Chemical and Microbiological Assessment of Wastewater Discharged along the Mediterranean Sea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Sites
2.2. Physicochemical Analysis
2.3. UPLC-MS/MS Analysis
2.4. Total DNA Extraction
2.5. PCR Amplification and DGGE Analysis
2.6. Bacteria Isolation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test
2.7. Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Water Quality Monitoring
3.2. Metal Analysis
3.3. Bacterial Community Structure
3.4. Antibiotic Resistance Profiles
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Isolates | Source/Culture Medium | Resistance Profile | Resistance Genes |
---|---|---|---|
S1 | Treated WW Italy/TCBS-agar | CTX-ATM-IMI-T-ATH-CIP-TM-RP-C | tetA + Sul1 |
S2 | Treated WW Egypt/TCBS-agar | CTX-ATM-CAZ | blaCTX-M |
S3 | Treated WW Algeria/TCBS-agar | ATM-CIP-CAZ | - |
S4 | Treated WW Algeria/Slanetz and Bartley-agar | AK-CTX-ATM-IMI-T-CIP-TM-RP-A-C-CAZ | tetA + Sul1 |
S5 | Raw WW Morocco/SS-agar | AK-CTX-ATM-TM-RP-C | blaCTX-M + Sul1 |
S6 | Treated WW Tunisia/TCBS-agar | ATM-CAZ | - |
S7 | Seawater Egypt/TCBS-agar | ATM-T-ATH-CAZ | - |
S8 | Raw WW Algeria/SS-agar | CTX-TM | - |
S9 | Raw WW Algeria/TCBS-agar | CTX-ATM-C-CAZ | blaCTX-M + blaTEM |
S10 | Treated WW Algeria/TCBS-agar | CTX-ATM-IMI-CAZ | blaSHV |
S11 | Seawater Egypt/TCBS-agar | T-TM-RP-A-C | tetB |
S12 | Treated WW Egypt/TCBS-agar | ATH-C | - |
S13 | Treated WW Egypt/TTC Tergitol-agar | T-ATH-TM-RP-A-C | tetA + Sul1 |
S14 | Raw WW Algeria/TTC Tergitol-agar | ATM-TM-CAZ | - |
S15 | Raw WW Egypt/Slanetz and Bartley-agar | CTX-CAZ | - |
S16 | Seawater Tunisia/TTC Tergitol-agar | ATM-ATH | - |
S17 | Treated WW Algeria/TTC Tergitol-agar | AK-ATH-TM-RP | - |
S18 | Raw WW Italy/MacConkey-agar | AK-IMI-ATH-CIP-TM-A-C-CAZ | Sul1 |
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Hassen, W.; Mehri, I.; Beltifa, A.; Giorgia Potortì, A.; Khellaf, N.; Amer, R.; Van Loco, J.; Hassen, A.; Di Bella, G.; Khdary, N.H.; et al. Chemical and Microbiological Assessment of Wastewater Discharged along the Mediterranean Sea. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2746. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052746
Hassen W, Mehri I, Beltifa A, Giorgia Potortì A, Khellaf N, Amer R, Van Loco J, Hassen A, Di Bella G, Khdary NH, et al. Chemical and Microbiological Assessment of Wastewater Discharged along the Mediterranean Sea. Sustainability. 2022; 14(5):2746. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052746
Chicago/Turabian StyleHassen, Wafa, Ines Mehri, Asma Beltifa, Angela Giorgia Potortì, Nabila Khellaf, Ranya Amer, Joris Van Loco, Abdennaceur Hassen, Giuseppa Di Bella, Nezar H. Khdary, and et al. 2022. "Chemical and Microbiological Assessment of Wastewater Discharged along the Mediterranean Sea" Sustainability 14, no. 5: 2746. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052746
APA StyleHassen, W., Mehri, I., Beltifa, A., Giorgia Potortì, A., Khellaf, N., Amer, R., Van Loco, J., Hassen, A., Di Bella, G., Khdary, N. H., & Ben Mansour, H. (2022). Chemical and Microbiological Assessment of Wastewater Discharged along the Mediterranean Sea. Sustainability, 14(5), 2746. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052746