Protection System and Preservation Status for Heritage of Industrial Modernization in China—Based on a Case Study of Shenyang City
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Modern Development and HOIM in Shenyang
1.3. Literature Review
1.4. Materials and Methods
2. Protection System Related to the HOIM in China
2.1. Protection System at the National Level
2.1.1. Position of HOIM in the System of Cultural Relics Protection Law
2.1.2. Position of the HOIM in the Historical and Cultural Cities Protection Regulation
2.2. Protection System in Shenyang
3. Changes in the Utilization Status and the Factors Applying to the Openness of HOIM
3.1. Changes in the Utilization Status of HOIM in Shenyang
3.1.1. Changes in the Identification of Historical and Cultural Sites Protected
3.1.2. Changes in Types of HOIM Facility Users
3.1.3. Changes in the Composition in Facility Use Classification
3.2. Openness and Influencing Factors of the HOIM
3.2.1. Openness of HOIM Facilities and Their Criteria
3.2.2. The Relationship between Influencing Factors and the Openness of HOIM Facilities
4. Discussion and Results
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Law and Regulation | Contents of Protection System | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
National level | Cultural Relics Protection Law; Historical and Cultural Cities Protection Regulation | The City/Urban Layer | The Area Layer | The Individual Structure Layer |
Historical and Cultural Cities | Historical and Cultural Towns, Villages and Blocks (Areas) | Historical Buildings * | ||
Shenyang City level | Regulations on Protecting Historical and Cultural City of Shenyang; Scheme on Historical Buildings Identification of Shenyang | Historic Urban Area | Historical and Cultural Blocks | Historical Buildings |
Mukden City; South Manchuria Railway Zone; Treaty Port Area | Fangcheng Historical and Cultural Block; Shenyang Station–Zhongshan Road—Zhongshan Square Block; Tiexi Worker’s Village Historical and Cultural Block | Buildings and structures that can reflect the historical appearance and local characteristics of Shenyang, but are not registered as Protected Historical and Cultural Sites or Immovable Cultural Relics, the certification of Class 1, 2 and 3 Historical Buildings can be granted based on their historical, cultural value |
Method | Content and Details | References |
---|---|---|
1. Maintaining the Original Condition | The principle of keeping the Immovable Cultural Relics in their original state shall be adhered to in their use and other operations. | Cultural Relics Protection Law, Article 21 and 26. |
Besides Immovable Cultural Relics, the principle above is also applied to Class 1 historic buildings. | Scheme on Historical Buildings Identification of Shenyang, Article 11. | |
2. On-site Preservation | It shall do everything it can to protect the original site protected for its historical and cultural value. | Cultural Relics Protection Law, Article 20; |
Where historical buildings cannot be protected on their original sites and must be moved to another place for protection or demolished, the administrative department of the people’s government shall report to the administrative department of cultural relics at the next higher level for approval. | Historical and Cultural Cities Protection Regulation, Article 34. | |
3. “The Four Principles “ (This is the abbreviated term of Cultural Relics Protection Law, Article 15) * | For preserving Protected Historical and Cultural Sites, the principles that ① delimiting a necessary area, ② putting up signs and notes, ③ establishing records and files, and ④ establishing special organs or assigning full-time persons to be responsible for control over these sites, shall be observed. | Cultural Relics Protection Law, Article 15; Historical and Cultural Cities Protection Regulation, Article 32. |
We shall stipulate the detailed preservation area and the restricted construction activities within the scope. | Regulations on protecting Historical and Cultural City of Shenyang, Article 18 and 22 | |
4. Establishing A Conservation Planning of Historical Urban Space | A detailed consecration plan shall be established by the local people’s government in a year, since a historical and cultural city (town, village, or area) has been verified and announced. | Cultural Cities Protection Regulation, Article 13 |
The specific contents of the preservation plan shall be appointed. | Regulations on protecting Historical and Cultural City of Shenyang, Article 9 to 11 | |
5. Restrictions in utilization and Renovation | Where it is necessary to use a building verified as a protected historical and cultural site, other than the establishment of a museum, a cultural relics preservation institute, or a tourist site, the administrator of this site shall report to the department for cultural relics of government for approval. | Cultural Relics Protection Law, Article 23 to 26; Historical and Cultural Cities Protection Regulation, Article 35. |
For class 2 historical buildings, the exterior shape, finish materials and colors, important internal structure, and important decoration shall not be altered, while the internal non-important structure and decoration may make changes. For class 3 historical buildings, it is allowed for changes in the structure and decoration of the interior of the building without undermining the conservation value or altering the exterior form, color, and important finishing materials of the building. | Scheme on Historical Buildings Identification of Shenyang, Article 11. |
Announcement Time | The Quantity for Historical and Cultural Sites Protected | The Quantity for HOIM | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Breakdown in Levels | Total | Breakdown in Levels | |||||
National Level | Provincial Level | City Level | National Level | Provincial Level | City Level | |||
1961 | 1 | 1 | − | − | − | − | − | − |
1963 | 4 | − | 4 | − | − | − | − | − |
1979 | 1 | − | 1 | − | 1 | − | 1 | − |
1982 | 1 | 1 | − | − | − | − | − | − |
1985 | 8 | − | 8 | − | − | − | − | − |
1988 | 5 | 1 | 4 | − | 1 | − | 1 | − |
1996 | 9 | 1 | 8 | − | 5 | 5 | − | − |
2001 | 3 | 3 | − | − | − | − | − | − |
2003 | 10 | − | 10 | − | 5 | − | 5 | − |
2006 | 3 | 3 | − | − | − | − | − | − |
2007 | 2 | − | 2 | − | 1 | − | 1 | − |
2008 | 47 | − | 3 | 44 | 28 | − | − | 28 |
2013 | 67 | 7 | − | 60 | 34 | 16 | − | 18 |
2014 | 29 | − | 29 | − | 25 | − | 25 | − |
2018 | 15 | − | 15 | − | − | − | − | − |
2019 | 4 | 4 | − | − | − | − | − | − |
2020 | 29 | − | − | 29 | 8 | − | − | 8 |
Total | 238 | 21 | 84 | 133 | 108 | 21 | 33 | 54 |
Current Use | Original Use | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Administrative | Educational | Commercial | Industrial and Transportation | Cultural and Welfare | Business | Residence | Total | |
Administrative | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 12 | 24 |
Educational | 1 | 18 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 |
Commercial | 2 | 0 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 20 |
Industrial and Transportation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Cultural and Welfare | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 4 | 10 | 37 |
Business | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 3 | 18 |
Vacancy | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 9 |
Total | 16 | 22 | 8 | 9 | 19 | 27 | 31 | 132 |
VARIABLE | SCALING LEVEL | CATEGORY |
---|---|---|
Openness | Ordinal | Level 1–5 |
Type of Facility Use Conversion | Nominal | Continued Original Use; Administrative Facility Conversion; Cultural Facility Conversion; Commercial Facility Conversion; Unused; Others. |
Type of Users | Nominal | Private Use; Government Administration; Foreign-owned Enterprises; Civil Society Organizations; Private Enterprise; State-owned General Enterprises; State-owned Public Utilities; Others. |
Level of Historical and Cultural Sites Protected | Ordinal | National Level; Provincial Level; City Level; No Level. |
Site Conditions with Conservation Areas | Nominal | Mukden City; South Manchuria Railway Zone; Treaty Port Area; Others. |
Site Conditions with Conservation Blocks | Nominal | Inner; Outer. |
Multiple R | R Square | Adjusted R Square | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|
0.79 | 0.624 | 0.567 | 0 |
Beta | Tolerance | Importance | Sig. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
After Transformation | Before Transformation | ||||
Type of Facility Use Conversion | 0.584 | 0.92 | 0.658 | 0.633 | 0 |
Type of Users | 0.316 | 0.913 | 0.715 | 0.21 | 0 |
Level of Historical and Cultural Sites Protected | 0.143 | 0.872 | 0.823 | 0.037 | 0.018 |
Site Conditions with Conservation Areas | 0.156 | 0.856 | 0.644 | 0.059 | 0.005 |
Site Conditions with Conservation Blocks | 0.11 | 0.778 | 0.546 | 0.061 | 0.185 |
TYPE OF USERS | Total | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State-owned Public Utilities | State-owned General Enterprises | Private Enterprise | Civil Society Organizations | Foreign-owned Enterprises | Government Administration | Others | |||
TYPE OF FACILITY USE CONVERSION | Continued Original Use | 31 | 7 | 12 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 62 |
Cultural Facility Conversion | 19 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 23 | |
Commercial Facility Conversion | 4 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | |
Unused | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 9 | |
Others | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | |
Administrative Facility Conversion | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 19 | |
Total | 60 | 11 | 20 | 5 | 2 | 24 | 10 | 132 |
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Sun, B.; Ikebe, K.; Han, Y.; He, X. Protection System and Preservation Status for Heritage of Industrial Modernization in China—Based on a Case Study of Shenyang City. Sustainability 2023, 15, 1984. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031984
Sun B, Ikebe K, Han Y, He X. Protection System and Preservation Status for Heritage of Industrial Modernization in China—Based on a Case Study of Shenyang City. Sustainability. 2023; 15(3):1984. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031984
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Bingyu, Konomi Ikebe, Yirui Han, and Xiangting He. 2023. "Protection System and Preservation Status for Heritage of Industrial Modernization in China—Based on a Case Study of Shenyang City" Sustainability 15, no. 3: 1984. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031984