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Article

Spatial Evolution of Traditional Village Dwellings in Heilongjiang Province

by
Qiao Wang
1,2,
Wenwen Liu
1 and
Liang Mao
1,*
1
College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
2
Suzhou Gold Mantis Landscaping Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2023, 15(6), 5330; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065330
Submission received: 8 February 2023 / Revised: 10 March 2023 / Accepted: 13 March 2023 / Published: 17 March 2023
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Heilongjiang Province belongs to the temperate continental monsoon climate. The special climatic conditions have resulted in the creation of unique traditional dwellings, which is a field worth studying. In order to study the spatial form of the traditional village dwellings in Heilongjiang Province, we conducted field research, administered a questionnaire survey, and mapped the traditional village dwellings in the region from the 1950s to the 1990s. Through field visits to the village of Aihui and other villages, conversations with the masses, and field measurements of the local traditional dwellings, we summarized the development and evolution process of the traditional village dwellings in Heilongjiang Province. With the support of materials and data, this paper discusses the evolution process of the traditional village dwellings from the aspects of housing, space, material, heating, and so on. With the development of the economy, the population is gradually outflowing, which has resulted in housing problems, which are particularly prominent. The speed at which traditional villages are disappearing is also striking. According to official statistics, an average of 1.6 traditional villages disappears every day in China. In order to curb this phenomenon, reasonable suggestions are put forward on issues such as heritage protection and cultural industry development to provide a reference for follow-up research on the traditional village dwellings in Heilongjiang Province.

1. Introduction

Heilongjiang is a province of immigrants that dates back to the Han dynasty, when there was a large influx of refugees into the northeastern region in the event of war [1]. According to records, in the 268-year history of the Qing dynasty, various disasters occurred in Shandong Province alone, reaching a total of 2385. The frequency of disasters further promoted the influx of large numbers of people from Shandong into the northeast [2]. According to statistics, the composition of the influx of people into the northeast region was mainly composed of people from Shandong Province, followed by people from Hebei Province and Henan Province. The influx of immigrants contributed to the development of culture in the northeast, and especially in “clothing, food, housing and transportation” [3]. The spread of advanced production technologies and the integration of culture contributed to the development of a farming civilization in the region, and to the formation and development of traditional villages [4].
Traditional villages first evolved from “ancient villages.” With the development of society and the acceleration of urbanization, ancient villages are gradually disappearing. To impose an emphasis on ancient villages, the state has issued relevant resolutions to transform “ancient villages” into “traditional villages,” and it has conducted multiangle and multilevel research on the protection of traditional villages [5]. Traditional villages are rich in intangible cultural heritage, natural tourism resources, unique historical and cultural deposits, and traditional village dwellings integrated with the natural environment [6]. According to official statistics, there are now between 500 million and 600 million permanent residents in rural areas. The 19th CPC National Congress proposed “implementing the rural revitalization strategy,” which provides opportunities and challenges for traditional villages to achieve sustainable development, which is of great strategic significance for economic and social development [7]. In particular, the strategy plays a sustainable role in the development of social, economic, and ecological issues.
Located in the extreme northeast of China, Heilongjiang Province has a temperate continental monsoon climate and is the province with the lowest temperature in China. The winters are long, cold, and dry in Heilongjiang, and they last for a long time, sometimes reaching five months in duration. It is especially cold from November to January, when the average temperature ranges from −15 °C to −35 °C, which also makes the agricultural civilization in Heilongjiang unique. Heilongjiang is different from the southern region, which has two crops a year. Heilongjiang cultivates once a year, yielding one crop per year. The cold temperatures have also influenced the formation of the traditional village dwellings in Heilongjiang Province. Specifically, more consideration has been given to issues such as keeping warm during house construction, and the thickness of the dwelling walls is different from those in other regions. Heilongjiang has 57.44% of the country’s black land, which is a very high possession. The black land has promoted the development of agricultural civilization in Heilongjiang Province, and it is what makes it a national commodity grain base. The high grain output has also affected the development of the traditional village dwellings in Heilongjiang Province, and especially in the construction of courtyards, where barns are set aside for grain storage and large spaces are used for grain-drying. The short history and late development of Heilongjiang Province have resulted in its small number of native residents, who are mostly immigrants, and have promoted the cultural development of the immigrants and the unique spatial form of the traditional village dwellings in the region. In particular, the traditional rural dwellings in Shandong Province have similarities to those in Heilongjiang Province. However, due to the relatively late development of the history and culture of Heilongjiang, and the fact that the province is mainly a plain area that is susceptible to urban and rural development, few traditional villages remain. According to official statistics, among the six batches of the traditional village survey, a total of twenty-six traditional villages in Heilongjiang are included on the list of Chinese traditional villages, accounting for a relatively low proportion in China. The specific distribution is shown in the table below (Table 1).
With a total area of 473,000 square kilometers, Heilongjiang has been a wilderness since ancient times. Coupled with climatic conditions and other factors, the population of Heilongjiang is lower than that of the Central Plains. Heilongjiang Province contains four river systems and three great plains. The unique climatic conditions and ecological environment have contributed to the vast fertile land and sparse population in Heilongjiang Province, and they have also cast the unique characteristics of the traditional village layout. The overall textural layout of Heilongjiang’s traditional villages can be roughly divided into four categories: the group type, street type, stripe type, and scattered type. Among them, striped and scattered are the most common village layout forms of Heilongjiang traditional villages [8]. Heilongjiang is located in a high-latitude area, the sunshine time is longer, and the solar radiation is greater. The building construction takes full advantage of the sunshine, and the layout form is loose, allowing as much sunshine into the main building as possible and heating the widest possible surface [9]. The traditional villages in Heilongjiang have the unique features of northern villages. The typical residential buildings are adobe, brick, and tile. Most of them face the south to meet the needs of heating and lighting. Due to the long and cold winters, the natural light cannot provide enough heat energy for indoor spaces in winter, and so the kang and fire wall play an extremely important role in the traditional dwellings in Heilongjiang villages. They are also the main heating facilities to keep the residents warm in the winter. In addition, the locations of the kang and fire wall also affect the layout of the entire indoor space. To this day, fire kangs are still used in Heilongjiang villages. Heilongjiang is an area in which many ethnic groups are concentrated in the north. Through thousands of years of historical change and baptism, the integration of multiethnic culture has played an important role in the development of the village residences in Heilongjiang. The traditional village dwellings in Heilongjiang Province are not only important historical sites, but they are also worthy of the consideration of future generations for their architectural consciousness and construction wisdom in resisting the cold climate [10].
This paper takes the traditional village dwellings in Heilongjiang Province as the main research object. The research scope mainly covers the evolution process of the traditional village dwellings in Heilongjiang Province, from the founding of the People’s Republic of China to the 21st century, and from the “adobe house” to “dwellings with a brick wall” to the “all-brick house,” as well as the change in the house structure, from 40 square meters to 70 square meters at the beginning, to over 100 square meters now. Finally, the renewal of building materials and the application of kang and firewall facilities are introduced in detail. We also confirm the benefits introduced by economic and social development, as well as the substantive problems faced by traditional villages. The research scope covers all the traditional villages in Heilongjiang Province. Through in-depth village surveys and visits, a large number of traditional village dwellings were surveyed. Finally, the most representative traditional village dwellings in Heilongjiang Province were selected as the research object, and the evolution process of their spatial form was summarized by means of chronological classification and induction.

2. Literature Review

The “dwelling house” originated from the Book of Rites System of Kings in the Western Han dynasty. The ancients believed that there were two types of dwelling houses. The first type was the residential buildings of the folk, and the second type mainly included residential groups rather than single independent buildings. With the development of society, the term “traditional residence” began to appear, and the main body was summarized as the ancient buildings inherited from history and the residential folk buildings on which the people depended for survival. As early as the 1930s, authoritative scholars began to discuss this research field [11]. With economic progress, the development of traditional dwellings gradually emerged. The decline of traditional dwellings is a common problem in the world, and many European countries are also facing the same dilemma. Today, with rapid social and environmental development, this problem is especially acute. The massive loss of the population has accelerated the extinction of traditional dwellings [12].
Traditional residences cover the fields of “art, economy, society, history, humanities, folk customs,” and so on. Exploring the development of traditional residential houses is of great practical significance for heritage protection. In today’s world, architectural heritage is faced with the impact of natural disasters, artificial and unconscious restoration, destruction caused by war, excessive tourism development, and other problems. If the spread of such behaviors is not stopped in time, then traditional residential buildings will eventually die out. The development of traditional dwellings is a common issue of the international community [13]. Since the Venice Charter was proposed in 1964, the protection and maintenance of architectural heritage has been a global topic. With continuous development, the scope of architectural heritage protection has expanded from historical buildings to local buildings, which is substantial progress in terms of traditional residential houses and has historical significance [14].
International research on traditional dwellings began in the 19th century, and Mies began to study traditional courtyard-style dwellings in the 1930s. The architectural principles of early traditional dwellings had great similarities to those promoted by Dutch structuralist architects [15]. In the 1960s and 1970s, structuralism was proposed by Dwig Wittgenstein [16]. The Dutch structuralist architectural concept triggered by structuralist thought played an important role in the development of residential houses after the war. In the 1960s, in the Western world, due to the decline of the modern movement at the same time, architectural designers began to return to the traditional sense of the research. In 1968, the term “vernacular architecture” began to appear. Rudolfsky famously proposed the topic “architecture without an architect” at the Museum of Modern Art in 1964 [17]. In the 21st century, the research on traditional dwellings has continued to develop, among which the Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review (TDSR) and the meeting of the International Association for Traditional Environmental Research (IASTE) have achieved remarkable results, which are of landmark significance to the international architecture community. In the New Zealand Charter revised in 2010, heritage protection and restoration are specifically emphasized, with less intervention in the preservation process to ensure the continuation of cultural values. In the process of stable development, the architectural heritage should be regularly maintained to ensure its long-term continuation. In terms of restoration, the unity of the materials should be ensured so that the cultural value is not destroyed. The issue of heritage protection is an issue of long-term development, which requires an adherence to the principle of sustainable development to ensure that architectural heritage and economic and social development are balanced.
Consulting the relevant professional literature provided a new understanding of traditional folk houses. Works such as “Local Seismic Culture in Iranian Vernacular Architecture: Evidence from Yazd Earthen Architecture” and “Earthen Architecture in the Iberian Peninsula: A Portrait of Vulnerability, Sustainability and Conservation” taught us about various parts of the world, such as some countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas. We conducted in-depth research on and an exploration of local vernacular architectures, with a focus on Argentina, Spain, Iran, Mali, and Nigeria (such as Iran’s earthen buildings mainly made of adobe in Yazd City. These papers discuss them from the perspectives of materials, climate, architectural spatial structure, wall thickness, and so on. Iran is located in the Mediterranean–Indonesia volcanic earthquake zone, and so the design and later maintenance of the buildings reflect the earthquake-proof elements [18]. The Iberian Peninsula of Spain, which is located in the southwest of Europe, consists of great plains and mountains, which directly influence the characteristics of the local earthen architecture. The research describes the earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula mainly through the analysis and research of the material, region, heritage protection, and other fields [19]). Through the focuses of these two papers, we gained a deeper understanding of architectural heritage, and the relevant literature is comprehensive and clear. However, the detailed research in these papers lacks the introduction of the culture of traditional residential houses. The intrinsic value of traditional residential houses needs to be reflected from cultural aspects, as every place has its own unique traditional culture. The protection of culture should not only pursue its solid value, but should also pay attention to the intangible cultural heritage. The local characteristic culture is the living soul of traditional folk houses. Through the understanding and absorption of these papers in the process of writing this one, the connotation of Heilongjiang traditional culture gradually emerged, and especially the degree of the influence of immigrant culture on the province. In the process of heritage protection, we should not only unilaterally pursue its essence, but also comprehensively consider the issues to achieve economic and social sustainability [20,21].

3. Methodology

The rigorous methodology followed to meet the objectives was organized into four main actions:
-
Technical Level: Step 1. A total of 26 traditional villages in Heilongjiang Province were selected by taking into consideration various factors, such as the climatic conditions, mountainous regions, preservation of traditional dwellings, ecological environment, historical culture, and intangible cultural heritage. By means of a field investigation, questionnaire survey, surveying and mapping, and field visits, we analyzed the status quo and development process of the traditional villages in Heilongjiang Province. By combing the traditional dwellings from the 1950s to the 1990s, the development and evolution process of the traditional dwellings were summarized, and the actual problems faced by the traditional villages were expressed.
-
Technical Level: Step 2. Through the field survey, the mapping of the 26 traditional villages, and actual conversations with the local people, we gained a general understanding of the actual development of the traditional village dwellings in Heilongjiang Province, and mainly the development and evolution process of the “adobe house,” “one-side greenhouse,” “all-brick house,” and the house materials, from the original local materials to the brick and wood structures in the 1980s and 1990s. All reflect the sustainability of economic development.
-
Technical Level: Step 3. On the basis of the 26 traditional villages, we made a key field survey of “Aihui Village,” “Kunhe Village,” and “Jinxing Village.” Through a detailed survey of and visits to the three villages, it was found that the adobe houses of the 1950s and 1960s are still retained in the villages, and that most of them are now uninhabited. Through the surveying and mapping of the house structures and by searching the historical data of the village, the basic characteristics and forms of the traditional dwellings in the 1950s and 1960s were learned. Most of the materials used were reeds and clay, and the house areas were about 40 square meters. The house structures were simple, only meeting the basic needs of life. In the process of visiting the “one-side green” houses from the 1970s, we learned that there are quite a lot them in the village, and that they are inhabited. With the understanding and permission of the owners, the internal and external structures of the houses were mapped. Through data sorting, we concluded that the external styles and internal structures of the houses made progress in the 1970s. The area reached about 70 square meters from the original 40 square meters. The “red brick material” began to appear in the houses in the 1970s, which marked substantial progress in the development of traditional folk houses. Finally, through field research on the traditional dwellings in the 1980s and 1990s, it was learned that they are mostly preserved and inhabited. Through conversations with the owners, it was learned that the houses from the 1980s and 1990s are of the “brick and wood structure” and have basic similarities with the forms of houses after 2000. Through field mapping and by summarizing the information, the understanding of the housing areas and structures was further updated. With the development of the economy, the materials of traditional dwellings are constantly being updated, reflecting the sustainability brought about by the economy.
-
Technical Level: Step 4. Through a field investigation and visits to traditional villages in Heilongjiang Province, a general understanding of the traditional folk houses in the region was obtained. By collecting survey data and sorting out the development of the village culture, the village development vein was roughly sorted out. This paper discusses the evolution process of the traditional village dwellings in Heilongjiang Province from the perspectives of the house style and structure, materials, and heating facilities. In addition, the problems in the process of development are discussed and studied.

4. Spatial Analysis of Traditional Village Architecture

4.1. Courtyard and Building Space Evolution of Traditional Village Dwellings

From the 1950s to the 1990s, the traditional village dwellings in Heilongjiang were updated in terms of the courtyards and interior spaces. The updates to the interior spaces mainly included the location of the kitchen, the location of the heated kang and heated wall, the division of the function zone, and the arrangement of the furnishings. The updates to the courtyard space mainly included the composition of the courtyard functions.
The layout of the traditional villages in Heilongjiang is mainly courtyard-style, which evolved from the absorption of the culture of the Central Plains and has constantly been adapted to the climate conditions over hundreds of years. The traditional folk buildings in Heilongjiang pay more attention to insulation and cold protection, and they are different from those in other regions in terms of the building pattern and layout characteristics [22]. In terms of the layout of the traditional folk buildings in the Heilongjiang villages, the plane is generally rectangular, with a long longitude and short transverse. Residences are located in the north of the courtyard and include a main room, wing room, and ancillary rooms. The unique courtyard scale was gradually formed with the layout characteristics. Some Heilongjiang village dwellings are divided into front and back yards, which is mainly because the courtyard is narrow and deep. The courtyard is divided into front and back sections, which are connected in turn. The whole courtyard is composed of a “front yard” (including left- and right-wing rooms), “inner yard” (including a main room and left- and right-wing rooms), “backyard” (including a rear main room and left- and right-wing rooms), and “gatebuilding” (including the gate building and its left- and right-wing rooms) [23]. In terms of the selection of materials for the courtyard, most of them are local materials, which are generally wood (fences), bushes, or masonry (walls) [24].
(1)
From the 1950s to the 1960s, the layout of the courtyard was simple. It contained a principal room, subordinate room, courtyard gate, and courtyard walls (Table 2). The layout of the buildings was relatively simple, composed of the bedroom and kitchen. They were divided into two kinds: (1) with the entrance into the bedroom through the kitchen, which was the primary form of “the two rooms” at that time, with the village of Aihui as an example (Type 1 in Table 2); (2) with “the three rooms.” The rooms to the left and right are the bedrooms, with Aihui Village as an example (Type 2 in Table 2). This plan is the main form of “the three rooms” layout. The kitchen, which is the daily living space, was the most important space connecting to the bedrooms, and it was also a source of heat for the heated kang and walls [25]. In this period, due to the increase in family members, the kitchen hearth was divided into an east hearth and west hearth, providing heat for the heated kang and the heated walls of the two bedrooms. The principal room of the village dwellings is called “one-light and two-dark,” and it was furnished with a large wardrobe, a closet on the kang, a square table, and so on. Most of the residents placed wooden closets on the south or north heated kang to store clothes and quilts [26] (Table 2).
(2)
In the 1970s, the “dwelling with a brick wall” was not different from the adobe building in terms of the layout and heating system, except that there was an extra decoration on the south facade. Kunhe Village is an example (Table 3). In the 1950s–1960s, the heated kangs were mostly located in the north or south of the rooms. To accommodate more family members, some residents changed the location of the heated kang. However, in the 1970s, some residents abandoned the south heated kang and only kept the north one, which provided a more relaxed space for the bedroom. The layout did not change dramatically [27]. However, the investigation showed that the kitchen space was reduced. The right and the left bedroom shared one hearth in the kitchen to provide heat. The reduction in the kitchen space meant more space for the bedrooms. It can be concluded that the residents’ demand for living space and energy conservation increased (Table 3).
(3)
In the 1980s–1990s, the layout of the buildings was adjusted based on the original layouts: “the two rooms” and “the three rooms.” Residents paid more attention to the bedroom space, indoor storage space, living space, and bathroom. They divided and merged the spaces based on the buildings’ width units. The layout was more flexible. The residents gradually tore down the traditional north or south kang and replaced it with “the waist kang,” which was not close to the outer wall, or “the suspended kang,” which was energy-efficient and flexible (Figure 1) (Type 5 and 7 in Table 4). Heat and fuel supplies were easily reduced. The kitchen gradually moved to the north so that the bedrooms received more natural light (Type 5, 6, and 7 in Table 4). In the 1990s, the living room was separated from the bedroom (Type 7 in Table 4). Moreover, hot water flowed through pipes throughout the whole building for heating, which we refer to as the heating (Figure 2). Some of the traditional heated kangs were removed. In the bedroom, the bed took the place of the heated kang. The use of the heating made it so that the residential space no longer depended on the kitchen and heated kang for heat, which made the interior layouts of the buildings more flexible. From the investigation on the planned layout of the traditional village dwellings, the gradual separation of the bedroom from the living room was in line with the future development. Moreover, parts of the buildings were no longer limited to the original village building design but were affected by the design of urban-dwelling buildings [28,29].

4.2. Facade Evolution of Traditional Village Dwellings

The facades of traditional village buildings are mainly affected by the building’s functional layout, door and window forms, roof forms and practices, and building materials. Influenced by the multiethnic culture, the facade forms of the dwellings in Heilongjiang are of great diversity. With the improvements in the living standards and construction technology, the dwelling facades evolved [30].
(1)
In the 1950s–1960s, the building material was generally local, and the dwellings were mostly adobe. Aihui Village, which is a village of Korean nationality, is an example (Figure 3). The traditional village dwellings paid no attention to the aesthetics of the facades, which were limited by the adobe materials. As the roof-bearing structure, the wooden frame was covered with a few layers of thick reed grass to preserve heat and resist water, instead of making use of suspended ceilings. The wooden window area was large in the building to meet the need for winter lighting [31].
(2)
In the 1970s, to enhance the aesthetic appearance of the adobe dwellings, residents added brick walls to the south walls of the buildings, which we call “dwellings with a brick wall.” In such a way, the heat preservation ability was also increased. Tile was used as the roofing material. Most of the wood windows were painted with blue paint, which also enhanced the aesthetic appearance of the buildings. Kunhe Village is an example (Figure 4).
(3)
In the 1980s–1990s, the village production modes were not wholly dependent on agriculture, and the residents’ living standards increased. Hence, their demands for the living functions, living conditions, and aesthetic appearances of the dwellings also increased. Buildings appeared that were made entirely of bricks. For this kind of building, the exterior wall was 490 mm thick with clay brick. There were cement tiles or galvanized iron tiles on the trusses, as well as suspended ceilings indoors (Figure 5). A layer of insulation was formed between the interior space and the roof. The suspended ceilings were also covered with 300 mm of plant ash, sawdust, etc., to increase the thermal insulation effect. These measures increased the insulation of the buildings.
In the late 1990s, residents began to use colored steel roofing, EPS board, and other materials, as well as plastic–steel doors and windows. More attention was paid to the decoration of the facades of the buildings, which was often realized by using patterned decorative and geometric patterns. The building and roofing materials were regularly updated and evolving (Figure 6).

4.3. Influences of Heating System and Construction Measures on Spatial Morphological Evolution

The weather in Heilongjiang Province is cold, and thus people pay special attention to staying warm in the construction of folk buildings, which has formed the living space characteristics of the village folk buildings with Heilongjiang characteristics. From the point of view of the residential plane, generally three main rooms are more common, but there are other types of indoor layouts. In the interior space layout of the traditional dwellings in the Heilongjiang villages, the “kang” is the most distinctive element and plays an irreplaceable role in heating the whole interior space. The “Fire Kang” has a history of thousands of years in Northeast China. The cooker connects the inner kang, which is commonly known as “fire” [32,33].
From the perspective of the construction technology of residential buildings, the traditional residences in the Heilongjiang villages mostly adopted hard hill-style roofs, which allowed the snow to slide down in the winter, and also played a role in protection from the cold. In order to resist the northwest wind, the walls were also thickened. The north wall is the thickest, followed by the south wall, with the thickness between 500 mm and 420 mm. The thickened walls can resist the cold wind, but the roof cannot be too thick. In the early adobe buildings, the roof was laid with several layers of straw to resist the cold wind, while in the later period, the roof was made of single-layer tiles, which have poor heat insulation and make an important impact on the indoor temperature. Therefore, in order to achieve the purpose of indoor heat preservation, residents set the ceiling so that the ceiling and roof frame formed a separation layer, and insulation materials (such as grass, wood ash, straw, sawdust, etc.) were laid on the ceiling to block the cold air to maintain the indoor temperature. The wall of fire is a kind of heating facility that was originally invented by the Manchu people. The wall of fire is connected to the stove, and it is no different from an ordinary indoor dividing wall in appearance. Bricks can be drawn out on the wall to clean up the ashes inside. The wall of fire has the characteristic of large heat dissipation. The heat dissipation area accounts for a large part of the indoor area, and so there is less ash and soil and the temperature is more average. Moreover, the location and size of the wall of fire can be set according to the indoor layout, which has a certain flexibility [34].
(1)
Winter in Heilongjiang is long, cold, and dry, with the average temperature ranging from −15 °C to −35 °C, and the lowest temperature in some areas of Heilongjiang reaching −50 °C. In the 1950s and 1960s, the main forms of housing in Heilongjiang were adobe buildings, and the heating method in the winter was mainly ondol, which was called “a fire” by the residents of Heilongjiang villages, which means that ondol was used to both heat and cook. The structure of a kang is mainly composed of a stove, the kang body, and a chimney. Agricultural and forestry waste gas is the main energy source for cooking and heating in family daily life, including wood slats, corn stalks, corn cobs, and other agricultural residues. In traditional homes in Heilongjiang villages, agricultural and forestry waste is often burned in traditional stoves to generate a large heat source for cooking and indoor heating [35]. Darkness comes early in winter in Heilongjiang, and so the average family eats two meals: one at 7:00 a.m. for breakfast and the other at 4:00 p.m. for supper. The heat from making two meals provides indoor heating for the whole day. The indoor temperatures drop as the sun sets, both in the bedroom and the kitchen. However, the adobe building material has good air permeability and a better humidity control effect. In the location layout of the fire wall and kang, the two walls that connect the stove with the kitchen as the center is the fire wall location, and the kang is attached to the fire wall layout. In the early period, most of the kangs were in the north and south, and so the number of stoves was large, ranging from two to four. Kang materials are mostly adobe, most of which can be locally sourced. Considering the geographical location and climatic conditions of Heilongjiang Province, the kang is the most suitable heating facility, and even for Northeast China as well [35].
(2)
In the 1970s, the heating method of all brick and wood buildings was the same as that of adobe buildings. Some families added small steel coal stoves indoors to increase the indoor temperature. In the 1980s and 1990s, new materials and components were gradually used to increase the heating property in residential buildings, such as EPS polystyrene board, double-layer plastic–steel glass windows, iron-clad doors, galvanized iron sheet tiles on the roof, and color steel tiles. In terms of the ceilings, the original oil paper was replaced with wood, and for the insulation layer, the original grass and wood ash were replaced with a perlite insulation layer. By providing heat for the heated bed and heating system, the insulation performance was improved. New breakthroughs were made in the type of ondol, and the original north–south kang was replaced by the “waist kang” and “hanging kang.” The change in the ondol type depended on the change in the indoor space layout to a certain extent. The “hanging kang” and “waist kang” also reduced contact with the outer wall, achieved heat preservation, reduced the amount of heating supplies, and complemented the spatial layout.

5. Discussion

Chinese agricultural civilization originated in the Stone Age, and it has been cultivated for thousands of years. Traditional agricultural forms have contributed to the development and formation of traditional villages. Traditional villages are the product of social progress and economic development. They have high historical value and are the fruits of human social progress [36]. With the development of reform and the opening up, a large number of farmers left the land and moved to the cities. According to official statistics, before the reform and opening up, China’s urbanization rate only accounted for 20% of the total. With the promulgation of the policy, urban fringe villages began to relocate and became integrated into the scope of urban planning, which further promoted the demise of traditional villages. By 2007, China’s urbanization rate had reached 45% [37]. The rapid economic growth promoted the population transfer. According to the results of seven national population surveys, the urbanization rate in 1953 was only 13.26%. By 2020, according to data from the seventh National Population Survey, the urbanization rate had surpassed that of rural areas at 63.89%. With the continuous urbanization of the population, problems such as the decline in the proportion of the total population of villages and vacant houses have begun to appear in rural areas, which is resulting in their “hollowing out” and has a huge impact on their maintenance. In particular, many traditional dwellings have been uninhabited for a long time and appear deserted and dilapidated, which is a huge loss to traditional culture [38]. How to continue and develop traditional villages is worth thinking about.
The sustainable development of traditional village residences is an important means of regional cultural inheritance. The sustainability of the traditional dwellings has promoted their evolution in the villages. With the continuous development of the natural environment and social economy, the spatial form of the traditional village dwellings in Heilongjiang Province is constantly changing [39]. Economic development is the primary premise to promote the evolution of traditional village residences. The development of the traditional village dwellings in Heilongjiang can be roughly divided into three stages. The first stage was from the founding of New China to the end of the 1960s, when rural living standards were relatively backward and housing construction paid more attention to local materials to ensure basic living needs. The second stage was after the 1970s, when the renewal of building materials promoted the evolution of traditional village architecture. “One side green” began to appear, and buildings paid more attention to warmth. In the third stage, with the acceleration of reform and the opening up, the transformation of the rural industrial structure took place, as well as a gradual improvement in the living standards of farmers. All-brick residential buildings began to appear, building materials became rich, building construction paid more attention to comfort and beauty, and the building area also changed from more than 30 square meters in the 1950s and 1960s to more than 70 square meters. The housing structure became more complex, and privacy and practical considerations were given more consideration. In the 21st century, farmers’ living standards made qualitative leaps, and their requirements for housing gradually increased. Ten years later, the building broke away from the traditional concept, and the overall building area reached about 100 square meters. Both the external construction and interior decoration tended to be more urban. The evolution of the traditional village dwellings in Heilongjiang Province was a process of adapting to nature and is a reflection of the sustainability of the economic development [40]. The traditional village residences are the product of social and historical development and the precious wealth left by the times, and they are also witnesses to social progress [41].
The development of traditional villages not only focuses on static protection, but it also excavates their deep cultural value. In the process of the inheritance and protection of traditional villages, emphasis should be placed on the protection of cultural heritage and traditional village dwellings, which are the witnesses of the times and history, and of the inseparable traces of the traditional village development [42]. The current protection of traditional villages should follow the principles of integrity, the comprehensive consideration of problems, diversified ecological maintenance, and sustainability. The development of the traditional villages in Heilongjiang Province started relatively late. Complete villages exist and are scattered around Songhua River, Mudan River, Qiqihar, Heihe, and other places. The traditional villages in Heilongjiang have suffered severe population losses, such as Dongtumo Village in Daqing, which is composed of three natural villages: Dongtumo Tun, Hugele Qiantun, and Hugele Houtun. With a total of 520 households in the village, the population is low. Located in Yichun, Shengli Village has 43 households and only 147 people. Shunqiao Village, which is located in Mudanjiang, only has about 270 households and a cultivated land area of 1524 mu, which is truly vast and sparsely populated. Aihui Village, which is located in Aihui, Heihe, has about 130 households and only 320 permanent residents. Through the data on the four villages, it is not difficult to see that population loss is the common problem of all the traditional villages. The decreases in the village populations represent the acceleration of village extinction. However, in the process of the development of the traditional villages, and especially under the premise of rapid economic development, unreasonable village planning occurred in the late stage, which caused damage to their original layout structure and the disorderly demolition, construction, and renovation of houses. What is more disappointing is that “cultural loss” occurred in the development of traditional villages, and especially in the construction of houses. Traditional dwellings were demolished and newly built houses destroyed their pattern and form, making them more incompatible in terms of layout and shape. This is a fatal blow to the development of traditional villages [43]. Traditional villages are the testimony of an era. How do we develop traditional villages in the process of protection? The following recommendations are made:
First, we must strengthen the protection of the traditional village dwellings in Heilongjiang Province, as well as constantly improve their protection criteria. The sustainable development and protection of traditional villages need financial and policy support [44].
Second, we must reverse the situation of the “hollowing out” of traditional villages and maintain the traditional dwellings in uninhabited villages. Combined with the local natural environment, we should vigorously develop the tertiary industry, improve the income levels of local residents, and realize, utilize, and maintain traditional villages.
Third, we must vigorously develop cultural and educational undertakings to improve people’s awareness of traditional villages [44].
Fourth, we must establish civil groups with a focus on the development of historical, cultural, and economic value to promote the development of the cultural industry in Heilongjiang Province.
Fifth, led by the government, joint research groups, and indigenous village residents, we must work out a long-term research plan that is suitable for the development of the traditional villages in Heilongjiang [45].
Sixth, a special phenomenon was found through consulting the materials. The development of tourism resources in traditional villages is generally divided according to three village situations: (1) traditional villages near the sea; (2) traditional villages near mountain forests; and (3) traditional villages with unique cultures that absorb foreign visitors. Therefore, the best way to create value is to develop heritage, which not only plays a role in maintaining traditional culture, but also in spreading it [46].
According to official statistics, the number of traditional villages decreased from 9707 in 2004 to 5709 in 2010, with an average annual decline of 7.3 percent. A total of 1.6 traditional villages disappear every day [47]. Traditional villages are the cultural treasures of the Chinese nation and important witnesses to its historical development. By reviewing the evolution process of traditional village dwellings, we witness the economic development and social progress. Traditional village buildings are a chronicle of China, and they contain the development process of the Chinese nation. They are the best textbooks to educate future generations from both historical and cultural perspectives, and they are witnesses to the transformation to sustainable development in China, and to China’s economic, social, and ecological sustainability.

6. Conclusions

Over the course of historical development, the traditional dwellings in the villages in Heilongjiang Province occupy an important historical position in the history of Chinese architecture, with distinctive regional characteristics and climatic features. With economic development and social progress, people’s living standards have improved, and the living environment has been gradually updated. In addition to meeting the basic living needs of residents, the architectural function pays more attention to architectural aesthetics, quality of life, and spiritual and entertainment needs. Therefore, the architectural spatial layout, building materials, and facades of traditional village dwellings have been updated.
The development of the traditional village dwellings in Heilongjiang Province started late, and the number of existing traditional villages is small. According to the official data, there are 26 traditional villages in Heilongjiang Province, 10 of which are in the Mudanjiang area. The main reason for this is that the Mudanjiang area is mountainous, with a rich natural ecological environment, and it had early historical development with a high population density. This has resulted in the phenomenon of more traditional villages remaining in the Mudanjiang area. With the development of reform and the opening up, the traditional folk houses in the rural areas of Heilongjiang Province changed from “adobe houses” to “dwellings with a brick wall” to “all-brick houses,” and the roofs changed from thick reed–grass roofs in the 1950s and 1960s, to brick roofs in the 1970s, to cement and galvanized tin roofs in the 1980s and 1990s. The whole development process reflects the benefits brought about by sustainable economic development. However, for a long time, in the process of economic development, more attention was paid to material benefits and less to cultural and ecological issues. The lack of rural culture has accelerated the “hollowing out” and “marginalization” of traditional villages. Moreover, due to the private demolition and renovation of houses, they tend towards urbanization and lose the connotation of traditional culture. Therefore, in the process of protecting traditional villages, not only should the solid heritage should be protected, maintained, and passed on, but also the intangible cultural heritage. The sustainability of cultural development is an important part of the development of traditional villages. The traditional villages in Heilongjiang Province are characterized by a unique natural environment and small number of dwellings, which enrich the local cultural connotation and have led to profound historical and cultural deposits. The village pattern and ecological environment are well-preserved, the traditional dwellings have a certain protection value, and the intangible cultural heritage is rich. However, through research and data collection, it was found that rapid economic development leads to population mobility, especially in agricultural provinces such as Heilongjiang, where the population loss is serious. According to the seventh population census, the population of Heilongjiang has decreased by more than 6.46 million people in ten years. According to the data, traditional villages have vast areas and sparse populations (for example, Shunqiao Village in Mudanjiang, Aighui Village in Heihe, etc.), which are unfavorable factors for the development of rural traditional dwellings and cultural inheritance in Heilongjiang. In order to promote the sustainable development of Heilongjiang Province, the economy and culture should undertake a long-term development process, and they should complement each other.
A proper understanding of the development process of the traditional houses in Heilongjiang villages will help us to better inherit their architectural heritage and provide a basis for their further renewal and protection, as well as a theoretical reference for their sustainable development in the future.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, L.M.; Methodology, L.M.; Formal analysis, Q.W.; Investigation, Q.W.; Data curation, W.L.; Writing—original draft, Q.W.; Visualization, W.L.; Project administration, L.M.; Funding acquisition, L.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

Sponsored by the Soft Science Project of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration (Grant No. 2020131018).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The charts and graphs in the article were all created by the author, these data are not publicly available.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. “The suspended kang” (left) and “the waist kang” (right).
Figure 1. “The suspended kang” (left) and “the waist kang” (right).
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Figure 2. The heating.
Figure 2. The heating.
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Figure 3. Facades and roofs of adobe dwellings in Aihui village.
Figure 3. Facades and roofs of adobe dwellings in Aihui village.
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Figure 4. Facades of “dwellings with a brick wall” in Kunhe Village.
Figure 4. Facades of “dwellings with a brick wall” in Kunhe Village.
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Figure 5. Truss and suspended ceiling.
Figure 5. Truss and suspended ceiling.
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Figure 6. Facades and ceiling of brick buildings in Jinxing Village.
Figure 6. Facades and ceiling of brick buildings in Jinxing Village.
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Table
Table 1. List of traditional villages in Heilongjiang Province from batches one through six.
Table 1. List of traditional villages in Heilongjiang Province from batches one through six.
BatchList
First batch1. Funing Tun in Ningnian Village in Qiqihar City
2. Sanjiazi Village in Qiqihar City
Second batch1. New Life Village in Heihe City
Third batch1. Zhenbei Villagein Harbin City2. Jiangxi Village in Mudanjiang City
Fourth batch1. Solun Village in Qiqihar City
Fifth batch1. Bailu Village in Qiqihar City2. Dongtumo Village in Daqing City
3. Shengli Village in Yichun City4. Huashulinlin Village in Yichun City
5. Jiejinkou Village in Jiamusi City6. Shunqiao Village in Mudanjiang City
7. Aigun Village in Heihe City8. Kunhe Village in Heihe City
Sixth batch1. Haradaur Village in Qiqihar City 2. Ermenqin Village in Qiqihar City
3. Badamiao Village in Daqing City4. Jinxing Village in Jiamusi City
5. Hada Village in Mudanjiang City6. Yingshan Village in Mudanjiang City
7. Xiangshui Village in Mudanjiang City8. Waterfall Village in Mudanjiang City
9. Industrious Village in Mudanjiang City10. Shangguandi Village in Mudanjiang City
11. Xiaozhujia Village in Mudanjiang City12. Mingxing Village in Mudanjiang City
Table
Table 2. Dwellings from the 1950s to 1960s.
Table 2. Dwellings from the 1950s to 1960s.
Type 1: Aihui Village Type 2: Aihui Village
The layoutSustainability 15 05330 i001Sustainability 15 05330 i002
The planSustainability 15 05330 i003Sustainability 15 05330 i004
The facadeSustainability 15 05330 i005Sustainability 15 05330 i006
Indoor picturesSustainability 15 05330 i007Sustainability 15 05330 i008
Table
Table 3. Dwellings in the 1970s.
Table 3. Dwellings in the 1970s.
Type 3: Kunhe VillageType 4: Kunhe Village
The layoutSustainability 15 05330 i009Sustainability 15 05330 i010
The planSustainability 15 05330 i011Sustainability 15 05330 i012
The facadeSustainability 15 05330 i013Sustainability 15 05330 i014
Indoor picturesSustainability 15 05330 i015Sustainability 15 05330 i016
Table
Table 4. Dwellings in the 1980s—1990s.
Table 4. Dwellings in the 1980s—1990s.
Type 5: Jinxing VillageType 6: Jinxing VillageType 7: Jinxing Village
The layoutSustainability 15 05330 i017Sustainability 15 05330 i018Sustainability 15 05330 i019
The plan Sustainability 15 05330 i020Sustainability 15 05330 i021Sustainability 15 05330 i022
The facadeSustainability 15 05330 i023Sustainability 15 05330 i024Sustainability 15 05330 i025
Indoor picturesSustainability 15 05330 i026Sustainability 15 05330 i027Sustainability 15 05330 i028
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Wang, Q.; Liu, W.; Mao, L. Spatial Evolution of Traditional Village Dwellings in Heilongjiang Province. Sustainability 2023, 15, 5330. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065330

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Wang Q, Liu W, Mao L. Spatial Evolution of Traditional Village Dwellings in Heilongjiang Province. Sustainability. 2023; 15(6):5330. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065330

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Qiao, Wenwen Liu, and Liang Mao. 2023. "Spatial Evolution of Traditional Village Dwellings in Heilongjiang Province" Sustainability 15, no. 6: 5330. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065330

APA Style

Wang, Q., Liu, W., & Mao, L. (2023). Spatial Evolution of Traditional Village Dwellings in Heilongjiang Province. Sustainability, 15(6), 5330. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065330

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