4.1. Interpretation of Total Interpretative Structural Digraph
Level V: This level has one factor, i.e., artificial intelligence (F2). This factor is influencing almost all other factors. Artificial intelligence facilitates the industrial ability to collaborate and stay connected by automating some chores and giving access to more precise information. Artificial intelligence can also help team members communicate with one another [
52]. Artificial intelligence can, for instance, set up meetings and send reminders to enable you and a project partner in a different time zone to work together. Thus, artificial intelligence influences several industries in communication and cooperation (F1).
Similarly, using artificial intelligence in cyber-physical systems has the enormous potential [
53]. With the aid of artificial intelligence, one can better monitor and regulate these defence and increase their defence against intrusion. Artificial intelligence is being utilized to strengthen cyber-physical systems’ robustness and help protect them from threats. Artificial intelligence is also utilised to improve cyber-physical systems management, supervision, and performance. The usage of artificial intelligence in cyber-physical systems is on the rise, and it is anticipated that in the future, artificial intelligence will play an even bigger part in these systems. So, it is evident that artificial intelligence is influencing cyber-physical systems (F3).
Similarly, artificial intelligence (F2) influences cloud computing (F4). This is evident in the many new cloud computing services that are developed using artificial intelligence to save time and money for organizations and people [
54]. It enables the development of sophisticated computer systems that help both organizations and individuals save time and money. Artificial intelligence also influences networks and connectivity (F5), by monitoring network traffic and spotting possible dangers to assist, identify, and stop attacks before they happen. As a result of artificial intelligence’s capacity for processing vast volumes of data, it is now possible to connect objects and people in previously unimaginable ways. Artificial intelligence is crucial for connectivity because of this.
It is also evident that artificial intelligence (F2) influences virtual reality (F6), flexibility (F7), and workforce agility. One can observe that nowadays, artificial intelligence developments have expanded the potential uses for virtual reality and flexibility as one of the most important ways to handle repetitive activities across a company. It frees up staff to concentrate on innovative solutions, difficult problems, and significant work is one of the advantages of artificial intelligence for Industry 4.0 business. Lastly, it is also evident that artificial intelligence (F2) influences technology (F9), digital twin (F10), and blockchain (F11) [
55,
56]. This is possible because artificial intelligence is used in technology to build computer algorithms that mimic human behavior. Similarly, digital twins are digital representations that virtually replicate the real equivalents and integrate with AI to offer a link and accessibility to intelligence in the real world. This will expedite and reduce the cost of the certification procedure.
Level IV: This level has four factors, which are cloud computing (F4), network and connectivity (F5), technology (F9), and digital twin (F10). It is evident that cloud computing (F4) influences collaboration and communication (F1), network and connectivity (F5), flexibility (F7), workforce agility (F8) technology (F9), digital twin (F10), and blockchain (F11). No matter where team members are, they collaborate in real time via the cloud. Each team member has access to files and data in the cloud from a variety of internet-connected gadgets at any time and any place. Data stays secure and protected even if a device is lost or damaged. Similarly, cloud computing has impacted network and connectivity and allowed businesses to share data and applications across the globe in real time, whereas when it comes to computer requirements, cloud computing provides enterprises flexibility and scalability. Cloud computing enables increased adaptability for corporate staff members, both inside and outside the office. Employees can conveniently access files using web-enabled devices such as “cell phones”, “laptops”, and “notebooks”. Employees have access to a virtual workspace due to cloud computing, to view files from any location. Additionally, have access to files from various gadgets, including tablets, computers, and smartphones. Digital twins can substantially speed up product advancement and production procedures when they are put in place using powerful computational technologies, such as cloud-based workspaces, cloud rendering, simulation and analysis, and deep learning/artificial intelligence (AI). On the other hand, better data security, simple traceability, increased system interoperability, decentralization, quicker system discovery, and many other benefits are made possible by the use of blockchain in cloud computing.
Network and connectivity (F5) influence collaboration and communication (F1) and greatly depends on how Industry 4.0 operations relate to and communicate with one another. It can be challenging to do work efficiently if there are frequently interrupted by inadequate connectivity or must use antiquated communication technologies. Businesses that wish to promote employee collaboration and communication must invest in a strong network and communication infrastructure. Similarly, network and connectivity (F5) influence cyber-physical systems (F3), where physical and cyber processes are tightly linked. Cyber-physical systems are used in various industries, from manufacturing and transportation to healthcare and energy. Because of the critical role that cyber-physical systems play, it’s important that they are able to operate smoothly and without interruption. Additionally, that is where network and connectivity come in. A well-designed network can help to ensure that cyber-physical systems are able to function as intended, even in the face of challenges like unexpected traffic spikes or data loss. In short, network and connectivity are vital to the success of cyber-physical systems. Networks and connectivity (F5) influencing cloud computing (F4): implementations and workloads can attach to and from one another across clouds, cloud services, on-premises data centers, and edge networks using cloud networking. It depends on speed, safety, and effective management of multi-cloud and hybrid cloud infrastructures. Network and connectivity (F5) influencing virtual reality (F6):
The success of virtual reality is largely due to the network and connectivity, which are growing in popularity. The quality of the virtual reality experience can be significantly improved with a strong network and connectivity. Ensure your network and connectivity are strong to make the most of your virtual reality gear. Network and connectivity can greatly influence how flexible (F7) an industry is. If an Industry 4.0 company has a good network, they can be more easily able to connect with other industries and share information, which leads to more collaboration and a more flexible work environment. Similarly, if network and connectivity are strong, one can be more responsive to change and more adaptable to new situations. It’s the foundation that network and connectivity (F5) influence an organization’s workforce agility (F8).
Network and connectivity (F5) also influence technology (F9), digital twin (F10), and blockchain (F11). Here, the advantage is in terms of cost-effectiveness, storage efficiency, flexibility, and data security. It also makes it simple for staff to communicate information, enhancing efficiency and productivity. Poor network connectivity can impact digital twins in several ways. First, it will be difficult to collect data from the various devices and sensors needed to represent the physical environment accurately; Second, it can delay or prevent updates to the digital twin, making it less useful for applications that require real-time data. Finally, network disruptions can cause digital twins to fall out of sync with the physical world, which can lead to errors and inaccurate results. To overcome these challenges, organizations must ensure that they have a reliable and robust network infrastructure. This infrastructure should be designed to support the digital twin technology and the data-intensive applications that it supports. In addition, organizations need to consider using redundancy and fault tolerance techniques to minimize the impact of network disruptions. Additionally, it is clear that network and connectivity concerns might significantly influence the blockchain in a world that is becoming more linked. A distributed ledger is only as strong as the nodes supporting it, or the computers and other hardware that are linked to the network. The blockchain will not function if there are not enough nodes or if they are not properly connected.
No matter how far apart they are, people may now effectively communicate thanks to technology. Employees can use corporate communication apps to send messages, share data, hold conferences, and set up online forums, keeping the lines of communication open at all times. It means technology (F9) influences collaboration and communication (F1). Similarly, the use of technology in cyber-physical systems has led to some interesting applications. For example, smart cities use technology to manage traffic flow, optimize resources, and improve public safety. In the healthcare sector, cyber-physical systems are being used to monitor patients and deliver personalized care. The potential for cyber-physical systems is vast, and the role of technology is essential. It is evident to see that integration of physical and cyber systems with that technology (F9) will play a major role in shaping the world’s future. Virtualization is frequently the key underlying innovation for cloud computing. Generally, virtualization software is used to divide up physical computing devices into a number of manageable virtual devices that can each be employed for cloud computing (F4). Technology impacts communication by making it simpler, faster, and more effective. Additionally, technology streamlines the process of gathering client data and enhancing the entire customer experience by influencing network and connectivity (F5). Technology (F9) has influenced virtual reality (F6). With the advances in computer graphics and processor speeds, virtual reality has become much more realistic and immersive. However, technology is not just limited to hardware. Software plays a big role in virtual reality as well. For example, the Steam virtual reality platform enables developers to create amazing virtual reality experiences. Technology can indirectly affect flexibility (F7) through the interaction between the organization responsible for technology maintenance and the owners of business processes, the handling of change requests, and other dynamic responses. These collateral consequences demonstrate increased organizational flexibility. The workforce has been significantly impacted by technology (F9). Workers’ abilities and resources were formerly constrained by their physical state. Technology can make today’s workforce more flexible, efficient, and nimble. Geographical barriers no longer restrict the workforce. Digital twin (F10) models often demand a sizable amount of computer power, whereas cloud computing is one of the key technologies (F9) that makes it possible to process data in a big data setting. Internet-based revolutionized technology (F9) influencing blockchain (F11); in return, it has the ability to fundamentally alter and control how industry exchange value, transfer ownership, and verify transactions.
Digital twins (F10) true worth lies in their capacity to facilitate remote cooperation amongst scattered co-workers and stakeholders. The ability of distant teams to collaborate and communicate (F2) is becoming increasingly important to the modern economy. Digital twins are straightforward; they use sensors to gather real-time data about tangible things, acting as a link between the physical and digital worlds. To comprehend, analyze, manipulate, and optimize these objects, digital copies of them are made using these data. The impact of digital twins on cloud computing (F4) is twofold. First, the increase in the popularity of digital twins is driving the need for more powerful and sophisticated cloud-based solutions. This is because digital twins often generate large amounts of data, which must be stored and processed in the cloud. Second, digital twins are also changing how cloud-based solutions are used. In particular, they are leading to the development of new serverless architectures. In a serverless architecture, all of the processing is done in the cloud, and there is no need for a local server. This can be a more efficient and cost-effective way to use cloud resources. Digital twins are thus having a major impact on cloud computing. Future digital twins are anticipated to play a larger role in wireless network and connectivity (F5) provisioning, performance, security, and compliance. Virtual reality (F6) is influenced in a wider range of contexts through digital twins (F10), which raises the bar for technological advancement.
The digital twin might be applied in various ways to increase flexibility (F7) and worker agility (F8). Digital twins can assist managers in identifying problems before they have a significant negative impact by monitoring the performance of the workforce in real time. Second, you can replicate various events using digital twins. This can be used to test various workforce management strategies and identify flexibility in a given circumstance. Third, using digital twins can give workers immediate feedback. Workers who receive this feedback can enhance their performance and avert possible issues. Digital twins (F10) are digital representations of physical assets, processes, or people. By tracking data points associated with these entities, organizations can gain insights into their performance and make changes as needed. Thus, due to the decentralization and immutability benefits of the blockchain (F11) and technology (F10), digital twins’ initiatives can innovate more quickly and effectively by guaranteeing safe and secure data flow.
Level III: This level has two factors cyber-physical system (F3) and blockchain (F11). Recent advances in cyber-physical systems (F3) and virtual reality (F6) technologies are bringing these two fields closer together, and there are indications that cyber-physical systems will significantly impact the development of virtual reality. For example, cyber-physical systems can be used to create realistic virtual environments for training and development purposes. In addition, cyber-physical system can be used to monitor and manage virtual reality systems. The integration of cyber-physical system and virtual reality is expected to lead to new and innovative applications in areas such as start-ups. Flexibility (F7) has been demonstrated to benefit from cyber-physical system, which enables real-time monitoring and control of physical systems. Processes can be improved as a result, and downtime can be decreased. The possible uses of cyber-physical system technology are anticipated to expand as it advances, thus enhancing its influence on flexibility.
Similarly, businesses must be able to adapt swiftly to stay ahead of the competition in a world that is changing quickly. This necessitates having a workforce agility (F8) that is adaptable and fast to react to change. Cyber-physical systems are the one that makes this workforce agility possible. Cyber-physical systems are physical and virtual systems networks that communicate with one another to share information and provide feedback. This makes it simpler for organizations to react to changes in the market or environment by enabling them to monitor and control their operations in real time. Undoubtedly, cyber-physical systems (F3) have profoundly influenced the development of blockchain technology (F11). By definition, a cyber-physical system is a system where physical and cyber systems are integrated and interact with each other to share data and feedback. This interaction between physical and cyber systems is what makes blockchain so powerful. Data integrity could be achieved via blockchain (F11) technology, which relies on cryptography to prevent tampering. In these situations, blockchain can be used to ensure private collaboration and communication (F2) and data security. Blockchain (F11) influences cyber-physical systems (F3), where authorizing and recording data on the network must be transparent and enable network users to confirm the accuracy of the data.
Blockchain (F11) and virtual reality (F9) enable a secure movement of monetary worth from one location to another. A secure technique is required to transfer funds from one system to another in games and any virtual universe. Blockchain (F11) influences flexibility (F7) by streamlining procedures and transactions that offer a high level of confidentiality and transparency, all of which are necessary for conducting business. Blockchain offers a safe and effective flexible means to store and transfer data by allowing data to be disseminated yet not replicated. On the other hand, blockchain (F11) also influences workforce agility (F8) by controlling permissioned users using distributed ledger technology can view the same data concurrently, enhancing efficiency, fostering trust, and reducing friction.
Level II: This level has only one factor, which is virtual reality (F6), and influences three factors such as collaboration and communication (F1), flexibility (F7), and workforce agility (F8). It is evident that virtual reality enhances communication and provides a deeper understanding of the advertising messages and the marketed goods. The way we learn and experience new things could be altered by virtual reality. It can be used, for instance, to train staff members to think and act more adaptively. This might significantly affect how we pick up new information and skills, as well as how we solve problems. In order to familiarize themselves with their duties and responsibilities during the interview process, prospective employees could shadow their role using virtual reality. Instead of merely hearing about the office setting from the company, a virtual reality experience would give candidates a visceral sense of it.
Level I: This level has three factors, which are collaboration and communication (F1), flexibility (F7), and workforce agility (F8). Collaboration and communication are important factors in flexibility. When people can collaborate and communicate effectively, it allows for greater flexibility. This is because people can share information and ideas more easily, and are more likely to be able to come to a consensus. There are many benefits to having a flexible workforce. For one, it can lead to increased productivity. When people can be flexible with their hours and work from different locations, it can make it easier to get work done. Additionally, it can lead to increased creativity, as people are more likely to develop new ideas when not constrained by traditional work hours. Collaboration and frequent communication are essential elements for enhancing staff adaptability, which is termed workforce agility. By maintaining choices accessible and decision-making quick, flexibility attempts to offset unpredictability. This is the reason why so many organizations rely on coordination to improve collaboration, communication, and productivity. There are a number of factors that contribute to a workforce’s agility. One is, of course, the individual employees. Employees who are adaptable, quick-thinking, and open to change are key to an agile workforce. However, even the most flexible employees will be limited if the company’s structure and systems are inflexible. That is why businesses need to create an environment that supports workforce agility. This means having systems and processes in place that can be quickly and easily adjusted to meet changing needs. It also means being open to new ideas and willing to experiment and take risks.
Flexibility is an important quality in the workplace, and it’s one that can have a major impact on a company’s success. Businesses that are able to embrace change and adapt quickly to the ever-changing landscape will be the ones that thrive in the future. Effective collaboration and communication are essential components of being agile. Everyone in an agile organization must be on the same page and working toward the same objectives. Any organization needs effective communication and collaboration, but agile organizations require it even more. That is because change can occur fast and without warning in an agile organization. Making the necessary changes can be exceedingly challenging if no one is on the same page. Workforce agility is crucial to the success of any organization. Organizations that are agile can adapt to change more quickly and collaborate and communicate more successfully. Similarly, one of the key components of an agile start-up is workforce agility, which can have an impact on a number of competitive factors, including responsiveness, cost-effectiveness, innovation, speed, productivity, and profitability, as well as dependability, competency, and delivery. Flexibility received more attention than all other competitive factors that came along as a result of building agile start-up operations 4.0.
Collaboration and communication (F1), flexibility (F7), and workforce agility (F8) are related to the objective of this study. One of the key components of agility is having a workforce that is both flexible and able to communicate and collaborate effectively. With the ever-changing landscape of the business world, it’s more important than ever for companies to be able to adapt quickly. This means changing course quickly when necessary and responding quickly to new situations. One of the key components of agility is having a workforce that is both flexible and able to communicate and collaborate effectively. Collaboration and communication are essential for a workforce to work together effectively. When everyone is on the same page and working towards the same goal, achieving success is much easier. Flexibility is also key to agility. If your workforce is flexible, it can be much easier to adapt to changing situations and make the necessary changes quickly. Workforce agility is essential for any company that wants to be agile. Having a workforce that can communicate and collaborate effectively and is also flexible can set your company up for success.