Analysis on Trade Competition and Complementarity of High-Quality Agricultural Products in Countries along the Belt and Road Initiative
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Methods
2.1.1. The Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) of Agricultural Products
2.1.2. The Export Similarity Index (ESI) of Agricultural Products
2.1.3. The Trade Complementarity Index (TCI) of Agricultural Products
2.2. Data Sources and Explanations
3. Results
3.1. The Competitiveness and Complementarity of the Agricultural Product Trade
3.1.1. Comparative Advantage Analysis of Agricultural Products
3.1.2. Competitive Analysis of the Agricultural Product Trade
3.1.3. Trade Complementarity Analysis of the Agricultural Product Trade
3.2. The Influence Factors of Competitiveness and Complementarity of Agricultural Products
3.2.1. The Influence Factors of Export Competitiveness of Agricultural Products
3.2.2. The Influence Factors of Export Complementarity of Agricultural Products
3.3. Expansion Analysis
3.3.1. Quality Calculation of Agricultural Products
3.3.2. Data Sources and Model Setting
3.3.3. Empirical Results and Analysis
- Baseline Regression
- 2.
- Parallel Trend Test
- 3.
- Placebo Test
- 4.
- Cluster Analysis and Heterogeneity Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Type | Year | China | Central Asia | Northeast Asia | Southeast Asia | South Asia | Central and Eastern Europe | South Asia, Middle East |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Planting industry | 2012 | 0.7771 | 1.8389 | 0.9369 | 0.9620 | 1.4327 | 1.0178 | 1.4210 |
2013 | 0.8074 | 1.8358 | 3.4084 | 0.9450 | 1.3638 | 1.0050 | 1.4050 | |
2014 | 0.7821 | 1.7323 | 0.1342 | 0.9653 | 1.3717 | 1.0212 | 1.4007 | |
2015 | 0.7838 | 1.7729 | 0.5124 | 0.9663 | 1.3596 | 1.0302 | 1.4010 | |
2016 | 0.8056 | 1.7733 | 1.4100 | 0.9704 | 1.3234 | 1.0251 | 1.4045 | |
2017 | 0.8141 | 1.7541 | 0.7945 | 1.0147 | 1.2864 | 0.9940 | 1.3907 | |
2018 | 0.8103 | 1.7989 | 3.7217 | 0.9919 | 1.3284 | 0.9815 | 1.4281 | |
2019 | 0.8452 | 1.7970 | 0.1599 | 0.9793 | 1.3047 | 1.0193 | 1.4724 | |
2020 | 0.8654 | 1.3903 | 0.6009 | 0.9856 | 1.4219 | 0.9896 | 1.2885 | |
Forest industry | 2012 | 1.5164 | 0.0904 | 1.6462 | 1.8218 | 0.1228 | 1.7005 | 0.3930 |
2013 | 1.4832 | 0.0501 | 0.9490 | 1.8837 | 0.1030 | 1.7215 | 0.3535 | |
2014 | 1.5071 | 0.0246 | 3.2195 | 1.8389 | 0.1171 | 1.6920 | 0.3294 | |
2015 | 1.5803 | 0.0169 | 0.1298 | 1.7010 | 0.1477 | 1.6818 | 0.2967 | |
2016 | 1.5074 | 0.0768 | 0.5529 | 1.6131 | 0.1484 | 1.6983 | 0.2823 | |
2017 | 1.4578 | 0.0978 | 1.3958 | 1.6165 | 0.1554 | 1.7823 | 0.3221 | |
2018 | 1.4560 | 0.1369 | 0.8998 | 1.5046 | 0.1578 | 1.7864 | 0.3126 | |
2019 | 1.4285 | 0.1251 | 3.3172 | 1.5151 | 0.2009 | 1.7281 | 0.2905 | |
2020 | 1.4415 | 0.2275 | 0.1397 | 0.9625 | 0.4305 | 1.4144 | 0.5760 | |
Animal husbandry | 2012 | 0.6577 | 0.0994 | 0.5354 | 0.1872 | 0.4994 | 1.1678 | 0.7601 |
2013 | 0.5866 | 0.1405 | 1.5305 | 0.1912 | 0.5688 | 1.1647 | 0.8448 | |
2014 | 0.6287 | 0.4782 | 0.9549 | 0.2004 | 0.5812 | 1.1011 | 0.8552 | |
2015 | 0.6204 | 0.2498 | 3.1188 | 0.2174 | 0.6258 | 1.1096 | 0.8696 | |
2016 | 0.5828 | 0.2385 | 0.1507 | 0.2180 | 0.6407 | 1.1309 | 0.8339 | |
2017 | 0.6004 | 0.2984 | 0.4970 | 0.2042 | 0.5711 | 1.1769 | 0.8336 | |
2018 | 0.6210 | 0.3485 | 1.4252 | 0.2371 | 0.5342 | 1.1762 | 0.8182 | |
2019 | 0.6814 | 0.4233 | 0.9485 | 0.2380 | 0.5492 | 1.0970 | 0.6805 | |
2020 | 0.4919 | 0.6126 | 3.3771 | 0.5333 | 0.4671 | 1.0241 | 0.9942 | |
Agricultural and sideline industry | 2012 | 0.8648 | 0.2442 | 0.1726 | 0.7056 | 0.5891 | 0.7312 | 0.6222 |
2013 | 0.7952 | 0.2724 | 0.4820 | 0.7825 | 0.6525 | 0.7369 | 0.6282 | |
2014 | 0.8738 | 0.2979 | 1.3492 | 0.7910 | 0.5127 | 0.7394 | 0.6616 | |
2015 | 0.8923 | 0.2869 | 1.0508 | 0.8142 | 0.4156 | 0.7294 | 0.6119 | |
2016 | 0.9409 | 0.2788 | 2.8529 | 0.8443 | 0.3778 | 0.7322 | 0.6212 | |
2017 | 0.9218 | 0.2956 | 0.1635 | 0.8130 | 0.4702 | 0.7483 | 0.6433 | |
2018 | 0.8989 | 0.2500 | 0.3951 | 0.9244 | 0.4878 | 0.7707 | 0.5909 | |
2019 | 0.8540 | 0.2397 | 1.3710 | 0.9787 | 0.4677 | 0.7810 | 0.5872 | |
2020 | 0.7987 | 0.6410 | 0.9169 | 1.2085 | 0.5039 | 0.9799 | 0.7127 | |
Aquaculture | 2012 | 1.6447 | 0.2648 | 3.1705 | 2.2629 | 1.0700 | 0.4787 | 0.4215 |
2013 | 1.6819 | 0.3264 | 0.2167 | 2.1865 | 1.2916 | 0.5045 | 0.4443 | |
2014 | 1.6454 | 0.3346 | 0.4851 | 2.0665 | 1.4857 | 0.5290 | 0.4535 | |
2015 | 1.5894 | 0.3472 | 1.6171 | 1.9603 | 1.5216 | 0.5212 | 0.4671 | |
2016 | 1.5540 | 0.2951 | 1.0308 | 1.8938 | 1.6836 | 0.5200 | 0.5024 | |
2017 | 1.5772 | 0.2877 | 1.7146 | 1.8980 | 1.7880 | 0.5272 | 0.4981 | |
2018 | 1.5972 | 0.1912 | 0.6304 | 1.8304 | 1.6956 | 0.5319 | 0.5278 | |
2019 | 1.5038 | 0.1650 | 0.7934 | 1.8494 | 1.8017 | 0.5270 | 0.5667 | |
2020 | 1.6426 | 0.2804 | 1.1845 | 1.4771 | 1.1114 | 0.6921 | 0.4434 |
Year | State | State | Planting Industry | Forest Industry | Animal Husbandry | Agricultural and Sideline Industry | Aquaculture |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | China | 5 Central Asian countries | 0.4142 | 0.0083 | 0.0210 | 0.0409 | 0.0588 |
Mongolia | 0.3907 | 0.1092 | 0.0402 | 0.0903 | 0.0842 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.3960 | 0.1328 | 0.0266 | 0.0596 | 0.1234 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.3243 | 0.0360 | 0.0283 | 0.0561 | 0.0985 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.3649 | 0.1369 | 0.0544 | 0.0849 | 0.0539 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.3884 | 0.0281 | 0.0509 | 0.0723 | 0.0508 | ||
2016 | China | 5 Central Asian countries | 0.4258 | 0.0093 | 0.0318 | 0.0313 | 0.0556 |
Mongolia | 0.4258 | 0.1071 | 0.0355 | 0.0629 | 0.0815 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.3956 | 0.1357 | 0.0272 | 0.0729 | 0.1246 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.3569 | 0.0358 | 0.0216 | 0.0604 | 0.1035 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.3785 | 0.1373 | 0.0481 | 0.0918 | 0.0557 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.4019 | 0.0254 | 0.0440 | 0.0837 | 0.0510 | ||
2019 | China | 5 Central Asian countries | 0.4348 | 0.0118 | 0.0345 | 0.0358 | 0.0162 |
Mongolia, Russia | 0.2810 | 0.0977 | 0.0463 | 0.0611 | 0.1899 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.4011 | 0.1209 | 0.0352 | 0.0735 | 0.1177 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.3696 | 0.0281 | 0.0236 | 0.0713 | 0.1124 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.3693 | 0.1303 | 0.0563 | 0.0959 | 0.0600 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.4021 | 0.0168 | 0.0487 | 0.0742 | 0.0699 | ||
2013 | Mongolia, Russia | 5 Central Asian countries | 0.3907 | 0.0122 | 0.0256 | 0.0425 | 0.0335 |
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.5067 | 0.0124 | 0.0144 | 0.0335 | 0.0404 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.5039 | 0.0103 | 0.0160 | 0.0312 | 0.0358 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.4808 | 0.0131 | 0.0295 | 0.0446 | 0.0305 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.5734 | 0.0154 | 0.0286 | 0.0391 | 0.0285 | ||
2016 | Mongolia, Russia | 5 Central Asian countries | 0.5620 | 0.0157 | 0.0403 | 0.0288 | 0.0272 |
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.5358 | 0.0131 | 0.0230 | 0.0268 | 0.0391 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.5272 | 0.0110 | 0.0198 | 0.0246 | 0.0360 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.4951 | 0.0158 | 0.0455 | 0.0307 | 0.0231 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.5987 | 0.0170 | 0.0425 | 0.0288 | 0.0221 | ||
2019 | Mongolia, Russia | 5 Central Asian countries | 0.2850 | 0.0197 | 0.0468 | 0.0326 | 0.0162 |
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.5362 | 0.0123 | 0.0239 | 0.0301 | 0.0142 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.5329 | 0.0106 | 0.0186 | 0.0298 | 0.0135 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.4639 | 0.0197 | 0.0480 | 0.0354 | 0.0153 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.6168 | 0.0165 | 0.0412 | 0.0304 | 0.0142 | ||
2013 | 5 Central Asian countries | 11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.3781 | 0.0870 | 0.0228 | 0.0634 | 0.0529 |
8 South Asian countries | 0.3067 | 0.0295 | 0.0274 | 0.0592 | 0.0447 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.3483 | 0.0870 | 0.0814 | 0.0914 | 0.0302 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.3710 | 0.0182 | 0.0963 | 0.0767 | 0.0277 | ||
2016 | 5 Central Asian countries | 11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.4665 | 0.0792 | 0.0274 | 0.0492 | 0.0565 |
8 South Asian countries | 0.4340 | 0.0226 | 0.0236 | 0.0436 | 0.0485 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.4395 | 0.0827 | 0.0688 | 0.0593 | 0.0340 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.4892 | 0.0174 | 0.0734 | 0.0545 | 0.0311 | ||
2019 | 5 Central Asian countries | 11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.2667 | 0.0699 | 0.0315 | 0.0468 | 0.1175 |
8 South Asian countries | 0.2440 | 0.0186 | 0.0230 | 0.0466 | 0.1138 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.2502 | 0.0835 | 0.0826 | 0.0584 | 0.0607 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.2675 | 0.0129 | 0.0785 | 0.0487 | 0.0703 | ||
2013 | 11 Southeast Asian countries | 8 south Asian countries | 0.3743 | 0.0332 | 0.0171 | 0.0506 | 0.0619 |
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.3992 | 0.1045 | 0.0276 | 0.0709 | 0.0373 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.4410 | 0.0245 | 0.0264 | 0.0617 | 0.0356 | ||
2016 | 11 Southeast Asian countries | 8 South Asian countries | 0.4073 | 0.0269 | 0.0165 | 0.0590 | 0.0692 |
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.4097 | 0.1015 | 0.0322 | 0.0789 | 0.0417 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.4596 | 0.0224 | 0.0299 | 0.0748 | 0.0382 | ||
2019 | 11 Southeast Asian countries | 8 South Asian countries | 0.4133 | 0.0237 | 0.0175 | 0.0653 | 0.0729 |
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.3890 | 0.0938 | 0.0355 | 0.0832 | 0.0423 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.4573 | 0.0155 | 0.0313 | 0.0637 | 0.0473 | ||
2013 | 8 South Asian countries | 19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.3534 | 0.0322 | 0.0344 | 0.0701 | 0.0340 |
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.4072 | 0.0122 | 0.0327 | 0.0628 | 0.0352 | ||
2016 | 8 South Asian countries | 19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.3822 | 0.0273 | 0.0289 | 0.0644 | 0.0370 |
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.4384 | 0.0124 | 0.0261 | 0.0652 | 0.0380 | ||
2019 | 8 South Asian countries | 19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.3675 | 0.0246 | 0.0268 | 0.0793 | 0.0417 |
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.4418 | 0.0112 | 0.0232 | 0.0633 | 0.0489 | ||
2013 | 19 Central and Eastern European countries | Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.4154 | 0.0257 | 0.0882 | 0.0872 | 0.0280 |
2016 | 19 Central and Eastern European countries | Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.4321 | 0.0231 | 0.0731 | 0.0872 | 0.0283 |
Year | State | State | Planting Industry | Forest Industry | Animal Husbandry | Agricultural and Sideline Industry | Aquaculture |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | China | 5 Central Asian countries | 0.1976 | 0.4773 | 0.5833 | 0.5785 | 0.5657 |
Mongolia, Russia | 0.3000 | 0.5482 | 0.5977 | 0.9998 | 0.9086 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.5204 | 0.9928 | 0.8755 | 0.6722 | 0.9999 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.5011 | 0.8954 | 0.9996 | 0.5069 | 0.9978 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.3660 | 0.7600 | 0.6450 | 0.6291 | 0.9887 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.5034 | 0.5370 | 0.8744 | 0.6460 | 0.6188 | ||
2020 | China | 5 Central Asian countries | 0.4344 | 0.5069 | 0.5281 | 0.8479 | 0.5157 |
Mongolia, Russia | 0.9560 | 0.6350 | 0.5914 | 0.7810 | 0.7575 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.5905 | 0.7846 | 0.5303 | 0.7584 | 0.7765 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.3591 | 0.9967 | 0.4960 | 0.7529 | 0.5064 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.5306 | 0.6208 | 0.5595 | 0.8638 | 0.7525 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.5788 | 0.5191 | 0.7019 | 0.5011 | 0.5124 | ||
2012 | 5 Central Asian countries | China | 0.4769 | 0.5289 | 0.5479 | 0.8134 | 0.5236 |
Mongolia, Russia | 0.5580 | 0.8717 | 0.7350 | 0.7773 | 0.5915 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.4575 | 0.9998 | 1.0000 | 0.9397 | 0.4879 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.5073 | 1.0000 | 0.5713 | 0.5914 | 0.5028 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.6349 | 0.8364 | 1.0000 | 0.8979 | 0.9964 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.9877 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.6592 | 0.5705 | ||
2020 | 5 Central Asian countries | China | 0.2522 | 0.8496 | 0.5272 | 0.6667 | 0.5243 |
Mongolia, Russia | 0.6941 | 0.5094 | 0.5453 | 0.7283 | 0.5706 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.5304 | 0.5000 | 0.6850 | 0.6860 | 0.5542 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.5021 | 1.0000 | 0.8459 | 0.9936 | 0.5491 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.3700 | 0.8627 | 0.5415 | 0.9997 | 0.5378 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.8115 | 0.6455 | 0.5059 | 0.7854 | 0.5748 | ||
2012 | Mongolia, Russia | China | 0.5804 | 0.7423 | 0.5012 | 0.6938 | 0.6502 |
5 Central Asian countries | 0.2694 | 0.5945 | 0.5117 | 0.8555 | 0.6101 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 1.0000 | 0.9993 | 0.8639 | 0.5069 | 0.6109 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.6261 | 0.9998 | 1.0000 | 0.8097 | 1.0000 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.4546 | 0.7262 | 0.7493 | 0.9708 | 0.9846 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.8526 | 0.9995 | 0.9749 | 0.7532 | 0.5473 | ||
2020 | Mongolia, Russia | China | 0.3539 | 0.7608 | 0.7467 | 0.8220 | 0.6069 |
5 Central Asian countries | 0.9992 | 1.0000 | 0.8522 | 0.8821 | 0.5329 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.5004 | 0.5232 | 0.7036 | 0.8802 | 0.5008 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.4996 | 0.4976 | 0.5171 | 0.8100 | 0.8798 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.4497 | 0.8253 | 1.0000 | 0.8811 | 0.6151 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.9385 | 0.5069 | 0.5140 | 0.8127 | 0.5554 | ||
2012 | 11 Southeast Asian countries | China | 0.4982 | 0.6504 | 0.5551 | 0.7082 | 0.6674 |
5 Central Asian countries | 0.5486 | 0.6053 | 0.9970 | 0.9991 | 0.5836 | ||
Mongolia, Russia | 0.5210 | 0.9618 | 0.5026 | 0.8967 | 0.4999 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.9318 | 0.8962 | 0.5055 | 0.8901 | 0.7387 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.6829 | 0.7185 | 0.6892 | 0.6619 | 0.5567 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.6674 | 0.9551 | 1.0000 | 0.8756 | 0.7047 | ||
2020 | 11 Southeast Asian countries | China | 0.3640 | 0.6170 | 0.5673 | 0.8528 | 0.7684 |
5 Central Asian countries | 0.6052 | 1.0000 | 0.7492 | 0.7933 | 0.9155 | ||
Mongolia, Russia | 0.5016 | 0.5340 | 0.5403 | 0.6882 | 0.6871 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.5044 | 0.9987 | 0.5008 | 0.9067 | 0.7381 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.5376 | 0.6201 | 0.5185 | 0.9890 | 0.5560 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.5111 | 0.9747 | 0.5000 | 0.8302 | 0.5937 | ||
2012 | 8 South Asian countries | China | 0.4019 | 0.4727 | 0.5151 | 0.7451 | 0.5847 |
5 Central Asian countries | 0.3797 | 0.4882 | 1.0000 | 0.9998 | 0.5760 | ||
Mongolia, Russia | 0.5016 | 0.8506 | 0.5812 | 0.7284 | 0.5445 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.5018 | 0.7145 | 0.7383 | 0.7689 | 0.9997 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.4727 | 0.5672 | 0.6111 | 0.6444 | 0.5789 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.7197 | 0.5657 | 0.6568 | 0.7000 | 0.5964 | ||
2020 | 8 South Asian countries | China | 0.2872 | 0.5205 | 0.7675 | 0.8329 | 0.9056 |
5 Central Asian countries | 0.5181 | 1.0000 | 0.6892 | 0.7063 | 0.4882 | ||
Mongolia, Russia | 0.5007 | 0.6055 | 0.7195 | 0.5224 | 0.7527 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.6074 | 0.6818 | 0.5047 | — | 0.9190 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.3788 | 0.5894 | 0.4985 | 0.8287 | 0.4933 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.6085 | 0.5289 | 1.0000 | 0.6105 | 0.5142 | ||
2012 | 19 Central and Eastern European countries | China | 0.5774 | 0.6617 | 0.6038 | 0.8746 | 0.7157 |
5 Central Asian countries | 0.3448 | 0.5638 | 0.6222 | 0.7972 | 0.7411 | ||
Mongolia, Russia | 0.5439 | 0.7716 | 0.6463 | 0.9994 | 0.6127 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 1.0000 | 0.5060 | 0.5079 | 0.8483 | 0.6181 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 1.0000 | 0.6552 | 0.5602 | 0.8087 | 0.7213 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.7165 | 0.7427 | 0.7954 | 0.6637 | 0.6557 | ||
2020 | 19 Central and Eastern European countries | China | 0.3820 | 0.7652 | 0.6055 | 0.8227 | 0.4886 |
5 Central Asian countries | 0.5171 | 1.0000 | 0.7664 | 0.8687 | 0.6668 | ||
Mongolia, Russia | 0.9490 | 0.5179 | 0.5832 | 0.8120 | 0.5958 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.5048 | 0.9659 | 0.5059 | 0.7472 | 0.4992 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.9999 | 0.5268 | 0.5287 | 0.7127 | 0.9932 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.5258 | 0.5415 | 0.6443 | 0.5633 | 0.5010 | ||
2012 | Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | China | 0.4218 | 0.6417 | 0.5138 | 0.8692 | 0.7076 |
5 Central Asian countries | 0.5780 | 0.6078 | 0.9996 | 0.8260 | 0.6781 | ||
Mongolia, Russia | 0.5244 | 0.9997 | 0.4998 | 0.9814 | 0.5535 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.5105 | 0.9731 | 0.5077 | 0.8463 | 0.8600 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 1.0000 | 0.9993 | 0.7407 | 0.8460 | 0.8958 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.8004 | 0.8331 | 0.6824 | 0.8582 | 0.5406 | ||
2020 | Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | China | 0.2762 | 0.5380 | 0.6042 | 0.8909 | 0.6005 |
5 Central Asian countries | 0.5127 | 0.6908 | 0.7006 | 0.9194 | 0.6100 | ||
Mongolia, Russia | 0.6576 | 0.5649 | 0.9675 | 0.8577 | 0.9598 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.6046 | 0.6866 | 0.5198 | 0.8027 | 0.7489 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.5744 | 0.5299 | 0.8145 | 0.5917 | 0.5098 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.6171 | 0.7813 | 0.6252 | 0.8790 | 0.5636 |
Number | Country | Number | Country | Number | Country |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | China | 23 | Afghanistan | 45 | Belarus |
2 | Kazakhstan | 24 | Nepal | 46 | Moldova |
3 | Kyrgyzstan | 25 | Bhutan | 47 | Turkey |
4 | Tajikistan | 26 | Sri Lanka | 48 | Iran |
5 | Uzbekistan | 27 | Maldives | 49 | Syria |
6 | Turkmenistan | 28 | Poland | 50 | Iraq |
7 | Mongolia | 29 | Czech Republic | 51 | United Arab Emirates |
8 | Russia | 30 | Slovakia | 52 | Saudi Arabia |
9 | Vietnam | 31 | Hungary | 53 | Qatar |
10 | Laos | 32 | Slovenia | 54 | Bahrain |
11 | Cambodia | 33 | Croatia | 55 | Kuwait |
12 | Thailand | 34 | Romania | 56 | Lebanon |
13 | Malaysia | 35 | Bulgaria | 57 | Oman |
14 | Singapore | 36 | Serbia | 58 | Yemen |
15 | Indonesia | 37 | Montenegro | 59 | Jordan |
16 | Brunei | 38 | Macedonia | 60 | Israel |
17 | Philippines | 39 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 61 | Palestine |
18 | Myanmar | 40 | Albania | 62 | Armenia |
19 | Timor-Leste | 41 | Estonia | 63 | Georgia |
20 | India | 42 | Lithuania | 64 | Azerbaijan |
21 | Pakistan | 43 | Latvia | 65 | Egypt |
22 | Bangladesh | 44 | Ukraine |
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Area | Main Countries |
---|---|
China | China |
Central Asia (5 countries) | Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan |
Northeast Asia (2 countries) | Mongolia, Russia |
Southeast Asia (11 countries) | Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, Philippines, Myanmar, Timor-Leste |
South Asia (8 countries) | India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives |
Central and Eastern Europe (19 countries) | Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova |
South Asia, Middle East (19 countries) | Turkey, Iran, Syria, Iraq, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Yemen, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Egypt |
Agricultural Products Industry | HS Coding | Detailed Description |
---|---|---|
Planting industry | Chapters 6–14, 17–20, 24 | Planting products |
Forest industry | Chapter 44–46 | Wood and wood products, charcoal, cork and cork products, woven goods |
Animal husbandry | Chapters 1–2, 4–5, 16 (catalogue 1–3) | Live animals, meat, dairy products, eggs, honey and other animal products |
Agricultural and sideline industry | Chapter 21–23 | Beverage, wine, vinegar, residues of food industry, animal feed |
Aquaculture | Chapter 3, chapter 16 (catalogue 4) | Fish and other aquatic animals, aquatic invertebrate products |
Type | Year | China | Central Asia | Northeast Asia | Southeast Asia | South Asia | Central and Eastern Europe | South Asia, Middle East |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Planting industry | 2012 | 0.7771 | 1.8389 | 0.9369 | 0.9620 | 1.4327 | 1.0178 | 1.4210 |
2020 | 0.8654 | 1.3903 | 0.6009 | 0.9856 | 1.4219 | 0.9896 | 1.2885 | |
Forest industry | 2012 | 1.5164 | 0.0904 | 1.6462 | 1.8218 | 0.1228 | 1.7005 | 0.3930 |
2020 | 1.4415 | 0.2275 | 0.1397 | 0.9625 | 0.4305 | 1.4144 | 0.5760 | |
Animal husbandry | 2012 | 0.6577 | 0.0994 | 0.5354 | 0.1872 | 0.4994 | 1.1678 | 0.7601 |
2020 | 0.4919 | 0.6126 | 3.3771 | 0.5333 | 0.4671 | 1.0241 | 0.9942 | |
Agricultural and sideline industry | 2012 | 0.8648 | 0.2442 | 0.1726 | 0.7056 | 0.5891 | 0.7312 | 0.6222 |
2020 | 0.7987 | 0.6410 | 0.9169 | 1.2085 | 0.5039 | 0.9799 | 0.7127 | |
Aquaculture | 2012 | 1.6447 | 0.2648 | 3.1705 | 2.2629 | 1.0700 | 0.4787 | 0.4215 |
2020 | 1.6426 | 0.2804 | 1.1845 | 1.4771 | 1.1114 | 0.6921 | 0.4434 |
Year | State | State | Planting Industry | Forest Industry | Animal Husbandry | Agricultural and Sideline Industry | Aquaculture |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | China | 5 Central Asian countries | 0.4142 | 0.0083 | 0.0210 | 0.0409 | 0.0588 |
Mongolia | 0.3907 | 0.1092 | 0.0402 | 0.0903 | 0.0842 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.3960 | 0.1328 | 0.0266 | 0.0596 | 0.1234 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.3243 | 0.0360 | 0.0283 | 0.0561 | 0.0985 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.3649 | 0.1369 | 0.0544 | 0.0849 | 0.0539 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.3884 | 0.0281 | 0.0509 | 0.0723 | 0.0508 | ||
2016 | China | 5 Central Asian countries | 0.4258 | 0.0093 | 0.0318 | 0.0313 | 0.0556 |
Mongolia | 0.4258 | 0.1071 | 0.0355 | 0.0629 | 0.0815 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.3956 | 0.1357 | 0.0272 | 0.0729 | 0.1246 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.3569 | 0.0358 | 0.0216 | 0.0604 | 0.1035 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.3785 | 0.1373 | 0.0481 | 0.0918 | 0.0557 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.4019 | 0.0254 | 0.0440 | 0.0837 | 0.0510 | ||
2019 | China | 5 Central Asian countries | 0.4348 | 0.0118 | 0.0345 | 0.0358 | 0.0162 |
Mongolia, Russia | 0.2810 | 0.0977 | 0.0463 | 0.0611 | 0.1899 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.4011 | 0.1209 | 0.0352 | 0.0735 | 0.1177 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.3696 | 0.0281 | 0.0236 | 0.0713 | 0.1124 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.3693 | 0.1303 | 0.0563 | 0.0959 | 0.0600 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.4021 | 0.0168 | 0.0487 | 0.0742 | 0.0699 |
Year | State | State | Planting Industry | Forest Industry | Animal Husbandry | Agricultural and Sideline Industry | Aquaculture |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | China | 5 Central Asian countries | 0.1976 | 0.4773 | 0.5833 | 0.5785 | 0.5657 |
Mongolia, Russia | 0.3000 | 0.5482 | 0.5977 | 0.9998 | 0.9086 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.5204 | 0.9928 | 0.8755 | 0.6722 | 0.9999 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.5011 | 0.8954 | 0.9996 | 0.5069 | 0.9978 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.3660 | 0.7600 | 0.6450 | 0.6291 | 0.9887 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.5034 | 0.5370 | 0.8744 | 0.6460 | 0.6188 | ||
2020 | China | 5 Central Asian countries | 0.4344 | 0.5069 | 0.5281 | 0.8479 | 0.5157 |
Mongolia, Russia | 0.9560 | 0.6350 | 0.5914 | 0.7810 | 0.7575 | ||
11 Southeast Asian countries | 0.5905 | 0.7846 | 0.5303 | 0.7584 | 0.7765 | ||
8 South Asian countries | 0.3591 | 0.9967 | 0.4960 | 0.7529 | 0.5064 | ||
19 Central and Eastern European countries | 0.5306 | 0.6208 | 0.5595 | 0.8638 | 0.7525 | ||
Southwest Asia, 19 Middle Eastern countries | 0.5788 | 0.5191 | 0.7019 | 0.5011 | 0.5124 |
Variable | Obs | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ESI | 17049593 | −3.9524 | 3.8392 | −14.6835 | 3.4589 |
TCL | 5,609,330 | −11.1765 | 3.0863 | −19.572 | −4.9170 |
DIS | 17049593 | 8.0369 | 0.8707 | 5.1517 | 9.2415 |
DPG | 17049593 | −0.1076 | 1.3084 | −4.0026 | 3.3739 |
FTA | 17049593 | 0.2741 | 0.4461 | 0 | 1 |
DOP | 17049593 | 0.4502 | 0.3472 | 0 | 1.6697 |
LAN | 17049593 | 0.0448 | 0.2067 | 0 | 1 |
DVA | 16397459 | 1.5668 | 1.1636 | −2.2652 | 3.3618 |
EXR | 17049593 | 0.0616 | 4.2242 | −9.8209 | 9.7212 |
DIN | 17049593 | −0.9477 | 1.2113 | −4.8928 | 2.2734 |
Agriculture | Planting Industry | Forest Industry | Animal Husbandry | Agricultural and Sideline Industry | Aquaculture | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
VARIABLES | ESI | ESI | ESI | ESI | ESI | ESI |
DIS | −0.1741 *** | −0.1469 *** | −0.1952 *** | −0.1681 *** | −0.1042 *** | −0.2530 *** |
(0.0081) | (0.0099) | (0.0256) | (0.0196) | (0.0192) | (0.0230) | |
DPG | −0.0167 *** | −0.0205 *** | −0.0350 *** | −0.0209 ** | −0.0178 ** | 0.0007 |
(0.0025) | (0.0027) | (0.0062) | (0.0080) | (0.0072) | (0.0070) | |
FTA | 0.0757 *** | 0.0735 *** | 0.0487 ** | 0.0699 *** | 0.0620 ** | 0.1532 *** |
(0.0088) | (0.0102) | (0.0242) | (0.0229) | (0.0242) | (0.0284) | |
DOP | −0.0918 *** | −0.0345 *** | −0.1126 *** | −0.1553 *** | −0.1826 *** | −0.1181 *** |
(0.0111) | (0.0131) | (0.0312) | (0.0320) | (0.0409) | (0.0260) | |
LAN | −0.0148 | −0.0269 | 0.0125 | 0.1115 ** | 0.0694 ** | −0.1548 *** |
(0.0141) | (0.0169) | (0.0372) | (0.0459) | (0.0344) | (0.0410) | |
DVA | −0.0093 *** | −0.0032 | −0.0045 | −0.0522 *** | −0.0144 ** | −0.0140 * |
(0.0024) | (0.0026) | (0.0051) | (0.0095) | (0.0064) | (0.0073) | |
EXR | 0.0451 *** | 0.0549 *** | 0.0559 | 0.0415 | 0.0087 | −0.0018 |
(0.0112) | (0.0141) | (0.0353) | (0.0336) | (0.0421) | (0.0339) | |
DIN | −0.0509 *** | −0.0448 *** | −0.0062 | −0.1135 *** | −0.0372 * | −0.0742 *** |
(0.0072) | (0.0089) | (0.0152) | (0.0293) | (0.0204) | (0.0185) | |
Constant | −9.6690 *** | −9.9536 *** | −9.3923 *** | −9.6113 *** | −9.3642 *** | −9.7130 *** |
(0.0674) | (0.0813) | (0.2116) | (0.1697) | (0.1663) | (0.1966) | |
Fixed effect of year | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Fixed effect of country i | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Fixed effect of country j | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Fixed effect of products | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 5,372,877 | 3,087,860 | 599,241 | 626,866 | 511,809 | 547,101 |
R-squared | 0.344 | 0.357 | 0.424 | 0.347 | 0.425 | 0.383 |
Agriculture | Planting Industry | Forest Industry | Animal Husbandry | Agricultural and Sideline Industry | Aquaculture | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VARIABLES | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
TCI | TCI | TCI | TCI | TCI | TCI | |
DIS | −0.0448 *** | −0.0334 *** | −0.0219 * | −0.0936 *** | −0.0203 ** | −0.0617 *** |
(0.0048) | (0.0056) | (0.0125) | (0.0163) | (0.0097) | (0.0120) | |
DPG | 0.0095 *** | −0.0025 | 0.0222 *** | 0.0250 *** | 0.0071 | 0.0269 *** |
(0.0022) | (0.0024) | (0.0045) | (0.0055) | (0.0057) | (0.0062) | |
FTA | 0.0630 *** | 0.0661 *** | 0.0500 *** | 0.0482 *** | 0.0255 | 0.1237 *** |
(0.0052) | (0.0066) | (0.0136) | (0.0145) | (0.0158) | (0.0156) | |
DOP | −0.0276 *** | −0.0250 ** | −0.0192 | −0.1471 *** | −0.0496 ** | 0.0101 |
(0.0101) | (0.0118) | (0.0243) | (0.0333) | (0.0246) | (0.0262) | |
LAN | 0.0505 *** | 0.0041 | 0.0060 | 0.1915 *** | 0.0775 *** | 0.0460 * |
(0.0091) | (0.0102) | (0.0221) | (0.0429) | (0.0211) | (0.0261) | |
DVA | 0.0118 *** | 0.0128 *** | 0.0006 | 0.0079 | 0.0142 *** | 0.0138 ** |
(0.0017) | (0.0021) | (0.0050) | (0.0050) | (0.0040) | (0.0056) | |
EXR | −0.0888 *** | −0.0574 *** | −0.2098 *** | −0.1240 *** | −0.1015 *** | −0.0988 ** |
(0.0132) | (0.0170) | (0.0380) | (0.0391) | (0.0366) | (0.0402) | |
DIN | −0.1490 *** | −0.1348 *** | −0.1081 *** | −0.1803 *** | −0.0358 | −0.3041 *** |
(0.0125) | (0.0161) | (0.0281) | (0.0394) | (0.0293) | (0.0327) | |
Constant | −3.3570 *** | −3.3481 *** | −3.1667 *** | −3.0244 *** | −3.2665 *** | −4.1200 *** |
(0.0443) | (0.0507) | (0.1007) | (0.1575) | (0.0879) | (0.1161) | |
Fixed effect of year | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Fixed effect of country i | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Fixed effect of country j | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Fixed effect of products | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 16,397,457 | 9,123,268 | 1,784,998 | 2,050,759 | 1,503,853 | 1,934,579 |
R-squared | 0.245 | 0.256 | 0.349 | 0.257 | 0.328 | 0.308 |
Variable | Obs | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quality | 265032 | 0.6015 | 0.2031 | 0 | 1 |
DID | 265,032 | 0.5312 | 0.4990 | 0 | 1 |
QFTA | 265045 | 2.7837 | 0.4375 | 1.0986 | 3.3322 |
EXR | 265045 | 3.0090 | 2.9291 | −1.1929 | 10.2755 |
PVA | 265045 | 1.9736 | 0.4275 | 1.4794 | 2.8723 |
FDI | 265045 | 20.6177 | 5.4128 | 0 | 26.2142 |
INF | 265045 | 1.1452 | 1.1944 | 0.1804 | 8.7936 |
Export Quality of Agricultural Products | |||
---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | |
VARIABLES | Quality | Quality | Quality |
DID | 0.0020 ** | 0.0022 ** | |
(0.0010) | (0.0010) | ||
D2012 | 0.0004 | ||
(0.0014) | |||
D2013 | 0.0047 ** | ||
(0.0020) | |||
D2014 | 0.0046 * | ||
(0.0024) | |||
D2015 | 0.0143 *** | ||
(0.0028) | |||
D2016 | 0.0094 *** | ||
(0.0033) | |||
D2017 | 0.0181 *** | ||
(0.0038) | |||
D2018 | 0.0143 *** | ||
(0.0046) | |||
D2019 | 0.0235 *** | ||
(0.0059) | |||
D2020 | 0.0291 *** | ||
(0.0079) | |||
QFTA | 0.0190 *** | 0.0205 *** | |
(0.0031) | (0.0032) | ||
EXR | 0.0068 *** | 0.0050 *** | |
(0.0017) | (0.0017) | ||
PVA | 0.0079 | 0.0120 * | |
(0.0069) | (0.0071) | ||
FDI | −0.0001 ** | −0.0001 ** | |
(0.0001) | (0.0001) | ||
INF | 0.0161 *** | 0.0158 *** | |
(0.0028) | (0.0029) | ||
Fixed effect of time | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Combined fixed effect of country and product | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Constant | 0.6043 *** | 0.5110 *** | 0.5023 *** |
(0.0005) | (0.0171) | (0.0175) | |
Observations | 254,375 | 254,375 | 254,375 |
R-squared | 0.717 | 0.718 | 0.718 |
Central Asia | Northeast Asia | Southeast Asia | South Asia | Central and Eastern Europe | South Asia Middle East | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
VARIABLES | Quality | Quality | Quality | Quality | Quality | Quality |
DID | 0.0137 ** | 0.0090 | 0.0020 | 0.0090 *** | 0.0012 | 0.0020 |
(0.0067) | (0.0336) | (0.0028) | (0.0029) | (0.0014) | (0.0012) | |
QFTA | 0.0077 | −0.0688 | 0.0226 *** | 0.0890 *** | 0.0174 *** | −0.0059 ** |
(0.0275) | (0.1084) | (0.0061) | (0.0236) | (0.0042) | (0.0029) | |
EXR | 0.0288 *** | −0.0434 | −0.0035 | 0.0174 | −0.0004 | −0.0012 |
(0.0108) | (0.0787) | (0.0081) | (0.0168) | (0.0017) | (0.0016) | |
PVA | 0.0128 | 0.1109 ** | 0.0212 *** | 0.0011 | 0.0018 | 0.0079 *** |
(0.0100) | (0.0476) | (0.0052) | (0.0058) | (0.0033) | (0.0025) | |
FDI | 0.0009 ** | 0.0000 | 0.0002 | 0.0007 | 0.0000 | −0.0001 |
(0.0004) | (0.0007) | (0.0002) | (0.0010) | (0.0001) | (0.0001) | |
INF | 0.0956 *** | 0.0092 | 0.0172 *** | 0.0269 ** | 0.0087 ** | 0.0259 *** |
(0.0175) | (0.0765) | (0.0040) | (0.0116) | (0.0043) | (0.0032) | |
Fixed effect of time | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Combined fixed effect of country and product | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Constant | 0.3760 *** | 0.4555 *** | 0.7341 * | 0.7173 *** | 0.5228 *** | 0.5414 *** |
(0.0990) | (0.0538) | (0.4307) | (0.1023) | (0.0129) | (0.0092) | |
Observations | 10,367 | 7552 | 44,573 | 24,629 | 92,000 | 68,884 |
R-squared | 0.667 | 0.722 | 0.644 | 0.724 | 0.639 | 0.572 |
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Wang, X.; Shi, J.; Li, J.; Chen, Y.; Liu, J.; Sriboonchitta, S. Analysis on Trade Competition and Complementarity of High-Quality Agricultural Products in Countries along the Belt and Road Initiative. Sustainability 2023, 15, 6671. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086671
Wang X, Shi J, Li J, Chen Y, Liu J, Sriboonchitta S. Analysis on Trade Competition and Complementarity of High-Quality Agricultural Products in Countries along the Belt and Road Initiative. Sustainability. 2023; 15(8):6671. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086671
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xiao, Jinming Shi, Jia Li, Yu Chen, Jianxu Liu, and Songsak Sriboonchitta. 2023. "Analysis on Trade Competition and Complementarity of High-Quality Agricultural Products in Countries along the Belt and Road Initiative" Sustainability 15, no. 8: 6671. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086671