Testing the Feasibility of Usumacinta River Sediments as a Renewable Resource for Landscaping and Agronomy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Usumacinta River Sediments
2.2. Potting Soil
2.3. Rye Grass
2.4. Greenhouse Testing Conditions
2.5. Soil–Sediment Mix
2.6. Sowing of Ryegrass
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Sediments and Soil
3.2. Germination and Growth of Ryegrass
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sediments | Sediments (%) | Crops | Conditions | T * (°C) | RH ** (%) | Time | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lake | 75 cm thick layer | Ryegrass | Farmland | - | - | 243 days | [10] |
Reservoir | 5, 10, 30, 50, 100 | Maize | Farmland | - | - | 70 days | [12] |
Lake | 0, 10, 20, 100 | Soybean | Greenhouse | 31.5 | 43.6 | 123 days | [13] |
River | 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100 | Cucumber | Chamber | 25 | - | 4 weeks | [14] |
Lake | 5, 10, 20 | Lettuce | Greenhouse | - | - | 2 months | [28] |
Lake | 12–18 inch layers | Corn | Farmland | - | 4 months | [29] |
PAHs (mg/kg) | J | N1 | N2 | PCB (mg/kg) | J | Metals (mg/kg) | S1 | J |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Naphtalene | 0.002 | 0.16 | 1.13 | PCB c 28 | <0.001 | As | 30 | 5.19 |
Acenaphtylene | <0.002 | 0.02 | 0.26 | PCB c 52 | <0.001 | Cd | 2 | <0.4 |
Acenaphtene | <0.002 | 0.04 | 0.34 | PCB c 101 | <0.001 | Cr | 150 | 131 |
Fluorene | <0.002 | 0.02 | 0.28 | PCB c 118 | <0.001 | Cu | 100 | 20.5 |
Phenanthene | 0.003 | 0.08 | 0.59 | PCB c 138 | <0.001 | Hg | 1 | <0.1 |
Anthracene | 0.004 | 0.24 | 0.87 | PCB c 153 | <0.001 | Ni | 50 | 256 |
Fluoranthene | <0.002 | 0.6 | 2.85 | PCB c 180 | <0.001 | Pb | 100 | 11.3 |
Pyrene | 0.004 | 0.5 | 1.5 | Zn | 300 | 40.2 | ||
Benzo anthracene | <0.002 | 0.26 | 0.93 | |||||
Chrysene | <0.002 | 0.38 | 1.59 | |||||
Benzo pyrene | <0.002 | 0.43 | 1.01 | |||||
Benzo perylene | <0.002 | 1.7 | 5.56 | |||||
Indono pyrene | <0.003 | 1.7 | 5.56 |
Usumacinta Sediments | ||||||||||
J | pH | OM (%) | EC (mS/cm) | CaCO3 (%) | Clay (%) | Silt (%) | Sand (%) | CEC (meq/100g) | ||
8.5 ± 0.1 | 5.7 ± 0.2 | 0.02 ± 0.0 | 8.5 ± 0.2 | 13.4 ± 0.0 | 62.5 ± 2.2 | 24.1 ± 2.3 | 35.7 ± 1.5 | |||
Oxides and SAR of Sediments | ||||||||||
J | SiO2 (%) | Al2O3 (%) | CaO (%) | TiO2 (%) | Fe2O3 (%) | K2O (%) | Na (mg/kg) | Ca (g/kg) | Mg (g/kg) | SAR (-) |
56.3 ± 1.4 | 16.1 ± 2.1 | 6.4 ± 0.5 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 16.1 ± 2.8 | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 241.0 ± 27.0 | 59.8 ± 5.1 | 15.4 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.1 |
Sediment | Mnt (%) | Ilt (%) | Vrm (%) | Kao (%) | Qz (%) | Cal (%) | Dol (%) | Bt (%) | Crs (%) | Or (%) | Ano (%) | Ab (%) | Others (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
J | 10 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 1.5 | 17.1 ± 0.4 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 21.4 ± 1.3 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 10.1 ± 2.2 | 7 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 5.3 ± 0.4 | 9.6 ± 1.7 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 5 ± 2.8 |
Soil | Dry Matter (%) | OM (%) | EC (mS/cm) | WRC (mL/L) | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Potting soil | 38.0 | 72.0 | 0.36 | 780 | 6.5 |
J4 sediments | 78.1 | 5.7 | 0.02 | - | 8.5 |
Days | hC1 (cm) | hC2 (cm) | hC3 (cm) |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 | Germination | Germination | Germination |
9 | 4 | 3 | 3 to 4 |
12 | 7 | 6 | 4 to 5 |
15 | 9 | 7 | 5 to 6 |
17 | 11 * | 10 * | 6 to 7 |
19 | 8 | 7 | 6 to 7 |
22 | 15 * | 13 * | 7 to 9 |
23 | 7 | 6 | 9 to 11 * |
24 | 11 * | 10 * | 5 to 6 |
27 | 9 | 8 | 7 to 8 |
29 | 12 * | 11 * | 9 to 10 |
36 | 14 * | 12 * | 10 to 11 * |
38 | 9 | 8 | 5 to 6 |
43 | 16 * | 15 * | 6 to 7 |
45 | 8 | 7 | 7 to 8 |
47 | 13 * | 12 * | 9 to 11 * |
55 | 12 * | 11 * | 6.5 |
60 | 9 | 9 | 7.5 |
66 | 12 * | 11 * | 7.5 |
Yield of Ryegrass (g) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cutting | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
Composition C1 | 8.27 | 9.34 | 10.6 | 11.24 | 38.4 | 24.3 | 11.72 | 34.41 |
Composition C2 | 6.25 | 9.75 | 7.85 | 9.83 | 27.83 | 21.06 | 8.79 | 26.3 |
Composition C3 | 3.49 | 5.06 | 6.88 | - | - | - | - | - |
The final height of ryegrass and biomass yield | ||||||||
Composition | Mass (g) | Average height (cm) | Yield (kg/m2) | |||||
Composition C1 | 34.41 | 11.5 ± 0.5 | 0.25 ± 0.018 | |||||
Composition C2 | 26.3 | 11.5 ± 0.5 | 0.18 ± 0.014 | |||||
Composition C3 | 6.88 | 7.5 ± 0.5 | 0.05 ± 0.006 |
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Hussain, M.; Levacher, D.; Leblanc, N.; Zmamou, H.; Djeran-Maigre, I.; Razakamanantsoa, A. Testing the Feasibility of Usumacinta River Sediments as a Renewable Resource for Landscaping and Agronomy. Sustainability 2023, 15, 15859. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152215859
Hussain M, Levacher D, Leblanc N, Zmamou H, Djeran-Maigre I, Razakamanantsoa A. Testing the Feasibility of Usumacinta River Sediments as a Renewable Resource for Landscaping and Agronomy. Sustainability. 2023; 15(22):15859. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152215859
Chicago/Turabian StyleHussain, Mazhar, Daniel Levacher, Nathalie Leblanc, Hafida Zmamou, Irini Djeran-Maigre, and Andry Razakamanantsoa. 2023. "Testing the Feasibility of Usumacinta River Sediments as a Renewable Resource for Landscaping and Agronomy" Sustainability 15, no. 22: 15859. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152215859