Mindfulness Abilities Are Associated with Anxiety Levels, Emotional Intelligence, and Perceived Self-Efficacy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Measures
2.4.1. Mindfulness (Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory-14)
2.4.2. State-Trait Anxiety
2.4.3. Emotional Intelligence (Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24)
2.4.4. General Self-Efficacy
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Sample Size Estimation
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Results for the Whole Sample
3.2. Differences between Sexes in Levels of Mindfulness, Anxiety, Emotional Intelligence, and General Perceived Self-Efficacy
3.3. Relationship between Mindfulness and Anxiety Levels, Emotional Intelligence, and General Perceived Self-Efficacy among Females and Males
4. Discussion
4.1. Relationship between Sex and Study Variables
4.2. Relationship between Anxiety and Mindfulness
4.3. Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Mindfulness
4.4. Relationship between General Perceived Self-Efficacy and Mindfulness
4.5. Implications for Education
4.6. Limitations and Future Research Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Min. | Max. | Mean (SD) | Cronbach’s α |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mindfulness (FMI-14) | ||||
Attention | 5 | 20 | 13.74 (3.16) | 0.75 |
Self-control | 3 | 12 | 7.13 (2.25) | 0.72 |
Acceptance | 4 | 16 | 10.16 (2.87) | 0.75 |
Self-perception | 2 | 8 | 5.14 (1.61) | 0.56 |
Anxiety (STAI) | ||||
State anxiety | −27 | 24 | −2.38 (11.88) | 0.91 |
Trait anxiety | −17 | 38 | 8.42 (12.57) | 0.92 |
Emotional intelligence (TMMS) | ||||
Emotional attention | 10 | 40 | 27.65 (7.44) | 0.91 |
Emotional clarity | 8 | 40 | 25.92 (6.99) | 0.90 |
Emotional repair | 8 | 40 | 25.46 (6.67) | 0.87 |
General perceived self-efficacy | 10 | 97 | 64.77 (19.61) | 0.95 |
Variables | Females (n = 153) | Males (n = 52) | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
Mindfulness (FMI-14) | ||||
Attention | 13.50 (3.11) | 14.44 (3.22) | −1.86 | 0.064 |
Self-control | 6.79 (2.23) | 8.13 (2.02) | −3.85 *** | <0.001 |
Acceptance | 9.87 (2.82) | 11.02 (2.87) | −2.53 * | 0.012 |
Self-perception | 5.08 (1.59) | 5.31 (1.68) | −8.86 | 0.377 |
Anxiety (STAI) | ||||
State anxiety | −1.03 (11.36) | −6.35 (12.59) | 2.83 ** | 0.005 |
Trait anxiety | 10.21 (12.19) | 3.15 (12.27) | 3.60 *** | <0.001 |
Emotional intelligence (TMMS) | ||||
Emotional attention | 28.16 (7.06) | 26.15 (8.36) | 1.69 | 0.093 |
Emotional clarity | 25.60 (7.11) | 26.87 (6.61) | −1.13 | 0.261 |
Emotional repair | 25.23 (6.53) | 26.15 (7.09) | −0.86 | 0.389 |
General perceived self-efficacy | 64.52 (18.82) | 65.50 (21.94) | −0.31 | 0.755 |
Independent Variables | B | CI (95%) | β | SE | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||||
FMI-14 Attention (r2 = 0.447) | ||||||
Trait anxiety | −0.076 | −0.117 | −0.035 | −0.297 | 0.021 | <0.001 |
TMMS Emotional attention | 0.082 | 0.025 | 0.140 | 0.187 | 0.029 | 0.006 |
TMMS Emotional repair | 0.141 | 0.064 | 0.217 | 0.296 | 0.039 | <0.001 |
General perceived self-efficacy | 0.035 | 0.010 | 0.061 | 0.214 | 0.013 | 0.007 |
FMI-14 Self-control (r2 = 0.327) | ||||||
Trait anxiety | −0.045 | −0.073 | −0.016 | −0.244 | 0.015 | 0.003 |
TMMS Emotional repair | 0.137 | 0.083 | 0.191 | 0.402 | 0.027 | <0.001 |
FMI-14 Acceptance (r2 = 0.381) | ||||||
Trait anxiety | −0.041 | −0.076 | −0.006 | −0.179 | 0.018 | 0.021 |
TMMS Emotional repair | 0.217 | 0.151 | 0.282 | 0.502 | 0.033 | <0.001 |
FMI-14 Self-perception (r2 = 0.089) | ||||||
General perceived self-efficacy | 0.025 | 0.012 | 0.038 | 0.298 | 0.007 | <0.001 |
Independent Variables | B | CI (95%) | β | SE | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||||
FMI-14 Attention (r2 = 0.469) | ||||||
State anxiety | −0.075 | −0.132 | −0.0185 | −0.292 | 0.028 | 0.011 |
TMMS Emotional repair | 0.240 | 0.139 | 0.341 | 0.529 | 0.050 | <0.001 |
FMI-14 Self-control (r2 = 0.510) | ||||||
Trait anxiety | −0.067 | −0.104 | −0.030 | −0.406 | 0.018 | 0.001 |
TMMS Emotional repair | 0.123 | 0.059 | 0.187 | 0.432 | 0.032 | <0.001 |
FMI-14 Acceptance (r2 = 0.439) | ||||||
TMMS Emotional repair | 0.269 | 0.182 | 0.355 | 0.663 | 0.043 | <0.001 |
FMI-14 Self-perception (r2 = 0.316) | ||||||
TMMS Emotional repair | 0.133 | 0.077 | 0.188 | 0.562 | 0.028 | <0.001 |
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Martínez-Pérez, I.; García-Rodríguez, A.; Morales-Rodríguez, F.M.; Pérez-Mármol, J.M. Mindfulness Abilities Are Associated with Anxiety Levels, Emotional Intelligence, and Perceived Self-Efficacy. Sustainability 2023, 15, 4729. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064729
Martínez-Pérez I, García-Rodríguez A, Morales-Rodríguez FM, Pérez-Mármol JM. Mindfulness Abilities Are Associated with Anxiety Levels, Emotional Intelligence, and Perceived Self-Efficacy. Sustainability. 2023; 15(6):4729. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064729
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartínez-Pérez, Inés, Almudena García-Rodríguez, Francisco Manuel Morales-Rodríguez, and José Manuel Pérez-Mármol. 2023. "Mindfulness Abilities Are Associated with Anxiety Levels, Emotional Intelligence, and Perceived Self-Efficacy" Sustainability 15, no. 6: 4729. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064729