The Quality of Life and Perceived Human-Wildlife Conflicts among Forest Communities around the Mountain Gorilla’s Virunga Landscape in Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. The Human-Wildlife Conflict Concept
2.2. The Quality of Life Concept
3. Methodology
3.1. Study Site
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Measures and Data Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Relationship between Objective and Subjective Wellbeing
5.2. Predictors of Life Satisfaction
5.3. Relationship between Life Satisfaction and Perceived Human-Wildlife Conflict
5.4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Constructs and Measures | Mean | SD | Convergent Validity | Composite Reliability | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standardized Loadings | Average Variance Extracted | ||||
Psychological wellbeing | 0.577 | 0.905 | |||
I lead a purposeful and meaningful life. | 3.57 | 1.302 | 0.811 *** (53.165) | ||
My social relationships are supportive and rewarding. | 4.81 | 1.215 | 0.792 *** (43.126) | ||
I am engaged and interested in my daily activities. | 4.91 | 1.189 | 0.742 *** (34.360) | ||
I actively contribute to the happiness and wellbeing of others. | 3.88 | 1.595 | 0.722 *** (31.299) | ||
I am competent and capable in the activities that are important to me. | 3.67 | 1.489 | 0.631 *** (22.118) | ||
I am a good person and live a good life. | 3.65 | 1.080 | 0.783 *** (53.384) | ||
I am optimistic about my future People respect me. | 4.53 | 1.369 | 0.821 *** (57.154) | ||
Emotional wellbeing | 0.643 | 0.914 | |||
During the past 12 months, I have felt positive. | 4.76 | 1.095 | 0.636 *** (22.781) | ||
During the past 12 months, I have felt good. | 4.05 | 1.237 | 0.809 *** (47.940) | ||
During the past 12 months, I have felt pleasant. | 4.19 | 1.322 | 0.885 *** (88.664) | ||
During the past 12 months, I have felt happy. | 4.37 | 1.251 | 0.832 *** (59.404) | ||
During the past 12 months, I have felt joyful. | 4.22 | 1.345 | 0.877 *** (78.740) | ||
During the past 12 months, I have felt contented. | 3.59 | 1.434 | 0.744 *** (34.327) | ||
Satisfaction with life | 0.504 | 0.833 | |||
In most ways my life is close to my ideal. | 2.99 | 1.294 | 0.759 *** (32.058) | ||
The conditions of life are excellent. | 1.78 | 1.157 | 0.712 *** (28.733) | ||
I am satisfied with my life. | 2.74 | 1.375 | 0.533 *** (13.324) | ||
So far, I have gotten the important things I want in life. | 3.05 | 1.456 | 0.849 *** (76.557) | ||
If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing. | 3.21 | 1.916 | 0.659 *** (21.756) |
Constructs and Measures | Mean | SD | Convergent Validity | Composite Reliability | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standardized Loadings | Average Variance Extracted | ||||
Food security 1 | 0.528 | 0.817 | |||
We eat preferred food regularly. | 3.56 | 1.314 | 0.709 *** (26.300) | ||
We eat three meals a day regularly. | 2.68 | 1.456 | 0.780 *** (44.082) | ||
We eat meat regularly. | 1.50 | 0.862 | 0.719 *** (27.499) | ||
We eat fruits and vegetables regularly. | 4.36 | 1.422 | 0.696 *** (23.735) | ||
Financial wellbeing 1 | 0.534 | 0.873 | |||
If a close relative were having financial problems, we feel we could afford to help. | 1.66 | 0.785 | 0.740 *** (27.983) | ||
When we make plans, we are almost certain we can make them work. | 2.34 | 1.053 | 0.795 *** (40.468) | ||
We would have no problem getting a loan if we wanted to. | 2.14 | 1.048 | 0.708 *** (29.466) | ||
We feel we have enough money on hand to cover small, unexpected expenses. | 1.51 | 0.717 | 0.776 *** (38.725) | ||
We feel we are able to make financial contributions to a good cause (i.e., church). | 2.17 | 1.020 | 0.691 *** (25.006) | ||
We feel confident that if our main income earner lost his/her job he/she could find another one. | 1.66 | 0.785 | 0.666 *** (25.004) | ||
Health security 1 | 0.623 | 0.832 | |||
We have access to healthcare services. | 3.69 | 1.712 | 0.731 *** (30.992) | ||
We have government subsidized healthcare insurance. | 4.26 | 2.579 | 0.824 *** (36.610) | ||
We have access to clean water. | 3.65 | 2.179 | 0.809 *** (39.161) | ||
Perceived Human-Wildlife conflict 2 | 0.609 | 0.860 | |||
What is your overall assessment of bamboo harvesting in the park today? | 5.50 | 1.784 | 0.743 *** (20.157) | ||
What is your overall assessment of human-caused forest fires in the park today? | 4.31 | 1.611 | 0.868 *** (57.852) | ||
What is your overall assessment of medicinal herbs harvesting in the park today? | 4.00 | 1.832 | 0.861 *** (52.818) | ||
What is your overall assessment of poaching in the park today? | 5.50 | 1.560 | 0.626 *** (13.568) |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Psychological Wellbeing. | 0.76 | ||||||
Food Security. | 0.50 *** | 0.73 | |||||
Financial Security. | 0.40 *** | 0.42 *** | 0.73 | ||||
Health Security. | 0.53 *** | 0.54 *** | 0.32 *** | 0.79 | |||
Perceived Human-Wildlife Conflict. | 0.23 *** | 0.33 *** | 0.18 *** | 0.52 *** | 0.78 | ||
Emotional Wellbeing. | 0.74 *** | 0.46 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.28 *** | 0.15 *** | 0.80 | |
Satisfaction with Life. | 0.68 *** | 0.56 *** | 0.51 *** | 0.59 *** | 0.41 *** | 0.54 *** | 0.71 |
Hypothesis | Hypothesized Relationship | Path Coeff (β) | Bias Corrected CI | Effect Size (f2) | Hypothesis Support |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1a | SWL → HWC | 0.420 *** (10.932) | (0.338, 0.492) | 0.201 | Supported |
H2a | FS → SWL | 0.110 *** (2.952) | (0.043, 0.182) | 0.019 | Supported |
H3a | FIS → SWL | 0.211 *** (7.524) | (0.153, 0.260) | 0.089 | Supported |
H4a | HS → SWL | 0.282 *** (6.449) | (0.191, 0.364) | 0.099 | Supported |
H5a | EWB → SWL | 0.090 ns (1.921) | (0.003, 0.180) | 0.008 | Not supported |
H6a | PWB → SWL | 0.325 *** (6.200) | (0.235, 0.437) | 0.101 | Supported |
H7a | FS → EWB | 0.374 *** (9.175) | (0.289, 0.450) | 0.117 | Supported |
H8a | FIS → EWB | 0.191 *** (5.292) | (0.115, 0.259) | 0.039 | Supported |
H9a | HS → EWB | 0.013 ns (0.301) | (−0.068, 0.098) | 0.000 | Not supported |
H10a | FS → PWB | 0.239 *** (6.457) | (0.157, 0.306) | 0.057 | Supported |
H11a | FIS → PWB | 0.187 *** (5.792) | (0.122, 0.248) | 0.045 | Supported |
H12a | HS → PWB | 0.335 *** (9.417) | (0.271, 0.405) | 0.125 | Supported |
H13a | FIS → FS | 0.439 *** (12.076) | (0.360, 0.505) | 0.240 | Supported |
H14a | FIS → HS | 0.326 *** (8.887) | (0.248, 0.392) | 0.120 | Supported |
Hypothesis | Hypothesized Relationship | Path Coeff (β) Rwanda | Path Coeff (β) Uganda | Path Coefficients-Diff (Rwanda—Uganda) | p-Values (Rwanda vs. Uganda) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1b | SWL → HWC | 0.240 *** (5.250) | 0.208 ** (2.997) | 0.032 ns (0.385) | 0.701 |
H2b | FS → SWL | 0.247 *** (4.891) | 0.049 ns (0.673) | 0.198 * (2.248) | 0.025 |
H3b | FIS → SWL | 0.272 *** (5.828) | 0.212 *** (4.467) | 0.060 ns (0.898) | 0.370 |
H4b | HS → SWL | 0.049 ns (0.842) | 0.187 * (2.542) | 0.138 ns (1.478) | 0.140 |
H5b | EWB → SWL | 0.108 * (2.120) | 0.051 ns (0.554) | 0.057 ns (0.553) | 0.580 |
H6b | PWB → SWL | 0.303 *** (4.510) | 0.446 *** (4.911) | 0.143 ns (1.280) | 0.201 |
H7b | FS → EWB | 0.235 *** (4.127) | 0.505 *** (6.355) | 0.270 ** (2.794) | 0.005 |
H8b | FIS → EWB | 0.380 *** (7.025) | 0.070 ns (1.296) | 0.310 *** (4.054) | 0.000 |
H9b | HS → EWB | 0.120 * (2.204) | −0.108 ns (1.278) | 0.229 * (2.297) | 0.022 |
H10b | FS → PWB | 0.227 *** (4.198) | 0.406 *** (5.222) | 0.179 ns (1.910) | 0.057 |
H11b | FIS → PWB | 0.177 *** (3.525) | 0.211 *** (4.443) | 0.034 ns (0.498) | 0.618 |
H12b | HS → PWB | 0.469 *** (9.242) | −0.017 ns (0.207) | 0.486 *** (5.048) | 0.000 |
H13b | FIS → FS | 0.557 *** (13.916) | 0.320 *** (4.957) | 0.237 ** (3.157) | 0.002 |
H14 | FIS → HS | 0.430 *** (9.335) | 0.314 *** (5.795) | 0.116 ns (1.637) | 0.102 |
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Sabuhoro, E.; Ayorekire, J.; Munanura, I.E. The Quality of Life and Perceived Human-Wildlife Conflicts among Forest Communities around the Mountain Gorilla’s Virunga Landscape in Africa. Sustainability 2023, 15, 2248. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032248
Sabuhoro E, Ayorekire J, Munanura IE. The Quality of Life and Perceived Human-Wildlife Conflicts among Forest Communities around the Mountain Gorilla’s Virunga Landscape in Africa. Sustainability. 2023; 15(3):2248. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032248
Chicago/Turabian StyleSabuhoro, Edwin, Jim Ayorekire, and Ian E. Munanura. 2023. "The Quality of Life and Perceived Human-Wildlife Conflicts among Forest Communities around the Mountain Gorilla’s Virunga Landscape in Africa" Sustainability 15, no. 3: 2248. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032248