Booster or Stumbling Block? The Role of Environmental Regulation in the Coupling Path of Regional Innovation under the Porter Hypothesis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- First, this paper shows whether the Porter hypothesis is applicable to the world’s largest developing country from a macro-regional perspective. This further enriches the study of the Porter hypothesis at the macro level from a theoretical perspective.
- Secondly, considering causal complexity, with the more applicable research method (time-varying QCA (TQCA)), this paper assesses whether a pattern that differs from “pollute first, treat later” is effective.
- Thirdly, by exploring the pathways to achieve the Porter hypothesis in more and less economically developed regions of China, this paper identifies a remedy for inducing a win-win for both the environment and development.
2. Literature Review
3. Methods
3.1. QCA and Time-Varying QCA
3.2. Configuration Variables
3.3. Data
4. Results
4.1. Calibration
4.2. Necessary Condition Testing
4.3. Coupling Path Analysis
4.4. Analysis of Coupling Path to Enhance Regional Innovation
4.5. Analysis of Coupling Paths to Reduce Regional Innovation
4.6. Robustness Checks
5. Regional Heterogeneity Analysis
6. Discussion and Conclusions
- First, the Porter hypothesis is supported in most cases at the overall level of China, where environmental regulation can play the role of a “booster” to stimulate regional innovation. In a few cases, however, the Porter hypothesis cannot be supported.
- Second, the Porter hypothesis is also supported in most cases at the regional level, and environmental regulation plays more of a “booster” role for regional innovation in the east, central, west, and northeast.
- Third, a comparison of regional heterogeneity shows that environmental regulation is more important for stimulating regional innovation in the east than in the center, west, and northeast.
- First, China should continue to adhere to strict environmental regulations, implement and enforce the concept of “green water and green mountains are the silver mountain of gold”, and use environmental regulation to support regional innovation.
- Second, eastern, central, western, and northeastern China should clearly realize that environmental regulation and regional innovation can coexist and that pollution control and economic development must be pursued in a two-pronged manner.
- Third, eastern China needs to further increase its environmental regulation, while central, western, and northeastern China should moderate environmental regulation.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | Mean | Standard Deviation | Min | Max | Unit | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RI | 450 | 8.990 | 1.650 | 4.250 | 12.710 | Item |
ER | 450 | 2.490 | 1.060 | −1.660 | 4.950 | 100 million yuan |
FDI | 450 | 4.770 | 1.480 | −1.560 | 7.820 | 100 million yuan |
GSTE | 450 | 3.360 | 1.270 | −0.020 | 6.710 | 100 million yuan |
VATI | 450 | 8.280 | 1.100 | 4.930 | 10.780 | 100 million yuan |
ML | 450 | 1.810 | 0.310 | 0.860 | 2.410 | \ |
HC | 450 | 8.660 | 0.880 | 5.910 | 10.280 | One billion yuan |
IL | 450 | 9.930 | 0.880 | 6.430 | 11.260 | Kilometer |
TCT | 450 | 12.880 | 1.790 | 7.540 | 17.620 | Ten thousand yuan |
PGDP | 450 | 10.230 | 0.730 | 8.190 | 11.770 | Yuan |
N | Min | Max | 20% Quantile | 25% Quantile | 30% Quantile | 50% Quantile | 70% Quantile | 75% Quantile | 80% Quantile | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RI | 450 | −2.870 | 2.260 | −0.868 | −0.690 | −0.539 | 0.010 | 0.575 | 0.730 | 0.889 |
ER | 450 | −3.910 | 2.320 | −0.699 | −0.540 | −0.345 | 0.090 | 0.505 | 0.640 | 0.781 |
FDI | 450 | −4.270 | 2.050 | −0.925 | −0.650 | −0.475 | 0.160 | 0.639 | 0.720 | 0.871 |
GSTE | 450 | −2.670 | 2.650 | −0.840 | −0.700 | −0.589 | −0.010 | 0.525 | 0.680 | 0.835 |
VATI | 450 | −3.040 | 2.260 | −0.842 | −0.630 | −0.491 | 0.090 | 0.563 | 0.690 | 0.832 |
ML | 450 | −3.080 | 1.960 | −0.763 | −0.620 | −0.435 | 0.070 | 0.562 | 0.700 | 0.877 |
HC | 450 | −3.110 | 1.830 | −0.635 | −0.450 | −0.320 | 0.080 | 0.551 | 0.690 | 0.844 |
IL | 450 | −3.990 | 1.520 | −0.683 | −0.130 | 0.035 | 0.340 | 0.559 | 0.620 | 0.665 |
TCT | 450 | −2.990 | 2.650 | −0.778 | −0.620 | −0.469 | 0.050 | 0.469 | 0.590 | 0.814 |
PGDP | 450 | −2.800 | 2.110 | −0.943 | −0.740 | −0.513 | 0.170 | 0.577 | 0.700 | 0.840 |
Enhancing Regional Innovation | Reducing Regional Innovation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Consistency | Coverage | Consistency | Coverage | |
ER | 0.723 | 0.713 | 0.400 | 0.397 |
~ER | 0.388 | 0.391 | 0.711 | 0.721 |
FDI | 0.855 | 0.850 | 0.274 | 0.274 |
~FDI | 0.270 | 0.270 | 0.850 | 0.855 |
GSTE | 0.911 | 0.904 | 0.258 | 0.257 |
~GSTE | 0.251 | 0.252 | 0.904 | 0.911 |
VATI | 0.923 | 0.915 | 0.253 | 0.252 |
~VATI | 0.245 | 0.246 | 0.915 | 0.923 |
ML | 0.795 | 0.790 | 0.317 | 0.317 |
~ML | 0.313 | 0.313 | 0.790 | 0.795 |
HC | 0.845 | 0.838 | 0.295 | 0.294 |
~HC | 0.288 | 0.289 | 0.837 | 0.845 |
IL | 0.601 | 0.597 | 0.491 | 0.491 |
~IL | 0.488 | 0.488 | 0.597 | 0.601 |
TCT | 0.842 | 0.834 | 0.285 | 0.284 |
~TCT | 0.278 | 0.279 | 0.834 | 0.841 |
PGDP | 0.806 | 0.802 | 0.320 | 0.320 |
~PGDP | 0.316 | 0.316 | 0.802 | 0.806 |
Solutions | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
ER | Ӣ | ӯ | ӯ | ӯ | ӯ | Ӣ | ӯ | ӯ | ӯ | |||
FDI | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | ӣ | ӣ | |
GSTE | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | |||
VATI | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | ||
ML | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | ӣ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | ӣ | Ӯ | ӣ | Ӯ | |
HC | ӣ | ӣ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | ӣ | |
IL | ӣ | ӣ | ӣ | ӯ | ӯ | ӯ | ӯ | ӣ | ӯ | ӯ | ||
TCT | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | ||||
PGDP | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | ӣ | ӣ | Ӯ | Ӯ | |||
Raw coverage | 0.104 | 0.122 | 0.308 | 0.153 | 0.369 | 0.449 | 0.369 | 0.527 | 0.080 | 0.093 | 0.098 | 0.044 |
Unique coverage | 0.016 | 0.012 | 0.004 | 0.019 | 0.022 | 0.018 | 0.014 | 0.016 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.005 |
Consistency | 0.942 | 0.975 | 0.998 | 0.978 | 0.994 | 1.000 | 0.997 | 0.999 | 0.940 | 0.977 | 0.985 | 0.992 |
Overall consistency | 0.974 | |||||||||||
Overall coverage | 0.750 |
Solutions | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
ER | ӣ | ӣ | ӣ | Ӯ | ӣ | ӣ | Ӯ | Ӯ | Ӯ | ||
FDI | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | ӯ | ӯ | Ӣ | ӯ |
GSTE | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | |
VATI | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | |
ML | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | ӯ | ӯ | ӯ | ||
HC | ӣ | ӣ | ӣ | ӣ | ӣ | ӯ | ӯ | ӣ | ӯ | ӣ | |
IL | ӣ | ӣ | ӣ | ӯ | ӯ | ӯ | ӣ | ӯ | ӣ | ||
TCT | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | ӯ | |||
PGDP | Ӣ | Ӣ | ӯ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | Ӣ | ӯ | |||
Raw coverage | 0.551 | 0.325 | 0.333 | 0.287 | 0.263 | 0.101 | 0.108 | 0.082 | 0.057 | 0.071 | 0.049 |
Unique coverage | 0.061 | 0.021 | 0.007 | 0.013 | 0.010 | 0.034 | 0.013 | 0.014 | 0.011 | 0.018 | 0.016 |
Consistency | 0.998 | 0.996 | 0.997 | 0.988 | 0.990 | 0.970 | 0.986 | 0.965 | 0.992 | 0.987 | 0.947 |
Overall consistency | 0.982 | ||||||||||
Overall coverage | 0.770 |
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Nie, X.; Wu, J.; Wang, H.; Li, L.; Huang, C.; Li, W.; Wei, Z. Booster or Stumbling Block? The Role of Environmental Regulation in the Coupling Path of Regional Innovation under the Porter Hypothesis. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2876. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052876
Nie X, Wu J, Wang H, Li L, Huang C, Li W, Wei Z. Booster or Stumbling Block? The Role of Environmental Regulation in the Coupling Path of Regional Innovation under the Porter Hypothesis. Sustainability. 2022; 14(5):2876. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052876
Chicago/Turabian StyleNie, Xin, Jianxian Wu, Han Wang, Lihua Li, Chengdao Huang, Weijuan Li, and Zhuxia Wei. 2022. "Booster or Stumbling Block? The Role of Environmental Regulation in the Coupling Path of Regional Innovation under the Porter Hypothesis" Sustainability 14, no. 5: 2876. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052876