Temporal Characteristics and Sources of PM2.5 in Porto Velho of Amazon Region in Brazil from 2020 to 2022
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. PM2.5 and Meteorological Data
2.2. Wildfire Information
2.3. Back-Trajectory Analysis
2.4. PSCF Model
2.5. CWT Model
3. Results
3.1. Temporal Variation of PM2.5
3.2. PM2.5 Concentrations Based on Wildfire Occurrence and Wind Conditions
3.3. SDG Indicator 11.6.2 and Air Quality Index (AQI)
3.4. Estimation of PM2.5 Sources
3.4.1. Conditional Probability Function (CPF) and Polar Annulus
3.4.2. Back Trajectory Analysis
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location (State) | Year | PM2.5 (µg m−3) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Manaus (Amazonas) | 2008–2012 | 2.4 (January–June 1.3, July–December 3.4) | Artaxo et al. [42] |
Porto Velho (Rondonia) | 2009–2012 | 21.6 (January–June 10.2, July–December 33.0) | Artaxo et al. [42] |
Iranduba (Amazonas) | 2016 | March–April 4.7 August–September 6.7 | Fernandes et al. [43] |
Rio Blanco (Acre state) | 2018–2019 | 10.1 | Coker et al. [31] |
Porto Velho (Rondonia) | 2020–2022 | 17.7 (January–June 6.2 July–December 24.6) | This study |
AQI | Range of PM2.5 Concentration (24 h Average, µg m−3) | July–October | August | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency (%) | Visibility (km) | Wind Speed (ms−1) | Frequency (%) | Visibility (km) | Wind Speed (ms−1) | ||
Good | 0–25 | 49.7 | 22.7 | 1.5 | 16.3 | 22.6 | 0.7 |
Moderate | >25–50 | 29.1 | 21.1 | 1.5 | 32.6 | 20.3 | 0.6 |
Bad | >50–75 | 13.3 | 14.2 | 1.4 | 31.5 | 12.8 | 0.5 |
Very Bad | >75–125 | 7.0 | 8.9 | 1.1 | 17.4 | 8.8 | 0.5 |
Hazardous | >125 | 0.9 | 5.2 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 5.6 | 0.4 |
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Jang, Y.-W.; Jung, G.-W. Temporal Characteristics and Sources of PM2.5 in Porto Velho of Amazon Region in Brazil from 2020 to 2022. Sustainability 2023, 15, 14012. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151814012
Jang Y-W, Jung G-W. Temporal Characteristics and Sources of PM2.5 in Porto Velho of Amazon Region in Brazil from 2020 to 2022. Sustainability. 2023; 15(18):14012. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151814012
Chicago/Turabian StyleJang, Yu-Woon, and Gi-Woong Jung. 2023. "Temporal Characteristics and Sources of PM2.5 in Porto Velho of Amazon Region in Brazil from 2020 to 2022" Sustainability 15, no. 18: 14012. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151814012