Review of Behavioral Psychology in Transition to Solar Photovoltaics for Low-Income Individuals
Abstract
:1. Introduction and Background
2. Method
3. Defining Behavioral Psychology
3.1. PV Challenges in Low-Income Individuals—Matching Law Theory
3.2. Social and Uncertainty Barriers—Punishment Behavioral Literature
3.3. Delay Discounting Preventing People to Install RE Even If They Have the Money
3.4. Generalization Leading to Increase Use of PV and Other Proenvironmental Behavior
4. Result and Discussion
5. Implication, Conclusions, and Future Research Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Part | Behavioral Theory | Problem | Predictive Behavior Based on Behavioral Theory | Intervention |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Matching Law theory (without intervention) | Financial and knowledge difficulty hinders low income individuals to invest on PV | Most low-income individuals are unable to invest on PV without the help of government of policy intervention | No intervention |
Matching Law theory (with intervention) | Reinforcement such as financial support towards PV installation help nudge low-income behavior to invest on PV | Providing low-income individuals financial incentive to install PV nudges low-income individuals to invest on PV. | ||
Policy programs providing low income with knowledge how they financially benefit from PV and how they seek for help to invest in PV would further increase their probability of low-income individuals to invest in PV. | ||||
Public environmental policy providing financial subsidy to increase technological advancement and increase the supply of PV | Public policy providing financial subsidy to increase the economy and at the same time protect the environment. | |||
2 | Punishment (without intervention) | Feelings of uncertainty to invest in PV punished low-income individuals to invest in PV. | The feeling of not knowing how to invest in PV hinders low-income individuals from investing towards PV. | No intervention |
Punishment (with intervention) | More knowledge on how to invest in PV replaces the punishing feeling of uncertainty to reinforcement to decrease energy bills. | Providing low-income individuals with education to how they can invest on PV removes the feeling of uncertainty and nudges low-income individuals to invest in PV. | ||
1 and 2 | Punishment and reinforcement (with intervention) | Feelings of uncertainty to invest in PV punished low income individuals to invest in PV. | Social reinforcement is shown to encourage people to invest on PV. | Policy programs providing social events in which low income individuals can learn how to save and invest in PV. |
Providing social reinforcers after they invest in PV are more likely to encourage people to invest on PV | ||||
Financial reinforcement such as lottery helps encourage people to learn how they can invest in PV | Financial reinforcers to encourage individuals to learn how to obtain financial support to install PV and the benefit of PV | |||
Behavioral skill training are suggested to increase the probability of success in educators to provide reinforcers in natural ways | Training the educators how to provide reinforcers in a natural way. | |||
3 | Delay Discounting (without intervention) | Investing in Non RE is seen as a more small and immediate reward compared to investing on RE such as PV. | People who were unsure of the benefit of PV are more prone to choose small and immediate reward such as non-RE compared to installing PV. This is true even if they know PV would be more beneficial for them over the long term. | No intervention |
Delay discounting (with intervention) | Providing financial reinforcement and making social groups that inform individuals on the benefit of PV. | With financial incentive and more knowledge about the benefit of PV low-income individuals are more to nudge to choose the more larger and delayed reward such as investing in PV | ||
Creating an incentive that aligns with individual reinforcement increases the probability of low-income individuals to invest on PV. | Involving low-income individuals among the decision-making policy programs process are likely to lead to policy change that is aligned with low-income reinforcement. | |||
4 | Generalization (with intervention) | As people invest on PV, they are also likely to do more environmental friendly behavior. | To support low-income individuals to generalized more proenvironmental behavior, educators can align the benefits of PV with sentences which relates to the hedonistic, egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric values when educating low-income individuals on the benefit of PV. |
Entity | Benefit | Positive Side Effects |
---|---|---|
Financial burden | Lower financial burden for low-income individuals | More available finances for low income to spent for daily needs. |
Improved quality of life as additional resources for education and leisure. | ||
Government has less burden to support the low-income individuals finances. This furthermore leads to an increase economic system. | ||
Knowledge | Improved knowledge about the ways to save money through electricity, ways to cut down or replaced electricity with PV in the long term. | Improved quality of life how to save electricity for the household. |
Improved knowledge of how they can invest in PV and save money for other expenses. With this knowledge, they can now consider the option to install PV | Improved planning for the future, rather than just planning to pay for the bills over short-term period. | |
Quality of Environment | Improved quality of the air and water environment | Improve individuals physical and psychological health as air and water quality improved. |
Less global warming and water level increase | More land for people to farm food, live, and more land for people to use for other renewable energy such as wind energy. |
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Rahardja, F.A.; Chen, S.-C.; Rahardja, U. Review of Behavioral Psychology in Transition to Solar Photovoltaics for Low-Income Individuals. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031537
Rahardja FA, Chen S-C, Rahardja U. Review of Behavioral Psychology in Transition to Solar Photovoltaics for Low-Income Individuals. Sustainability. 2022; 14(3):1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031537
Chicago/Turabian StyleRahardja, Fransisca Angelica, Shih-Chih Chen, and Untung Rahardja. 2022. "Review of Behavioral Psychology in Transition to Solar Photovoltaics for Low-Income Individuals" Sustainability 14, no. 3: 1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031537