Composting Waste from the White Wine Industry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Temperature
3.2. Moisture Content
3.3. pH and Electrical Conductivity
3.4. Organic Matter Decomposition
3.5. Nitrogen Transformations
3.6. Compost Quality
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics (Unit) | Pile | -------------------------------- Sample Day ------------------------------ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 7 | 14 | 28 | 42 | 56 | 84 | 140 | ||
MC (g kg−1) | PT0 | 621 | 581 | 609 | 563 | 611 | 487 | 611 | 567 |
PT3 | 621 | 638 | 577 | 585 | 481 | 417 | 440 | 422 | |
PT6 | 621 | 606 | 552 | 530 | 439 | 335 | 402 | 408 | |
LSD | 0 | 17 | 57 | 27 | 66 | 61 | 43 | 13 | |
pH | PT0 | 3.9 | 5.3 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 4.4 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 7.7 |
PT3 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 6.2 | 6.8 | 7.8 | 7.8 | |
PT6 | 3.9 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 7.3 | 7.7 | 8.1 | 8.1 | |
LSD | 0.0 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | |
EC (dS m−1) | PT0 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.5 |
PT3 | 2.2 | 2,0 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 | |
PT6 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.3 | |
LSD | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
RSG (%) | RRG (%) | GI (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cress | TP0 | 101 | 86 | 87 |
TP3 | 94 | 87 | 82 | |
TP6 | 102 | 78 | 82 | |
LSD | 11 | 24 | 24 | |
Radish | TP0 | 96 | 118 | 113 |
TP3 | 102 | 113 | 115 | |
TP6 | 106 | 118 | 125 | |
LSD | 7 | 17 | 20 |
Pile | OM | N | C/N | NH4+-N | NO3−-N | P | K | Ca | Mg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(g kg−1) | (g kg−1) | (mg kg−1) | (mg kg−1) | ---------- (g kg−1) ------------ | |||||
PT0 | 860 | 22.8 | 21 | 84.1 | 239.7 | 4.3 | 24.5 | 6.7 | 2.3 |
PT3 | 884 | 21.7 | 23 | 279.7 | 96.2 | 3.5 | 20.9 | 6.6 | 2.1 |
PT6 | 869 | 21.7 | 22 | 221.8 | 71.4 | 3.5 | 24.9 | 5.3 | 2.2 |
Pile | B | Cu | Zn | Pb | Cd | Cr | Ni | Hg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg kg−1) | (mg kg−1) | (mg kg−1) | (mg kg−1) | (mg kg−1) | (mg kg−1) | (mg kg−1) | (mg kg−1) | |
PT0 | 24.0 | 46.9 | 21.8 | 0.27 | 0.11 | 1.85 | 0.66 | 0.003 |
PT3 | 22.9 | 45.7 | 20.7 | 0.28 | 0.15 | 1.88 | 0.64 | 0.003 |
PT6 | 25.2 | 38.7 | 23.3 | 0.31 | 0.12 | 4.93 | 1.52 | 0.003 |
*LVR | - | 100 | 200 | 100 | 0.7 | 100 | 50 | 0.7 |
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Pinto, R.; Correia, C.; Mourão, I.; Moura, L.; Brito, L.M. Composting Waste from the White Wine Industry. Sustainability 2023, 15, 3454. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043454
Pinto R, Correia C, Mourão I, Moura L, Brito LM. Composting Waste from the White Wine Industry. Sustainability. 2023; 15(4):3454. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043454
Chicago/Turabian StylePinto, Rui, Cláudia Correia, Isabel Mourão, Luísa Moura, and Luis Miguel Brito. 2023. "Composting Waste from the White Wine Industry" Sustainability 15, no. 4: 3454. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043454