Impact of Gulf Cooperation Countries’ Foreign Direct Investment on Sudan’s Agricultural Exports
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Export/Import Coverage
2.2. Agriculture Trade Openness
2.3. Empirical Model
Structural Equation
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Statistic | AGDP | EX | EXP | GFDI | INF | TR | OP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 5.95 | 2.70 | 13.34 | 31.67 | 42.76 | 10.77 | 10.13 |
Maximum | 9.38 | 6.18 | 19.51 | 119.05 | 181.47 | 14.49 | 17.43 |
Minimum | 2.29 | 1.01 | 6.78 | 3.97 | 4.40 | 7.60 | 3.02 |
Std. Dev. * | 2.24 | 1.53 | 3.59 | 31.46 | 49.91 | 1.84 | 4.03 |
Skewness | −0.17 | 1.26 | −0.07 | 1.37 | 1.50 | 0.36 | 0.29 |
Kurtosis | 1.97 | 3.45 | 1.94 | 4.07 | 4.10 | 2.41 | 2.16 |
L(GFDI) | L(EXP) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Coeff. | t | p-Value | Variables | Coeff. | t | p-Value |
C | −18.54 | −0.597 | 0.55 | C | −31.95 | −2.00 | 0.058 * |
L(EXP) | −1.02 | −0.683 | 0.50 | L(GFDI) | 1.75 | 1.039 | 0.31 |
L(INF) | −0.24 | −1.314 | 0.20 | L(AGDP) | 7.46 | 2.45 | 0.02 ** |
L(EX) | −19.29 | −2.557 | 0.01 ** | L(OP) | 6.57 | 4.10 | 0.00 *** |
L(TR) | 10 | 2.44 | 0.02 ** | L(EXPt–1) | 4.92 | −1.530 | 0.14 |
L(GFDIt–1) | 0.12 | 0.566 | 0.57 | ||||
R2 | 0.60 | R2 | 0.61 | ||||
F | 6 | Sig(F) | F | 9.8 | Sig(F) | ||
D.W | 1.5 | 0.00 *** | D.W | 1.91 | 0.00 *** |
Test for | Test Name/Statistic | H0 | Decision Rule * | Decision |
---|---|---|---|---|
Normality | Jarque-Bera | Residuals are normally distributed | p-value = (0.215) [0.721] | Do not reject H0 |
Serial correlation | serial correlation LM tests | No serial correlation | p-value = (0.677) [0.9479] | Do not reject H0 |
Heteroscedasticity | Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey | Residuals are homoscedastic | p-value = (0.8227) [0.122] | Do not reject H0 |
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Alnafissa, M.; Abdeen, M.; Bashir, K.; Alamri, Y.; Alagsam, F.; Al-Duwais, A. Impact of Gulf Cooperation Countries’ Foreign Direct Investment on Sudan’s Agricultural Exports. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3542. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063542
Alnafissa M, Abdeen M, Bashir K, Alamri Y, Alagsam F, Al-Duwais A. Impact of Gulf Cooperation Countries’ Foreign Direct Investment on Sudan’s Agricultural Exports. Sustainability. 2022; 14(6):3542. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063542
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlnafissa, Mohamad, Mohammed Abdeen, Kamaleldin Bashir, Yosef Alamri, Fuad Alagsam, and Abdulaziz Al-Duwais. 2022. "Impact of Gulf Cooperation Countries’ Foreign Direct Investment on Sudan’s Agricultural Exports" Sustainability 14, no. 6: 3542. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063542