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Review

Knowledge-Mapping Analysis of Urban Sustainable Transportation Using CiteSpace

by
Lehua Bi
2,
Shaorui Zhou
1,*,
Jianjie Ke
3,* and
Xiaoming Song
4,5
1
School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
2
Xingjian School of Science & Liberal Arts, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
3
Sun Yat-Sen Business School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
4
School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
5
Guangzhou Port Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510199, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2023, 15(2), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15020958
Submission received: 6 December 2022 / Revised: 22 December 2022 / Accepted: 23 December 2022 / Published: 4 January 2023
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Abstract

:
With the accelerating process of global urbanization, environmental protection has become a hot issue for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers, with such questions as how to make urban transportation markedly sustainable to meet the pace of sustainable economic and social growth. This study visualizes and quantifies the extant publications on urban sustainable transportation research on Web of Science using CiteSpace for a wide range of research topics, including the intellectual structure, development, and evolution of urban sustainable transportation. First, this study presents the characteristics of a number of published papers in relevant fields and time stages, including publication in journals, co-occurrence of keywords, co-occurrence of disciplines and fields, and co-occurrence of the literature through network analysis. This study identifies the basic research contents and high-frequency knowledge contents of urban sustainable transportation. Second, this research analyzes the authors’ cooperation, national cooperation, and research institute cooperation networks. This study identifies the most influential authors, research institutions, and countries. Lastly, this study identifies the research frontiers and trend themes from 1991 to 30 September 2022 through co-citation clustering and research on burst detection, a combination of bibliometric methods, and a systematic review. Accordingly, this study demonstrates the research progress in this field from the perspectives of multiple themes, such as land development and utilization, sustainable transportation systems, low-carbon paths, public transport, electric vehicles, sharing modes, traveler behavior, and smart cities. These aspects provide readers with a preliminary understanding of the development of urban sustainable transportation, indicating that multidisciplinary, multiprofessional, and multiangle cooperation and analysis will become the dominant trend in this field.

1. Introduction

With the accelerating process of global urbanization, cities will face numerous resource pressures, and urban transportation resources are one of the important aspects [1,2,3]. People living in modern cities increasingly focus on the sustainability of urban transportation to meet the pace of sustainable economic and social growth [4,5,6,7]. Accordingly, how to meet people’s demand for rapid growth of urban transport resources and the requirements of sustainable transport development [1,2,3,4], as well as balancing their relationship, will be important issues [2,3,4,5]. The development of urban sustainable transportation is crucial. Hence, urban sustainable transportation is an important topic for modern transport decision makers (World Generation Organization, 2018).
Better transportation and cost reduction are conducive to the movement of people and goods in cities, the promotion of economic trade, and the sustainable development of modern cities [1,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. The definition of sustainable development by the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) introduces social, economic, and environmental dimensions [1,9,10,17,18]. Black [14] defines sustainable transportation as “meeting the current traffic and transportation needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet these needs.” In the connotation of sustainable transport system, as determined by the European Conference of Ministers of Transport in 2004 [19], sustainable transportation was mentioned as being sustainable transport requiring affordable economy, efficient operation, multiple transport modes, and support for a vibrant economy. An increasing number of people have focused on more sustainable transportation systems in order to meet the pace of sustainable economic and social growth, as well as environmental protection. The practical application of sustainable transportation has various forms and varying impacts on the economic and social development and environmental protection in different countries and regions, which is not as ideal as the definition. As such, many scholars have conducted numerous analyses and demonstrations from multiple disciplines and perspectives and achieved extensive results.
With the acceleration of global urbanization, the urban population density is also increasing rapidly [8]. More than half of the human beings in the world live in cities. Transportation is a driving force of a healthy metabolism and good ecosystem in a city [12]. The continuous mobility of the population and materials in cities needs more innovative, efficient, environmental, and sustainable transportation [8,12,20]. Meanwhile, the cities are gathering places for innovative development on sustainable transportation, and also are fertile soils for practice. Therefore, the sustainable development of urban transportation is extremely urgent for people. This paper chooses urban sustainable transportation as the research object. Based on the rich research results collected, urban sustainable transportation is mentioned as being economically affordable and operationally efficient in this paper, and a variety of innovative transportation modes in the process of modern urban planning and construction ultimately supports urban economic growth. Urban sustainable transportation meets people’s demands for high-quality life, and achieves the goals of environmental protection.
This paper reviews the research on urban sustainable transportation from the perspective of time. Based on the graph theory and using the CiteSpace tool developed by Professor Chen Chaomei [17,18], with scientific measurement and literature analysis, this study visualizes and quantifies the literature and knowledge fields of specific research issues and related topics. We explore the role of urban sustainable transport, the potential of different subdivisions of research fields, and investigate the problems being solved and the related research frontiers. Lastly, this research provides reference for the research direction of urban sustainable transport development strategies, planning, and policy formulation.

2. Methodology

2.1. Data Collection

To study the knowledge progress on the role of urban sustainable transportation, the relevant literature was collected from the core collection database of the Web of Science in 30 September 2022. The database includes SCIE, SSCI, A&HCI, and ESCI. The database is complete. We searched topics with keywords set to “sustain*,” “transport*,” and “urban*,” enabling us to obtain 2648 articles. Thereafter, we use CiteSpace’s filter and duplicate deletion function to process data by different years. The number of research articles obtained was 1995. We read the titles and summaries of the collected articles to determine whether or not their content matches the theme and obtained 1865 articles. Inclusion criteria are as follows: (1) Articles must be peer-reviewed publications. (2) Articles must be in English. (3) Central contents of the articles must be related to urban sustainable transportation. (4) Lastly, 30 September 2022 is the time span. Exclusion criteria are as follows: (1) papers that do not meet the inclusion criteria and (2) book chapters, meeting minutes, editorials, and editorial materials. The number of research articles obtained after excluding the irrelevant articles was 1865. The selected research period was from 1990 to 30 September 2022. The first article that met the inclusion criteria can be traced back to 1991.

2.2. Research Design

On the basis of graph theory, Professor Chen Chaomei developed a topic co-citation network using the CiteSpace tool, and constructed literature co-citation, journal co-citation, and author co-citation networks. These co-citation networks can detect the most influential literature, journals, and authors [21,22]. Therefore, this research process was designed as follows: First, after downloading all the literature data, this research was to ensure that all the analyzed data are machine-readable by manually checking whether there are garbled codes in the data or not. Thereafter, this research conducted a network analysis and presented the number of published papers in the related fields, time stage characteristics, journal publishing, keyword co-occurrence, discipline co-occurrence, and literature co-occurrence. Second, this research analyzed the authors’ cooperation, research institute cooperation, national cooperation, and term cooperation networks. Lastly, using co-citation clustering and research on burst detection, this research identified the research frontiers and trend themes from 1991 to 30 September 2022. Moreover, the study also demonstrated the research progress in this field from the perspectives of multiple themes, such as land development and utilization, sustainable transportation systems, low-carbon paths, public transport, electric vehicles, sharing modes, traveler behavior, and smart cities. Figure 1 presents the methodological research design.

2.3. Data Analysis

2.3.1. Publication Output Analysis

Figure 2 shows the number of annual publications on urban sustainable transport in the Web of Science database by 30 September 2022. According to the search results, the first batch of related documents appeared in 1991. Hare (1991) [23] discussed that the broad framework of environmental impact assessment involves ecological sustainable development policies. He believed that economic policies should emphasize the quality of development, including sustainable transportation and urban development policies. Only a few publications were noted before 1995 but their number gradually increased thereafter. Since 2015, it has increased sharply. As shown in Figure 2, this paper divides the research period into several intervals, in years, and determines three periods: 1991–1995 (first stage), 1996–2010 (second stage), and 2011–30 September 2022 (third stage). The solid line of the trend in Figure 2 represents 30 September 2022, and the dotted line means to calculate the number of publications by the end of 2022 according to the growth trend of the third stage, thereby better analyzing the research evolution.

Initial Stage (1991–1995)

In the initial stage, the number of publications annually ranged from 0 to 5. Research on urban sustainable transportation began to appear in the policy field [23,24,25], such as the demonstration of the importance of transportation system network cost supervision and its quality and availability to the future economic development [23]. Moreover, there were a priority for the new urban functions and environmental quality factors in urban land planning and transportation planning to promote local economic development [25].

Development Stage (1996–2010)

The number of publications in this stage gradually increased, thereby showing that scholars were gradually focusing on urban sustainable transportation. Accordingly, scholars focused on social determination, carbon dioxide emissions, economic restructuring, road traffic, environmental protection, urban transport demand, land use, global urbanization and impact on health, the potential importance of hydrogen, and light rail transit systems [8,26,27,28,29,30,31]. The categories mainly involve environmental sciences, urban studies, transportation sciences, economics, social sciences, computer sciences, mathematics, geography, engineering, biology, meteorology and atmospheric sciences, architecture, medicine, physics, electrochemistry, ecology, and other fields.

Rapid Growth Stage (2011–30 September 2022)

The number of publications in this stage increased substantially, particularly after 2014. This result shows that scholars are continuously focusing on urban sustainable transportation and have accomplished more achievements. In this stage, the relevant research involves more disciplines, such as public policy, public administration management, business, finance, operation management, humanities, psychology, philosophy, history, educational research, toxicology, big data, plant sciences, biotechnology and applied microbiology, hospitality leisure, sport sciences, etc. In this stage, sudden detection and analysis indicated that Haghshenas and Vaziri [17], Alonso et al. [18], and Keblowski and Bassens [32] focused their research on the interaction field of urban sustainable transportation. Haghshenas and Vaziri [17] developed sustainable transport indicators, including economic, social, and environmental indicators. These indicators are used to determine the characteristics and some effective factors of urban transport sustainability, compare global urban sustainability, avoid environmental losses, and maintain a high level share of public transport and nonmotorized modes of transport in urban economic development. Alonso et al. [18] defined a set of comprehensive indicators to measure the sustainability of urban passenger transport systems, which are used to assess the transport sustainability of 23 European cities and determine the direction of urban sustainable transport improvement. Economic level is mainly to investigate the affordability, fairness, and effective operation of cities. The transport mode provided must be able to support competitive economic development and balanced regional economic development. Haghshenas and Vaziri [17] and Alonso et al. [18] provide a benchmark for the interactive evaluation of urban sustainable transportation and economic development. Academics are attempting to re-embed mobility into urban politics and economy. Keblowski and Bassens [32] analyzed in detail the extent of academic circles’ traffic policy formulation around various methods and discussed the ability of transportation and mobility to participate in contemporary policies.
The curve in Figure 3 shows the number of publications cited in urban sustainable transportation, which lags behind the number of publications of that year for some time. Thereafter, the growth rate is similar to the number of publications of that year. Note that scholars are constantly expanding their research.
Urban sustainable transportation is a comprehensive research topic, which has attracted the attention of journals in many fields. Figure 4 shows that the top journal for publications in the relevant fields is Sustainability (258 publications), followed by the Journal of Cleaner Production (60), Transportation Research Procedia (54), Journal of Transport Geography (50), Transport Policy (49), and Sustainable Cities and Society (48).

2.3.2. Keyword Co-Occurrence Analysis

Keywords are the concise and accurate summary of the literature theme. The analysis of changes in the literature research topics in a certain field can help potential readers grasp the development of the research field in advance. As shown in Figure 5 and the citation counts, the most popular keywords include city, impact, transport, system, model, sustainable development, land use, public transport, sustainability, policy, CO2 emissions, management, sustainable mobility, sustainable transport, travel behavior, electric vehicle, smart city, growth, climate change, performance, air pollution, sharing economy, economy growth, etc.

2.3.3. Category Co-Occurrence Analysis

Some documents are related to multiple disciplines. Note that urban sustainable transportation is a markedly popular topic. As shown in Figure 6, the relevant popular subjects include economics, transportation, engineering, multidisciplinary sciences, computer science, transportation science and technology, environmental science, energy science, green sustainable science and technology, geography, etc. The top-ranked item by citation count is environmental science, with a citation count of 561, followed by environmental studies (514), green and sustainable science and technology (469), transportation (341), and economics (194). The focus of this study is to comprehensively review the knowledge progress related to urban sustainable transportation and economic growth. Hence, this research analyzed articles from different scientific fields.

2.3.4. Co-Citation Network Structure Analysis

If two documents (or multiple papers) appear together in a third document, then the two documents (or multiple papers) will form a common reference relationship. Figure 7 presents the network structure of co-citation documents, which shows the important role of these studies in urban sustainable transportation. Through the analysis of co-citation documents, this research found the knowledge structure in the field of urban sustainable transportation from a large knowledge base, determined the key knowledge base in this field, and understood the development of the discipline. Accordingly, there are 18,255 reference space node in the sample data. As shown in Figure 7, the top-ranked item by city count is Bibri, S.E. (2017), with city a count of 18, followed by Martin, C.J. (2016), 17; Ranieri, L. (2015) and Pereira, R.H.M. (2017), 15; Ewing, R. (2010) and Haghshenas, H. (2012), 14; and Allen, J. (2018), 13.

3. Network Structure Analysis

The analysis of the scientific research cooperation network can explore the cooperation relationships between scholars, between institutions, and between countries in the knowledge production process from the micro-, meso-, and macrolevels, respectively; understand the exchange and dissemination of academic knowledge in numerous aspects; and identify influential institutions and scholars.

3.1. Co-Authorship Network Structure

Collaboration between authors in the academic field is equally important for research. To analyze the productivity and collaboration relationship between authors, this research used CiteSpace to process and visualize data. Figure 8 shows the author cooperation network structure. From 1991 to 30 September 2022, many scholars have established contacts and cooperated in the urban sustainable transportation research. The top-ranked item in the cooperation is Zhang, Y., and the first cooperation time was 2006, with 21 cooperation articles, followed by Wang, Y. (2019), 16; Zhang, L. (2015), 14; Li, Y. (2017), 11; and Liu, Y. (2017), 10. The sixth to tenth are Liu, J. (2019), Wang, Z. (2019), Zhang, J. (2015), Li, X. (1999), and Wang, X. (2018), with 9, 9, 9, 8, and 7 cooperation articles, respectively.
Figure 9 presents frequently cited author networks, showing the co-citations of authors who have contributed to urban sustainable transportation. Authors who have been cited more often tend to play a role as a bridge between different authors in this field. The top-ranked item by citation count is Cervero, R. (1996), with a citation count of 211, followed by Banister, D. (1997), 190; Litman, T. (1998), 181; Ewing, R. (2000), 140; Newman, P. (1993), 94; Pucher, J. (2013), 78; Zhang, Y. (2007), 76; Hensher, D.A. (2011), 72; Schwanen, T. (2010), 68; and Allen, J. (2012), 63.

3.2. Co-Affiliation Network Structure

Table 1 shows the top 30 research institutions that cited at least 9 times. The top-ranked item by city counts is the Chinese Acad Sci (2005), with a city count of 49, followed by Tongji Univ (2001), 24; Univ Oxford (2011) and Beijing Jiaotong Univ (2015), both with 23; Beijing Normal Univ (2011), 22; Tsinghua Univ (2015), 19; Univ Leeds (1999) and Curtin Univ (2013), both with 18; Vilnius Gediminas Tech Univ (2009), 16; Univ Hong Kong (1999) and Delft Univ Technol (2012), both with 15; UCL (2000) and Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ (2017), both with 14; and Univ Lisbon (2016), 13. Figure 10 shows the cooperation network of research institutions. Note that the research institutions of these high publications have established close cooperation.

3.3. Co-Country Network Structure

In the national cooperation network, Figure 11 shows that the top-ranked item by cite counts is China (1999), with a cite count of 394. China is followed by the U.S. (1996), 246; England (1998), 162; Australia (1998), 123; Spain (2007), 106; Italy (2006), 102; India (1999), 88; Canada (1997), 75; Germany (1997), 72; and Poland (2013), 68. The top ten countries have stronger international cooperation in relevant fields compared to other countries.

3.4. Co-Term Network Structure

Figure 12 presents the term co-citation network, which has clusters from #0 to #88. The top-ranked item by citation count is sustainable development, with a citation count of 320. This item is followed by urban area, 240; public transport, 149; sustainable transport/transportation, 138; economic growth, 121; economic development and environment impact/impacts, both with 115; sustainable mobility, 106; transport/transportation system, 104; smart city/cities, 98; and climate change, 92. The others are urban planning, urban mobility, CO2 emissions, environmental sustainability, land use, electric vehicle/vehicles, travel behavior, transport sector, carbon emissions, energy consumption, air pollution, sharing economy, traffic congestion, urban transport/transportation, etc.

4. Research Themes

This research identified the main knowledge structure in the field of urban sustainable transportation through a clustering analysis of literature titles and research on burst detection. On the basis of clustering and articles, this research identified the following subject areas: land development and utilization, sustainable transportation systems, low-carbon paths, public transport, electric vehicles, sharing modes, smart cities, and traveler behavior.

4.1. Theme 1: Land Development and Utilization

Land planning and use of urban sustainable transportation have an immense impact on urban economic development [8,27]. Land use, transportation planning, the environment, and economic development should be dynamically integrated [27]. The future form and economic development of cities need the comprehensive consideration of sustainable urban transport and land-use policies [28]. Land-use and transportation planning are used as strategies and tools to help planners determine the acceptable scale of sustainable development and promote urban economic development [28,30,33,34].
The combination of mixed land use, compact urban form, and urban sustainable transportation contributes to economic development. Kenworthy and Laube [8], through international comparison and analysis of different transport modes, found that people’s dependence on automobiles is related to the degree of urban development. They found that land-use mode should be more traffic-oriented, with a higher density of mixed land use, and reduced attention to automobile infrastructure. We can make sustainable transportation more stable financially through better cost recovery, thereby promoting local economic development.
With the spread of cities, people’s road travel has been increasing steadily. However, this growth has generally offset the massive saving of oil and other fuels and the reduction in carbon emissions. High-density land mixed use in cities can reduce vehicle mileage and promote the conversion to public transport modes, with higher vehicle utilization or the replacement of walking and cycling [29]. Urban “leapfrog development” and urban sprawl will also support new low-density urban land use and development. A new expressway [29] and fixed railway system [12] may reduce travel costs and may generate more travel and gradually affect land value, economic activities, and growth, thereby leading to a new round of strategies and implementation costs to support sustainable transportation. The government can encourage developers to build more compact urban forms to reduce the spread and travel distance [12]. However, the flow of people and goods between cities and regional hinterlands should consider the size of the entire city area to configure more effective comprehensive transportation methods so as to promote the sustainability of economic and travel activities and bring potential direct or indirect economic benefits [6].

4.2. Theme 2: Sustainable Planning and Layout of Transportation System

Sustainable of urban transport systems has an impact on urban economic development, which has been recognized by an increasing number of scholars. Jiao et al. [16] explored the useful information of modern transportation systems to improve the efficiency and sustainability of transportation from the perspectives of energy conservation and emission reduction; considered capital input, labor input, and energy input as the input end of the transportation system; and reflected on the role of the transportation sector in the added value of the GDP to economic growth, thereby helping different cities formulate relevant policies and implement corresponding measures. Gomes et al. [35] applied optimal control theory to policy design and designed a dynamic model for planning and developing sustainable transportation systems, which can formulate policy scenarios on energy saving technology investment and its impact on states. Kennedy [5] found that an efficient and sustainable public transport system is more economical than private transport; however, different from low-density areas, private transport plays a greater role. Ibitayo [9] used Lagos, Nigeria, as a case study and investigated the views and experiences of commuters in urban areas on urban transport systems [4]. The aforementioned study found that commercial vehicles are the most important means of transport and lead to higher ticket prices for low-income groups. The main reasons for traffic congestion are law and order issues, and traffic checkpoints are the main reasons for anger or pressure. These aspects will ultimately affect the status of commuter participation in economic activities and the quality of economic benefits. The current study is beneficial for enlightening planning decision makers on the sustainability of urban transport systems. Electric bus networks are one of the prominent options for urban sustainable public transport. Iliopoulou and Kepaptsoglou [36] designed a model of a realistic and flexible framework for fully electric public transport networks to solve the problems of route network design and charging infrastructure location using robust optimization (RO). A good reference for the steady development of the electric bus network was provided in this study.
With the progress of information and communication technology, specifically the emergence of the fifth-generation wireless mobile communication technology, the application of the intelligent transportation system (ITS) and cooperative intelligent transportation system (CITS) in smart cities [37] has been developed, which can assist in operational decision making, strategic planning, better navigation, and public service. The efficiency of fuel and time resources [3,37] can substantially save costs from traffic delays, maintenance, and collisions. Intelligent transportation systems can realize the interconnection of various transport modes [37], multimodal transport [3]; help develop a unified transport network and comprehensive hub; and improve social productivity. It is essential in enhancing sustainability and serves as basis for economic growth [37].
Scholars have used a variety of methods to plan and design the elements of the urban sustainable transport system and have utilized urban cases to test developed and underdeveloped countries or regions. They indicated the criteria for evaluating the sustainability of urban transport systems, in which economic development will be an important part of the urban sustainable transport system. The assessment methods of urban sustainable transportation systems include cost–benefit analysis (CBA) and cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) [15], a multicriteria decision-making approach for the sustainability assessment of urban transportation systems under a fuzzy environment [38], an approach for urban transport sustainability performance evaluation using fuzzy logic [39], lifecycle methods [40], a microscale sustainability assessment of infrastructure projects on urban transportation systems [38], a Bayesian stochastic analysis method [40], a Bayesian network analysis method [41], data environment analysis (DEA) [42,43], improving energy and environmental efficiency (EEE) [7], and a static and dynamic elastic composite framework [26]. Rajak et al. [39] included the corresponding income, output value of economic activities, transport budget, road tax, infrastructure cost, and other indicators in the evaluation of urban transport system sustainability to help investigate the impact on urban economic development. Some scholars have assessed the sustainability of urban transport system infrastructure projects from the dimensions of the environment, society, economy, organization, and technology by Bayesian network [39,41]. Moreover, percolation theory has been used to explore the dynamic elastic spatial distribution based on the minimum required performance of the road network under traffic congestion.

4.3. Theme 3: Low-Carbon Paths

Scholars have fully explained urban sustainable transportation from the perspective of sustainable transportation low-carbon paths. Macrolevel research includes planning and construction, policy measures, and transportation infrastructure investment. First, planning and construction includes reducing commuting time and operating costs; enhancing the efficiency of economic activities by building affordable houses, green buildings, or compact mixed-use urban planning and intelligent transportation plans [44,45,46]; reducing road emissions [47]; maximizing public transport and walking; reducing dependence on cars and operational energy [45]; building low-carbon transport hubs, such as Shanghai Hongqiao CBD [48], which includes electric vehicle transportation, a bicycle-sharing system, green buildings and green energy; and building low-carbon systems for buses and subways, such as the Shenzhen UPT system [49].
Second, many countries have designed the related policies and measures. In particular, these countries have taken different sustainable transport measures and formulated energy policies for low-carbon sustainable transport to facilitate the role of transport transformation in the social economy [50]. These countries have used information and communication technology innovation to build low-carbon urban transport [51] and the complex relationships among energy consumption, environmental regulation and economic intervention [52,53], infrastructure supply policies, and behavioral measures [50,54]. Under the high carbon price, effective measures include improving vehicle fuel efficiency, formulating exhaust-emission and fuel-economy standards, and promoting policies for the decarbonization of electric power and electric railways [50,55,56]. Effective policies, such as emission tax and low-carbon society [57], fuel tax, motorcycle parking management, and free bus services [58], have varying CO2 mitigation effects in different countries. Such policies as fuel tax, motorcycle parking management, and free bus services have the potential to reduce vehicle fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions by establishing a system dynamics model [58].
Gupta and Garg [59] designed the coupling of economic scope and economic model from the perspective of methodology; iteratively exchanged socioeconomic, technology, infrastructure, and other key driving factors related to transportation; and determined ways related to decarbonization policies.
Argyriou and Barry [60] studied the transformation process of low-carbon public transport in the U.K. The central political and institutional system plays a leading role. The transport agenda, broader priorities, such as industrial revival, and powerful institutions, such as the Ministry of Finance, can effectively stimulate innovation and green repair.
Third, people can use the financing potential of transportation infrastructure [61,62]. However, the strategic investment direction should be to develop sustainable transportation with low pollution, such as intelligent transportation. Nocera et al. [62] internalized the greenhouse-gas effectiveness of urban transportation planning by quantifying the economic benefits and implementation costs of urban transportation planning to determine specific measures. China has the most extensive subway and high-speed railway network in the world through transport investment. This endeavor has resulted in a considerable CO2 emission reduction and accelerated the development of the subway and high-speed railway economy. Through transport investment, India has built the first dedicated freight corridor to achieve low-carbon goals based on the four strategies of sustainable passenger flow, sustainable freight logistics, sustainable technology, and fuel [50].
Zhang et al. [63] studied Changzhou, China, and found that trunk roads and collecting streets are the main contributors to carbon emissions, not the main roads and highways. Shukla and Dhar [50] discussed extensive low-carbon efforts, and electric two-wheeled vehicles and electric tricycles penetrated into the South and Southeast Asian markets. Asian countries are building oil and gas pipeline networks and efficient and intelligent transmission and distribution networks; transforming old ports; building new ports; supporting the rapidly growing shipping industry; and serving the growing international economy and trade.
At the microlevel low-carbon path, scholars have discussed parking pricing, road pricing, means of transportation, technology, and energy materials, among others. Zong et al. [46] designed a two-level parking model based on game theory to describe the relationship between the government and automobile users and determined the best parking pricing. Cavallaro et al. [64] explored the potential of different forms of road pricing, such as distance-based, congestion-based, and pay-as-you-go, in reducing carbon emissions. E-scooters can help European cities ease their increasing problems with traffic, emissions, and parking. Hardt and Bogenberger [65] found that a majority of daily trips are suitable for e-scooters through a real-life field test performed in the City of Munich, Germany. Guo et al. [66] used data from 10 typical provinces and cities in China to analyze the relationship among carbon emissions, GDP, and material flow. They found that improvement of urban logistics technology is conducive to reducing carbon emissions and increasing GDP. Madziel et al. [67] developed a CO2 instantaneous-emission model of a full-hybrid vehicle with the use of machine-learning techniques. The model can be used for the analysis of emissions from simulation tests, or used for input parameters for speed, acceleration, and road gradient. Xue and Yao [68] used the fifth tourism survey and land-use data of Beijing residents as bases in studying the impact of residential relocation on transport CO2 emissions and private car ownership and use. After relocation, convenience in life will reduce private car purchases, while increasing commuting distance will increase private car purchases and CO2 emissions. Moreover, the number of electric bicycles and family transport all-in-one cards will have a positive impact. Many countries are committed to the innovation and application of hybrid, electric, and hydrogen-fuel-cell-powered vehicles [69,70]; and renewable energy alternatives [71], such as compressed natural gas fuel alternatives [72]. Although the subway system contributes to the sustainable development of urban transportation and urban economic growth, attention should be directed to the management of subway material inventory, low carbon use of building materials, and other issues [73,74].

4.4. Theme 4: Public Transport

Public transport is an important part of urban sustainable transport. For a long time, public and private transport have coexisted in cities, and they play different roles in the field of sustainable transport. Kennedy [12] selected the Greater Toronto region with a high population density, compared the economic costs and benefits of public transport and private transport, and analyzed the net economic impact. Kennedy found that an efficient and sustainable public transport system is more economical than private transport, but the latter plays a greater role in low-density areas [12]. The public transport system in the Greater Toronto area has exerted effort toward sustainability and is designed to be as flexible and adaptable as possible to help replace private cars. The wide width of the main corridors in the area allows the construction of light rail systems through these streets, while leaving space for narrow service roads, using low-emission buses, such as those that are natural-gas-driven. Kennedy also explained that more sustainable transportation modes could be investigated in the future, such as the combination of bicycles and public transportation, and various new cars with backup power systems. Scholars have found that urban sustainable transportation can effectively meet the needs of people and economic activities by building low-carbon bus and subway systems (e.g., Shenzhen UPT system in China) and multimodal transport systems [49,75,76], as well as increasing the public transport service level and route accessibility design, among others [77,78,79,80,81,82].
At the microlevel, scholars have found that the third-party electronic coupon policy of public transport [83] and public transport promotion design [84] have good roles in promoting the sustainability of public transport.
Urban sustainable transportation has been upgraded recently. People are using fifth-generation wireless mobile communication technology to design intelligent transportation systems and collaborative intelligent transportation systems [37]. An intelligent transportation system will help the public transportation system deal with key traffic problems, including traffic congestion, pollution, and collision; analyze real-time data from connected vehicles, infrastructure, and equipment; and help public transportation provide safe, comfortable, and efficient public services [3,37].
Some scholars have attempted to establish an evaluation framework for urban public transport systems to evaluate their sustainability. Meng et al. [40] used thermodynamic theory to establish a comprehensive evaluation framework for urban public transport systems from the perspective of life cycles. They likewise reviewed the public transport indicators of Xiamen and compared them with other cities in the world to reflect their contributions to the economy from the aspects of energy input and energy cost.

4.5. Theme 5: Electric Vehicles

Transportation faces severe challenges of energy consumption and carbon emissions, and electric vehicles are considered among the solutions to achieve sustainable transportation and economic sustainability [85,86,87,88,89]. On the technical level, people have considered such factors as batteries and fuel. Falvo et al. [90] integrated and innovated the subway line and ground plug-in electric vehicles, using plug-in EV batteries as the storage system of the subway train braking energy (i.e., using recyclable train braking energy as the source of battery electric vehicle (BEV) or plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) battery charging). Through the application of self-made simulation software for real case analysis, they found that the logistics and technology applications of existing power plants are optimized. It brings potential advantages in reducing economic impact. Raslavicius et al. [91] proved that the performance of BEVs can cover about 75% of daily driving (commuting) from the technical level, based on Kaunas, Lithuania. The reasons are that it saves fossil fuels, has economic advantages, and significantly improves the transportation efficiency of society. This study lays the foundation for the transition of electric vehicles to sustainable transportation. Accordingly, the government should encourage this type of transportation.
The development, commercialization, and application of electric vehicles in cities will affect many interest groups. Bakker et al. [92] considered the Netherlands as an example and used semistructured interview methods to investigate the interest expectations and strategies of stakeholders, including national and local governments, automobile manufacturers, power producers, power-grid operators, oil companies, and special infrastructure providers on the development and implementation of electric vehicles from the microlevel. The study identified six potential conflicts of interest among stakeholders: (1) task division within the public charging infrastructure, (2) distribution of charging points, (3) that the influence of the charging behavior, (4) the role of rapid charging, (5) technical standards of charging equipment, and (6) support policies for all electric vehicles and PHEVs. If the financial stimulus of infrastructure support and electric vehicle subsidy is adopted, then it will help to rapidly accelerate the share of pure-electric vehicles in new car sales [93], promote the application of new PHEVs or BEVs, and help analyze economic costs to determine a more cost-effective and sustainable direction of action [94].
The research on optimal deployment and cost-effectiveness of charging stations is a popular issue among scholars in the field. Dong et al. [87] analyzed the results of London by combining spatial statistics and a maximum-coverage location model to optimize the deployment of electric vehicle charging points (CPs). Their results showed that, with an increase in the number of planned charging stations, the optimal CP location gradually expanded to the suburbs of London, but the marginal revenue of charging demand coverage declined rapidly. Dlugosch et al. [95] developed a data-driven decision support system based on sharing economy and simulation technology, which requires only a few charging points. Faria et al. [88] applied the evaluation method to four different cities (i.e., Lisbon, Madrid, Minneapolis, and Manhattan) to evaluate the economic feasibility of deploying the electric vehicle charging station (Park EV) by assessing the impact of parking fees, infrastructure costs, and occupancy rates on the net present value of investment (NPV), and on the premise of promoting the coordination of public policies and private interests. Liu et al. [96] used an efficient algorithm based on the agent model to study the optimal location and price of electric vehicle wireless charging, minimize the total social cost within a given budget, and ensure non-negative operating costs to reduce financial pressure. Zhang et al. [97] proposed a hybrid method combined with a geographic information system (GIS) and Bayesian network (BN) to solve the location selection problem of electric vehicles.
The exploration and research of electric vehicles aim to solve the traffic sustainability problem of the last mile of package delivery in cities. Fan et al. [98] established a mixed-integer programming model based on the calculation functions of energy consumption, travel time, and carbon emissions of electric vehicles under the time-varying road network. Their goal was to minimize the economic and environmental costs of logistics companies. Bandeira et al. [89] chose to evaluate the alternative strategy of electric vehicles with a smaller size, using two alternatives, namely, light battery electric vehicles (LDBEVs) and electric tricycles. On the basis of the distribution case of postal companies in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, they showed that electric tricycles are a more feasible alternative in terms of economic, environmental, and social aspects; they do not require public incentives. Siragusa et al. [99] used Milan, Italy, as an example to prove that the use of electric vehicles has economic benefits.

4.6. Theme 6: Sharing Mode

Sharing transportation modes, such as bicycle sharing, car sharing, and ridesharing, have been used as alternative modes of urban sustainable transportation, promoting the development of the sharing economy, playing a role in reducing the urban overuse of motor vehicles and traffic congestion, and providing environmental benefits [43,100,101,102,103,104,105,106]. Through the setting of sharing systems and policies [107,108], user participates in the sharing business’ co-creation value [109], and the government integrates emerging social groups as sharing economy governance partners, the bicycle- and car-sharing mode become sustainable [43,108,110].
People’s choice of sharing transportation mode is influenced by various factors, such as price, lane and road quality, quality of transportation, and shared parking area [111,112,113,114,115,116,117]. According to the concept of sharing economy, building a car-sharing station area with sufficient density in the city can save costs for individuals or collectives, mitigate the negative impact of cars, and promote the sustainable development of transport and economic activities [34].
The adoption of bicycle sharing also considers the distance or degree of connection between bicycle stations and bus stops, age and gender of travelers, weather, urban form, and altitude [112,113,118].
People continue to design, develop, and improve bicycle- and car-sharing systems to maximize economic benefits. Sharing systems involve information technology and algorithms, number of vehicles, positioning of shared stations, site capacity, space layout, flexible pricing, and sharing management, among others [119,120,121,122,123,124,125]. Furuhata et al. [101] analyzed the development direction of shared ride-sharing systems from the aspects of ride-sharing classification, matching mode, matching agency, and cost allocation. People who develop policies and practices related to bicycle- or car-sharing systems should understand the different value needs and preferences of the stakeholders involved in the sharing system [103,109,120,124,126,127,128].
The sharing mode is one of the methods used to solve the problem of the first and last mile of urban sustainable transportation [129,130,131,132,133]. Bian and Liu [129] developed a novel heuristic algorithm to maintain individual rationality and incentive compatibility and solved the complex first-mile car-sharing service mechanism design problem in a feasible and efficient way.

4.7. Theme 7: Traveler Behavior

In the research on the impact of urban sustainable transport, a good breakthrough with practical significance is to find solutions to problems and the basis for sustainable transport policy formulation by analyzing traveler behaviors. Scholars have studied the travel behavior and preference characteristics of urban residents, including travel purpose, time requirements, transfer times, travel routes, travel frequency, traffic mode preference, public transport service level, route accessibility, and costs and benefits of using private cars [77,78,79,80,81,82,134,135,136,137].
The aforementioned studies have provided bases for the formulation of urban transport sustainability policies, such as the coordinated construction of multimodal transport, as well as strengthening the short time and convenient transfer of various urban transport modes to improve service quality, involving buses, subways, taxis, cars, and bicycles [77,80,135,136,137]; land development and utilization [138]; and sustainable urban transport hub planning [139]. The government improves the travel cost of private cars and guides passengers to travel through increasing taxes and fees, including increasing fuel prices and imposing fuel taxes, road congestion charges, and urban parking fees [79]. Moreover, the government can set public transport third-party electronic coupon policies [83], design public transport promotions [84], integrate taxi and online car hailing operation efficiency and improve service quality [80], and provide travelers with information on transportation-related CO2 emissions to affect their travel choices [140]. Undeniably, such an effort will have an impact on urban sustainable transportation.

4.8. Theme 8: Smart City

With the rapid development of information and communication technologies and artificial intelligence, smart cities have attracted increasing attention from scholars and have become increasingly popular and used in practice. The term includes the attention to intelligent transportation and economic sustainability [141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149]. Sustainable transportation is one of the driving factors to realize smart cities. The continuous and stable flow of people or goods will lead to domestic and global economic prosperity [150,151]. Smart cities can meet people’s needs for low-cost, efficient, and sustainable transportation. Roscia et al. [142] indicated that advanced mobility solutions can return useful data streams to people in real time to reach their destinations and carry out trade- and economic-related activities. They can also manage and maximize transportation infrastructure, such as roads, parking lots, and equipment, and means, such as public transportation, bicycles and shared bicycles, shared cars, carpooling, and charging stations, which are friendly applications for connecting devices.
The development and application of intelligent transportation systems in smart cities [37,152], as described in Section 4.2, have played an important role in urban sustainable transportation promoting economic growth [3,37]. To promote the sustainable transportation development of smart cities, people have exerted extensive effort in the design, development, and construction of intelligent transportation, such as using digital, electronic, virtual, cognitive, and other technologies for design and development [140,147,148,149], intelligent driving system design [153], intelligent logistics and Internet of things development and application [151,152], collaborative integration of fully automatic ground vehicles and smart cities [154], operation methods of new fuel-cell vehicles [151], sustainable transportation plans, intelligent transportation plans and road safety plans [155,156,157,158,159], measures to reduce the number of vehicles [159], building modern bus and subway systems [45], and modern light rail systems [66,160].

5. Research Dynamics and Recommendations for Future Research

5.1. Keyword Evolution and Research Trends

Figure 13 (keyword time zone) shows the keyword evolution of scholars in urban sustainable transportation. In the keyword time zone, keywords of the same cluster are configured on the same horizontal line. Figure 13 shows clusters from #0 to #17. Keyword co-occurrence in cluster field #0 is the largest size and longest research time-span. The keywords include sustainable mobility, transportation policy, automated electric vehicles, technology assessment, smart cities, sustainability assessment, urban planning, urban transportation infrastructure, integral mobility plan, urban management, structural analysis, and travel behavior.
Keyword co-occurrence in cluster field #1 include sustainable transport, information technology, connected vehicles, routing vehicle, real-time systems, sustainable transportation, air pollution, public transportation, statistical life, and information technology.
With the passage of time, sudden detection and analysis enabled us to find that keyword co-citation, such as smart city, sharing economy, urban freight transport, road transport, benefit, delivery, transport infrastructure, big data, and information, is active and relatively frontier (see Figure 14), and the depth of the color indicates the heat of the keyword. The keyword co-citation, such as land use, policy, air pollution, technology, system, and circular, has consistently been a hotspot of high concern.

5.2. Category Evolution and Research Trends

From the perspective of the classification and evolution of the research fields of the literature co-citation, Figure 15 shows that the most cited research field of literature co-citation is environmental sciences, and the extended research field includes urban studies, transportation science, engineering, economics, geography, etc. Note that the fields of engineering, environmental sciences, business, and finance remain important areas of concern for scholars. In recent years, the relatively new research fields entering the literature co-citation network have included biotechnology and applied microbiology, hospitality leisure, sport sciences, etc.

5.3. Term Evolution and Research Trends

According to the term time zone, this research can find the term evolution of scholars in the field of urban sustainable transportation and economy. Figure 16 shows clusters from #0 to #88 in the terms zone and shows #0 to #19. In the terms time zone, terms of the same cluster are configured on the same horizontal line. Term co-occurrence in cluster field #0 includes sustainable transportation, metropolitan area, sustainable development, sustainable mobility, smart cities, driving mechanism, systematic, extreme environmental event, highway freight transportation disruption, delivery point, etc. Term co-occurrence in cluster field #1 includes future solution, transportation problem, public transportation system, private transportation system, land cover, individual travel characteristic perspective, CO2 emission, daily travel, deceleration fuel cut-off, etc.
Through sudden detection and analysis, this research found that the top strongest citation burst and the most active term phrase was sustainable development from the literature in 1991, as shown in Figure 17, and the depth of the color in Figure 17 indicates the heat of the keyword. Its strength of burst is 74.02. The beginning year of burst is 2015. The top 25 term phrases include urban area, sustainability, public transport, sustainable mobility, urban planning, urban mobility, urban sustainability, economic growth, sustainable transport, climate change, smart city or smart cities, electric vehicles, CO2 emissions, sustainable urban mobility, developing countries, sharing economy, etc.

6. Conclusions

The sustainable development of the society, economy, and environment of cities cannot be separated from the important driving factor of sustainable transportation. This paper reviews the research on the urban sustainable transportation from the perspective of time. Through scientific measurement and literature analysis, this research used the scientific mapping method to review the literature and knowledge fields of specific research issues and visualized and quantified the related topics. By using scientific mapping methods, this research can tap the role of urban sustainable transport in regional economic development and the potential of different subdivisions of research fields, establish links with other fields, and explore the problems and research frontiers being solved when urban sustainable transportation affects economic and social development and environmental protection. Lastly, this research can find cross-border theoretical and practical breakthroughs to provide some references for the research direction of urban sustainable transport development strategy, planning, and policy formulation.
This research identifies the main knowledge structure in the field of urban sustainable transportation through clustering analysis of literature titles and summaries. And then, it mainly shows the research progress in this interaction field from the perspectives of multiple themes, such as land development and utilization, transportation systems, low-carbon paths, public transport, electric vehicles, sharing modes, smart cities, and traveler behavior.
To sum up, the existing research shows that people have made great efforts in study and practice in multidimensional, multiperspective, and multifield urban sustainable transportation, aiming to make the price affordable, operation economically, developing technology rapidly, transport means and modes innovatively, etc. These efforts will be conducive to the healthy and steady development of urban sustainable transportation, which will ultimately promote the economic growth of modern cities, greatly meet people’s high-quality transport needs, and achieve environmental protection goals.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, L.B. and S.Z.; methodology, L.B. and S.Z.; software, L.B.; validation, L.B., J.K. and X.S.; formal analysis, L.B.; investigation, L.B. and X.S.; resources, L.B. and X.S.; data curation, L.B.; writing—original draft preparation, L.B. and S.Z.; writing—review and editing, L.B. and S.Z.; visualization, X.S.; supervision, S.Z.; project administration, S.Z.; funding acquisition, J.K. and X.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by [National Science Foundation of China, grant number 72271251].

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Methodological research design.
Figure 1. Methodological research design.
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Figure 2. Number of publications on urban sustainable transportation annually (1991 to 30 September 2022).
Figure 2. Number of publications on urban sustainable transportation annually (1991 to 30 September 2022).
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Figure 3. Times cited and publications on urban sustainable transportation over time.
Figure 3. Times cited and publications on urban sustainable transportation over time.
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Figure 4. Number of journal publications on urban sustainable transportation.
Figure 4. Number of journal publications on urban sustainable transportation.
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Figure 5. Keyword co-occurrence network on urban sustainable transportation.
Figure 5. Keyword co-occurrence network on urban sustainable transportation.
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Figure 6. Co-occurrence network of disciplines on urban sustainable transportation.
Figure 6. Co-occurrence network of disciplines on urban sustainable transportation.
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Figure 7. Literature co-occurrence network on urban sustainable transportation.
Figure 7. Literature co-occurrence network on urban sustainable transportation.
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Figure 8. Author cooperation networks on urban sustainable transportation.
Figure 8. Author cooperation networks on urban sustainable transportation.
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Figure 9. Author co-citation network on urban sustainable transportation.
Figure 9. Author co-citation network on urban sustainable transportation.
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Figure 10. Institutional cooperation network on urban sustainable transportation.
Figure 10. Institutional cooperation network on urban sustainable transportation.
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Figure 11. National cooperation network on urban sustainable transportation.
Figure 11. National cooperation network on urban sustainable transportation.
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Figure 12. Term co-citation network on urban sustainable transportation.
Figure 12. Term co-citation network on urban sustainable transportation.
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Figure 13. Keyword time zone on urban sustainable transportation.
Figure 13. Keyword time zone on urban sustainable transportation.
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Figure 14. Top 25 keywords on urban sustainable transportation with the strongest citation bursts.
Figure 14. Top 25 keywords on urban sustainable transportation with the strongest citation bursts.
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Figure 15. Category time zone on urban sustainable transportation.
Figure 15. Category time zone on urban sustainable transportation.
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Figure 16. Term time zone on urban sustainable transportation.
Figure 16. Term time zone on urban sustainable transportation.
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Figure 17. Terms on urban sustainable transportation with the strongest citation bursts.
Figure 17. Terms on urban sustainable transportation with the strongest citation bursts.
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Table
Table 1. Top 30 research institutions on urban sustainable transportation by number of articles.
Table 1. Top 30 research institutions on urban sustainable transportation by number of articles.
No.InstitutionsCited Institutional ArticlesNo.InstitutionsCited Institutional Articles
1Chinese Acad Sci4916Univ Gdansk11
2Tongji Univ2417Univ Chinese Acad Sci11
3Univ Oxford2318Univ Sydney11
4Beijing Jiaotong Univ2319Beijing Univ Technol10
5Beijing Normal Univ2220Maritime Univ Szczecin10
6Tsinghua Univ1921Southeast Univ10
7Univ Leeds1822Peking Univ10
8Curtin Univ1823Arizona State Univ10
9Vilnius Gediminas Tech Univ1624Chongqing Univ10
10Univ Hong Kong1525Monash Univ10
11Delft Univ Technol1526Indian Inst Technol10
12UCL1427Fudan Univ9
13Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ1428Univ Cambridge9
14Univ Lisbon1329Univ Belgrade9
15Vrije Univ Brussel1230Harvard Univ9
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Bi, L.; Zhou, S.; Ke, J.; Song, X. Knowledge-Mapping Analysis of Urban Sustainable Transportation Using CiteSpace. Sustainability 2023, 15, 958. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15020958

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Bi L, Zhou S, Ke J, Song X. Knowledge-Mapping Analysis of Urban Sustainable Transportation Using CiteSpace. Sustainability. 2023; 15(2):958. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15020958

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Bi, Lehua, Shaorui Zhou, Jianjie Ke, and Xiaoming Song. 2023. "Knowledge-Mapping Analysis of Urban Sustainable Transportation Using CiteSpace" Sustainability 15, no. 2: 958. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15020958

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