can pose a significant risk because they can block the development of natural resource management, so they must be monitored and managed carefully [
36]. Stakeholders in organic farming management are included in Quadrant 3 (context setters), namely the Organic Certification Institute (LSO), Agribusiness and Technology Park (ATP) IPB, and organic product entrepreneurs.
The LSO is responsible for the certification process for organic products produced by organic farming communities. This certification is voluntary, but every organic product to be commercialized must obtain organic certification from this institution. Therefore, this institution is very influential in increasing the number of certified organic products circulating in the market. Several institutions are engaged in organic certification in the Bogor area of West Java, including PT Icert Agritama Internasional, BIOCert Indonesia, and INOFICE. On average, these certification bodies are engaged in fresh plants and plant products, livestock, and livestock products, processed plant and livestock products, uncultivated products, beekeeping, and organic fertilizers. This certification body does not provide education and assistance to the community regarding organic farming, unlike the Indonesian Organic Association (AOI). Considering the role and function of this institution, organic certification bodies are included in the context setter or Quadrant 3, which has a strong influence, but with low importance.
The Agribusiness and Technology Park (ATP)-IPB is an Academic Business Unit (SUA) under the Business Directorate of IPB in the field of Agribusiness and is the center of IPB’s innovation and business storefront. Agribusiness and Technology Park (ATP) aims to increase farmers’ income by building a system that synergizes and becomes a storefront and a means of technology dissemination and marketing. This institution is included in the context setter because it influences the sustainability of developing organic farming in Bogor, Indonesia, by providing organic product seeds and organic marketing products from farmers or farmer groups who are partners of ATP IPB. The cooperation between ATP institutions and farmer groups has long been established, but it is still limited to the relationship between sellers and buyers.
Stakeholders included in the context setters are organic entrepreneurs or private parties. The private sector can significantly influence the success of developing organic farming by providing complete agricultural facilities, infrastructure, and significant capital owned by the private sector. People who own organic farming land are currently constrained by the need for more capital to develop organic products as a viable and adequate agricultural business.
As one of the stakeholders in developing organic farming, the private sector becomes one of the local government partners in fulfilling organic food needs, starting from providing seeds, maintaining, harvesting, packaging, and marketing. In other words, the private sector will operate an organic farming business that may be developed on agricultural land. The business world’s profit-oriented role must also be responsible for the sustainability of developing organic farming in Bogor, Indonesia. Stakeholders who have strong influence but are not too interested (context setters) need to be taken seriously; their existence is essential, important information must always be given to them, and their views must be acknowledged [
38].
- d.
Crowd (Quadrant 4)
Stakeholders who fall into the crowd are stakeholders with low influence and interest in the desired development program, so they must be included in decision making. Influences and interests will change from time to time, so it needs to be considered to involve stakeholders [
23]. Stakeholders require little monitoring and evaluation but low priority [
35]. Stakeholders in developing organic farming in Quadrant 4 (Crowd) are universities and Bappeda.
The Regional Development Research Planning Agency (Bappeda) of Bogor is a government institution that plays a role in planning and budgeting of food security and agriculture in Bogor. The breadth of the sectors handled makes Bappeda less interested in organic farming programs. Based on the results of the interview, it is known that Bappeda has a duty that is not directly related to developing organic farming, so their interests are not reflected in the programs run by the institution. Bappeda only has the authority to plan land use in the Bogor.
In general, universities emphasize the community’s interests through education, training, and advocacy for the community and publishing critical writings in the mass media. Universities play a role in conducting various research and community services related to developing organic farming so that the development of organic agriculture is based on the results of appropriate and comprehensive studies. Often, the role of research results is not utilized in developing organic farming. Universities can carry out various community services to contribute to developing organic farming in the Bogor area of West Java. Therefore, it is necessary to communicate and collaborate with universities to develop organic farming in the future.
Stakeholders with little influence and interest must also be involved in the program or project [
38]. However, they do not require a particular strategy for their participation. Thus, stakeholders included in Quadrant 4 (Crowd) still have the potential to be invited to cooperate in developing organic farming in Bogor, Indonesia.
Based on the results of the identification and mapping of stakeholders above, it can be identified that stakeholders have the potential to be involved in developing organic farming in Bogor, Indonesia, namely: (1) Food and Agriculture Security Department (DKPP), (2) Indonesian Organic Alliance (AOI).), (3) Organic Certification Institute (LSO), (4) farmer groups, (5) organic product entrepreneurs, (6) Agriculture and Technology Park (ATP) IPB, and (7) the community.
The Food Security and Agriculture Department is responsible for developing organic farming in Bogor, Indonesia. The Regional Government can make policy regulations to cover various sustainable developing organic farming programs. A clear legal umbrella or regulation for the community will provide certainty and direction in developing organic farming policies in Bogor, Indonesia.
In addition to regulations, the regional government also has the authority to formulate programs and their financing for developing organic farming programs. It has a high success rate if fully supported by the regulatory and program execution functions owned by the regional government.
The farmer groups and the community, as the parties affected by a program, must be actively involved because they depend on organic agricultural land resources for their lives. The uneven understanding of community groups regarding the urgency of agriculture or organic products requires special attention from the regional government through various education and assistance programs so that the optimization of the role and contribution of the community in developing organic farming in Bogor, Indonesia, can be continuously improved.
The private sector as a stakeholder has an equally important role in developing organic farming in Bogor, Indonesia. As a stakeholder who has network and financial strength, the presence of the private sector in developing an organic farming in Bogor, Indonesia program will significantly determine the sustainability of the program through the provision of complete agricultural facilities and infrastructure, as well as information and promotion networks that can be optimized to determine the success of developing organic farming in Bogor, Indonesia.